Wuwei, Gansu

Wuwei

武威市
Wuwei 武威市
Prefecture-level city
	Clockwise from top: South Gate of Wuwei, seat of Gulang County, Wuwei railway station, Hongyashan Reservoir in Minqin County, rock formation in Tianzhu County.
	Location of Wuwei City jurisdiction in Gansu
	Wuwei Wuwei
	Coordinates (Wuwei municipal government): 37°55′44″N 102°38′17″E / 37.929°N 102.638°E
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Gansu
Municipal seat	Liangzhou District
Area
• Prefecture-level city	33,000 km2 (13,000 sq mi)
Population (2020)
• Prefecture-level city	1,464,955
• Density	44/km2 (110/sq mi)
• Urban	688,697
Time zone	UTC+8 (CST)
ISO 3166 code	CN-GS-06
Website	www.ww.gansu.gov.cn

Wuwei (Chinese: 武威; pinyin: Wǔwēi) is a prefecture-level city in northwest central Gansu province. In the north it borders Inner Mongolia, in the southwest, Qinghai. Its central location between three western capitals, Lanzhou, Xining, and Yinchuan makes it an important business and transportation hub for the area. Because of its position along the Hexi Corridor, historically the only route from central China to western China and the rest of Central Asia, many major railroads and national highways pass through Wuwei.

History

The Silk Road in its entirety.

Wuwei Confucian temple.

In ancient times, Wuwei was called Liangzhou (涼州—the name retained by today's Wuwei's central urban district) and is the eastern terminus of the Hexi Corridor. People began settling here about 5,000 years ago. It was a key link for the Northern Silk Road,^[1] and a number of important archaeological finds were uncovered from Wuwei, including ancient copper carts with stone animals.^[2] The motifs and types of objects in the Wuwei graves, as well as their earthenware, lacquer, and bronze composition, constitute typical examples of the Han Chinese burial style that can be found all over China. Other graves found along the Hexi Corridor show Xiongnu and other minority influence, which are used to trace regimes such as the Northern Liang.^[3] It became an important provincial capital during the Former Han Dynasty as the Hou Hanshu makes clear:

"In the third year [170 CE], Meng Tuo, the Inspector of Liangzhou (modern Wuwei), sent the Assistant Officer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang. He, with the Wuji Major Cao Kuan, and Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Zhang Yan, brought troops from Yanqi (Karashahr), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further Kingdoms of Jushi (Turfan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked the town of Zhenzhong (Arach) but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew. Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly and, for its part, the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it."^[4]

In 121 BC Han emperor Wudi brought his cavalry here to defend the Hexi Corridor against the Xiongnu Huns. His military success allowed him to expand the corridor westward. Its importance as a stop along the Silk Road made it a crossroads of cultures and ethnic groups from all over central Asia. Numerous Buddhist grottoes and temples in the area attest to its role as a path for bringing Buddhism from India and Afghanistan to China.

During the Three Kingdoms period (184-280), Liangzhou was governed by Ma Teng. After the death of Ma Teng, Ma Chao assumed the post and governed the province for a short time before it fell into the hands of Cao Cao, ruler of Wei Kingdom.

Liangzhou was briefly (from 400 to 421) a state during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.

Famous cultural relics from Wuwei include the Galloping Bronze Horse (铜奔马), Western Xia mausoleums(西夏碑), Wuwei White Towers Temple (白塔寺), Tianti Mountain Grotto (天梯山石窟), Luoshi(Kumārajīva) Temple (罗什寺塔), and the Confucian temple (文庙).

Geography and climate

Wuwei is located in the Hexi Corridor between the Tibetan plateau and Mongolian Plateau. The south of Wuwei is higher than the north, with an elevation ranging from 1,020 to 4,874 metres (3,346 to 15,991 ft) above sea-level. Its area is 33,000 km² (13,000 sq mi). Average annual temperature is 7.8 °C (46.0 °F). The climate is a cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), with precipitation between 60 and 610 mm (2.4 and 24.0 in). Evaporation is from 1,400 to 3,000 mm (55 to 118 in), creating a net loss of water each year. There are 2200–3000 sunlight hours each year and 85–165 frost free days. Summer temperatures can be in excess of 45.0 °C (113.0 °F), in the shade are by no means unheard of.

Southwest of Wuwei, there is a 230 metres (750 ft) thick Tianzhu Formation made of clastics intercalated with sandy shale and shale.^[5] Minerals deposits occurring in the vicinity of Wuwei include graphite, iron, titanium, and limestone.

Climate data for Wuwei (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.5 (59.9)	22.3 (72.1)	28.1 (82.6)	32.7 (90.9)	34.2 (93.6)	35.0 (95.0)	40.8 (105.4)	37.3 (99.1)	34.9 (94.8)	27.8 (82.0)	22.8 (73.0)	17.9 (64.2)	40.8 (105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	0.1 (32.2)	4.8 (40.6)	11.4 (52.5)	18.8 (65.8)	23.6 (74.5)	27.8 (82.0)	29.8 (85.6)	28.1 (82.6)	22.9 (73.2)	16.6 (61.9)	9.0 (48.2)	1.9 (35.4)	16.2 (61.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−7.2 (19.0)	−2.7 (27.1)	4.1 (39.4)	11.6 (52.9)	16.7 (62.1)	21.0 (69.8)	22.8 (73.0)	21.1 (70.0)	15.8 (60.4)	8.9 (48.0)	1.3 (34.3)	−5.4 (22.3)	9.0 (48.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−13.3 (8.1)	−8.9 (16.0)	−2.2 (28.0)	4.4 (39.9)	9.3 (48.7)	13.5 (56.3)	15.7 (60.3)	14.7 (58.5)	9.9 (49.8)	2.7 (36.9)	−4.7 (23.5)	−10.9 (12.4)	2.5 (36.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−25.3 (−13.5)	−25.0 (−13.0)	−19.3 (−2.7)	−7.7 (18.1)	−3.0 (26.6)	2.8 (37.0)	7.2 (45.0)	4.3 (39.7)	−0.8 (30.6)	−14.4 (6.1)	−22.7 (−8.9)	−32.0 (−25.6)	−32.0 (−25.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	2.2 (0.09)	2.1 (0.08)	5.7 (0.22)	9.8 (0.39)	18.0 (0.71)	22.5 (0.89)	34.7 (1.37)	41.1 (1.62)	29.1 (1.15)	10 (0.4)	3.0 (0.12)	1.8 (0.07)	180 (7.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	2.9	2.3	3.4	3.8	6.2	6.6	8.2	9.8	8.1	4.6	2.4	1.9	60.2
Average snowy days	4.5	4.1	4.5	1.6	0.3	0	0	0	0	1.7	3.4	3.6	23.7
Average relative humidity (%)	50	44	40	36	41	47	54	58	61	55	53	54	49
Mean monthly sunshine hours	224.4	223.0	247.1	253.1	276.5	268.6	264.4	248.6	214.8	237.9	231.0	224.5	2,913.9
Percent possible sunshine	73	73	66	64	63	61	59	60	59	70	77	76	67
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration^[6]^[7]
Source 2: Weather China^[8]

A species of stone loach, Triplophysa wuweiensis, is named after Wuwei where it was first discovered.^[9]

Administration

Dayun Temple

1 urban district, 2 counties, 1 autonomous county, 116 towns, and 41 townships

Map
Liangzhou Minqin County Gulang County Tianzhu County
Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2010)	Area (km²)	Density (/km²)
Liangzhou District	凉州区	Liángzhōu Qū	1,010,295	5,081	207.29
Minqin County	民勤县	Mínqín Xiàn	241,251	16,016	15.2
Gulang County	古浪县	Gǔlàng Xiàn	388,720	5,287	78.13
Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County	天祝藏族自治县	Tiānzhù Zàngzú Zìzhìxiàn	174,793	6,865	25.71

Demographics

Population Overview

By 2020, Population 1,464,955 ^[10] with 38 ethnic groups represented including Han, Hui, Mongol, Tu, Tibetan, etc.

2000·The 5th National Census^[11]			2010·The 6th National Census^[12]				2020·The 7th National Census^[10]
County	Population	%	District/County	Population	%	Compared with 5th Census	Population	%	Compared with 6th Census
Wuwei County	992,100	53.07%	Liangzhou District	1,010,295	55.67%	-	885,277	60.43%	-125,018↓
Minqin County	No Data	-	Minqin County	241,251	13.29%	-	178,470	12.18%	-62,781↓
Gulang County	No Data	-	Gulang County	388,718	21.41%	-	250,177	17.07%	-138,541↓
Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County	221,332^[13]	12.04%	Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County	174,790	9.63%	-46,542↓	151,031	10.32%	-23,759↓
Entire Region	1,836,923^[11]	100%	Entire City	1,815,054	100%	-21,869↓	1,464,955	100%	-350,099↓

Urbanization and Gender Structure ^[10]^[12]

National Census	Urban Population		Male		Female		Sex Ratio
National Census	Total	Urbanization	Total	%	Total	%	Sex Ratio
5th	370,008^[14]	20.14%	949,435#	51.69%	887,488#	48.31%	106.98
6th	500,528	27.56%	933,482	51.43%	881,572	48.57%	105.89
7th	688,697	47.01%	740,306	50.53%	724,649	49.47%	102.16
Observation	#No data, estimated based on the published sex ratio

Education Level^[10]^[12]

National Census	University Education (including associate degree)		High School Education		Secondary Education		Primary Education		illiteracy
National Census	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%
5th	33,927*	2.08%	182,774*	11.22%	504,999*	31.01%	738,388*	45.34%	168,499	10.35%
6th	98,932	5.84%	257,772	15.23%	681,562	40.26%	540,193	31.91%	114,475	6.76%
7th	184,994	13.69%	207,940	15.38%	456,779	33.79%	418,200	30.94%	83,812	6.20%
Observation	*Estimation, the original data is the number of people educated per 100,000 people. The number of people educated per 100,000 people in universities, high schools, junior high schools, and primary schools is 1847, 9950, 27491, and 40197, respectively

Age Distribution and Population Pyramid

The 5th, 6th, and 7th National Census of Wuwei - Gender and Age Structure^[14]
National Census	7th		6th		5th
Age Group(years)	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
0-4	44,485	40,263	48,981	39,046	70,504	48,496
5-9	46,339	40,519	53,974	41,208	100,743	84,294
10-14	47,440	39,429	73,286	56,878	109,253	100,793
15-19	42,418	33,600	98,852	86,983	75,924	72,156
20-24	31,309	29,028	81,607	82,949	50,148	50,967
25-29	42,722	42,670	58,238	58,222	90,740	90,367
30-34	50,031	52,066	50,724	47,871	107,026	108,502
35-39	42,347	42,627	86,543	86,548	85,427	86,072
40-44	39,740	38,369	100,781	102,535	52,819	48,012
45-49	70,821	74,010	78,779	81,645	56,282	51,909
50-54	83,149	87,007	48,773	44,674	42,428	41,012
55-59	64,464	67,021	50,627	48,153	35,440	33,260
60-64	38,398	35,821	35,973	36,379	30,846	29,633
65-69	40,668	40,442	28,436	28,213	22,239	22,436
70-74	26,799	28,670	20,116	20,960	10,766	10,577
75 or above	29,176	33,107	17,797	19,308	8,466	9,449

**Population Pyramid of Wuwei**
The following pictures are based on The 5th, 6th, and 7th National Census of Wuwei - Gender and Age Structure^[14]
5th Census 6th Census 7th Census

No. of Household ^[12]^[10]

National Census	No. of Household	Population	No. of ppls/household
5th	No Data	No Data	3.95
6th	467,040	1,748,588	3.74
7th	529,119	1,383,397	2.61

Wuwei Ethnic Population and Gender^[15]

Ethnic Population by County/District（2020）

County/District	Han	%	Minorities	%
Liangzhou District	870,610	98.3%	14,667	1.7%
Minqin County	176,789	99.1%	1,681	0.9%
Gulang County	246,503	98.5%	3,674	1.5%
Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County	89,762	59.4%	61,269	40.6%
Wuwei	1,383,664	94.5%	81,291	5.5%

Gender Data by Ethnicity（2020）

County/District	Male (Han)	Female (Han)	Sex Ratio (Han)	Male (Minorities)	Female (Minorities)	Sex Ratio (Minorities)
Liangzhou District	438,898	431,712	101.7	7,620	7,047	108.1
Minqin County	90,394	86,395	104.6	915	766	119.5
Gulang County	123,481	123,022	100.4	1,706	1,968	86.7
Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County	46,638	43,124	108.1	30,654	30,615	100.1
Wuwei	699,411	684,253	102.2	40,895	40,396	101.2

Birth Rate, Mortality Rate, and Natural Growth Rate in Wuwei^[16]^[17]

Legend	↑Natural growth rate increased compared to the previous year ↓Natural growth rate decreased compared to the previous year *There is currently no data available

Year	Birth Rate(‰)	Mortality Rate(‰)	Natural Growth Rate(‰)	Trend of Three Rates
2000	13.33	5.57	7.76	Green Line: Birth Rate Red Line: Mortality Rate; Grey Line: Natural Growth Rate
2001	11.97	5.21	6.76↓
2002	*	*	6.28↓
2003	*	*	5.59↓
2004	*	*	5.61↓
2005	*	*	5.81↑
2006	*	*	6.29↑
2007	*	*	6.43↑
2008	*	*	6.69↑
2009	*	*	6.69
2010	*	*	5.36↓
2011	*	*	5.28↓
2012	10.52	5.23	5.29↓
2013	10.57	5.26	5.31↑
2014	10.61	5.28	5.33↑
2015	10.81	5.31	5.50↑
2016	10.83	5.81	5.02↓
2017	11.38	6.22	5.16↑
2018	9.42	6.18	3.24↓
2019	9.21	6.32	2.89↓
2020	*	*	-2.12↓
2021	8.93	10.21	-1.98↑
2022	7.84	10.55	-2.72↓
2023(Expected)	8.09	10.43	-2.35↑
2028(Expected)	6.63	13.32	-6.70

Economy

Consistent sunlight and fertile soil make agriculture one of Wuwei's biggest industries. Other important industries are textiles, metallurgy, and construction materials. Melons, vegetables, wine and livestock are all major agricultural products. Organic farming is a trend with more land being set aside for “green farming” each year. Land use can be broken down into the following:

790 square kilometres (310 sq mi) of water
34,800 square kilometres (13,400 sq mi) of forest
355,300 square kilometres (137,200 sq mi) of grassland.
247,000 square kilometres (95,000 sq mi) of “undeveloped” land.
39,100 square kilometres (15,100 sq mi) of farmland.
- 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of corn
- 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi) of vegetables
- 3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) of melons
- 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) for livestock
- 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) of vineyards

Transport

Railway^[18]

There are two railway lines that pass through Wuwei, namely the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and the Gantang-Wuwei Railway. Both are east-west railway lines. Since there are no north-south railway lines crossing Wuwei, there are no railway lines passing through Minqin County which lies in the northern part of Wuwei, therefore, there are no railway stations in Minqin.

There exist various railway stations in Liangzhou District, Gulang County and Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County. Wuwei Railway Station (second-class station) is the largest train station in terms of passenger traffic in Wuwei. It is located 303 kilometers east of Lanzhou Station and 1,589 kilometers west of Urumqi Railway Station.

Major Railway Stations in Wuwei

**Major Railway Stations in Liangzhou District**
Station Name		Wuwei Railway Station	Wuwei (S.) Railway Station	Wuwei (E.) Railway Station _{<Under Construction>}
Station Name in Chinese (Chinese Pinyin)		武威站 (Wǔwēizhàn)	武威南站 (Wǔwēinānzhàn)	武威东站 (Wǔwēidōngzhàn)
Photo		Wuwei Railway Station (After Renovation)	Wuwei (S.) Railway Station Station Square	Wuwei (E.) Railway Station Design
Location (Chinese)		Yingbin Rd.(迎宾路)	Wunan Town (武南镇)	Fafang Town (发放镇)
Station Class		Second Class	First Class	Second Class
Raliway Line	Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway	✓	✓
	Gantang-Wuwei Railway	✓	✓
	Lanzhou-Zhangye Railway			✓
Service	Passenger Transporting	✓	✓	✓
	Luggage Service	✓
	Courier Service	✓
Others		Wuwei Railway Stations was renovated in 2009~2010 at the original site.	China Europe Freight Train	Under construction, expected to be put into operation in June 2024; High-speed Railway Station

Major Railway Stations in Gulang County
Station Name		Gulang Railway Station	Gulang (N.) Railway Station _{<Under Construction>}
Station Name in Chinese (Chinese Pinyin)		古浪站 (Gǔlàngzhàn)	古浪北站 (Gǔlàngběizhàn)
Photo		Picture Not Available	Gulang (N.) Railway Station Design
Location (Chinese)		Chengguan St. (城关街)	Zhangjiahewanzi Village (张家河湾子村)
Station Class		Fourth Class	-
Raliway Line	Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway	✓
	Gantang-Wuwei Railway
	Lanzhou-Zhangye Railway		✓
Service	Passenger Transporting	✓	✓
	Luggage Service
	Courier Service
Others		-	Under construction, expected to be put into operation in June 2024; High-speed Railway Station

Major Railway Stations in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County
Station Name		Tianzhu Railway Station	Tianzhu (W.) Railway Station _{<Under Construction>}
Station Name in Chinese (Chinese Pinyin)		天祝站 (Tiānzhùzhàn)	天祝西站 (Tiānzhùxīzhàn)
Photo		Platform of Tianzhu Railway Station	Tianzhu (W.) Railway Station Design
Location (Chinese)		Huazangsi Town (华藏寺镇)	Beishuiquan Village (北水泉村)
Station Class		Third Class	-
Raliway Line	_{Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway}	✓
	_{Gantang-Wuwei Railway}
	_{Lanzhou-Zhangye Railway}		✓
Service	_{Passenger Transporting}	✓	✓
	_{Luggage Service}
	_{Courier Service}
Others		Original Name: Huazangsi Railway Station	Under construction, expected to be put into operation in June 2024; High-speed Railway Station

Highway

Category	English Name Chinese Name	Code	Service Level
National Freeway	Lianhuo Freeway 连霍高速		In Service
	Wujin Freeway 武金高速		In Service
	Dingwu Freeway 定武高速		In Service
Province Freeway	Wuwei Ring Freeway 武威绕城高速		In Service
	Beixian Freeway 北仙高速		In Service
	Minhong Freeway 民红高速		In Service
	Leixi Freeway 雷西高速		Under Construction
National Highway	G312 National Highway G312 国道	G312	In Service
	Manda Highway G569 曼大公路	G569	Under Construction
	Dingwu Highway G667 武定公路	G667	In Service

Footnotes

↑ Silk Road, North China, C Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A Burnham
↑ Zhang Yiping (2005). Story of the Silk Road. China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-0832-0.
↑ Juhl, Susanne (1998). "Burial Sites in Hexi". In Atabaki, Touraj; O'Kane, John (eds.). Post-Soviet Central Asia. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 370–371.
↑ Hill (2015), p. 45.
↑ Chih-i Chou, William Thornton Dean, Phanerozoic Geology of Northwest China, 1996, 316 pages ISBN 90-6764-228-2
↑ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
↑ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
↑ 武威 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
↑ Eschmeyer, W. N.; R., Fricke, eds. (3 December 2015). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
1 2 3 4 5 "武威市人民政府普查数据武威市第七次全国人口普查公报[1]". www.gswuwei.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
1 2 "第五次人口普查公报——甘肃 - 国家统计局". www.stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
1 2 3 4 "武威市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报_中国统计信息网". www.cnstats.org. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
↑ "天祝藏族自治县人民政府人口情况人口分布". www.gstianzhu.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
1 2 3 "武威市人口普查数据第五、六、七次人口普查武威市人口-59城市迷". web.archive.org. 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
↑ https://tjj.gansu.gov.cn/tjj/c117468/info_disp.shtml
↑ "武威市人民政府统计年鉴". www.gswuwei.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
↑ "甘肃省统计年鉴".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
↑ "中国铁路12306网站". www.12306.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

References

Hill, John E. (2015) Through the Jade Gate to Rome - China to Rome. CreateSpace, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1500696702.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Silk Road, North China, C Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A Burnham

[2] Zhang Yiping (2005). Story of the Silk Road. China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-0832-0.

[3] Juhl, Susanne (1998). "Burial Sites in Hexi". In Atabaki, Touraj; O'Kane, John (eds.). Post-Soviet Central Asia. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 370–371.

[4] Hill (2015), p. 45.

[5] Chih-i Chou, William Thornton Dean, Phanerozoic Geology of Northwest China, 1996, 316 pages ISBN 90-6764-228-2

[cma_graphical-6] 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.

[7] 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.

[Clim-8] 武威 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

[CoF-9] Eschmeyer, W. N.; R., Fricke, eds. (3 December 2015). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

[:0-10] 1 2 3 4 5 "武威市人民政府普查数据武威市第七次全国人口普查公报[1]". www.gswuwei.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

[:2-11] 1 2 "第五次人口普查公报——甘肃 - 国家统计局". www.stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

[:1-12] 1 2 3 4 "武威市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报_中国统计信息网". www.cnstats.org. Retrieved 2023-07-15.

[13] "天祝藏族自治县人民政府人口情况人口分布". www.gstianzhu.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

[:3-14] 1 2 3 "武威市人口普查数据第五、六、七次人口普查武威市人口-59城市迷". web.archive.org. 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2024-01-02.

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