Ptahil
Other namesFourth Life, Gabriel
ParentsAbatur, or Hibil and Zahreil
Equivalents
Manichaean equivalentPrince of Darkness

In Mandaeism, Ptahil (Classical Mandaic: ࡐࡕࡀࡄࡉࡋ) also known as Ptahil-Uthra (uthra, "angel, guardian"),[1]: 8  is the Fourth Life, the third of three emanations from the First Life, Hayyi Rabbi, after Yushamin and Abatur. Ptahil-Uthra alone does not constitute the demiurge but only fills that role since he is viewed as the creator of the material world in the Ginza Rabba, often holding an inherently malicious character.[1][2]: 65 [3][4][5]

Name

Matthias Norberg believed the name Ptahil to be composed of Aramaic פתאה and עיל, therefore meaning "God opened", although the verb can also mean "create" in Mandaic, but not in other Aramaic languages.[3] Subsequent scholars have deemed it more probably derived from the Egyptian theonym 'Ptah' and angelic 'il',[6][1][7] as originally conjectured by Mark Lidzbarski, although Carl H. Kraeling argued that the influence of Ptah on Mesopotamian syncretic Gnostic traditions is minimal, and opined that the name Ptahil was derived from the dialectal use of the verb (which usage he suggested to have arisen by analogy to the opening of the cosmic egg), and not vice versa.[3] According to James F. McGrath, Ptah and El were identified in Canaan during the era of Egyptian rule of which Ptahil may be derived from.[8]

Parentage

As the Fourth Life, Ptahil is considered to be the son of Abatur, the Third Life.[1] However, in some versions of the narrative, Ptahil originated as the son of the saviour uthra Hibil Ziwa, who inhabits the World of Light, and Zahreil (ࡆࡀࡄࡓࡏࡉࡋ‎).[9] Zahreil is a lilith (ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡕࡀ‎) from the World of Darkness who dwells in the beds of pregnant women[10] serving to ensure the wellbeing of the child before and after birth; E. S. Drower describes her as a genius of childbirth.[11]: 46  Hibil married Zahreil during his descent to the World of Darkness, although some versions of the narrative claim he did not consummate the marriage.[12]

In the Mandaean Book of John, the uthra Yukašar is portrayed as the son of Ptahil.[13]

Role

Ptahil is identified with Gabriel and creates the poorly made material world with the help of Ruha, a sinful and fallen female ruler who inhabits the World of Darkness, but cannot provide man with a soul,[1][14][11]: 73  since she represents the ambivalent "spirit" element rather than the light-world "soul" element.[15] Ruha and Ptahil's roles in creation vary, with each gaining control when the other's power subsides.[15] The Great Life (Hayyi Rabbi) helped Abatur in gaining the secrets of solidification. Abatur in turn passes on the secrets to Ptahil so that he was successful in solidifying the earth in his role as creator of the material world.[2]: 136  According to Brikha Nasoraia, the creation of the material world tibil occurs by God's Hayyi Rabbi command, but is delegated to a subservient emanation or uthra Ptahil with the assistance of Gabriel and others.[16]: 39–41 

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen. 2002. The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. 1 2 Aldihisi, Sabah (2013). The Story of Creation in the Mandaean Holy Book the Ginza Rba (PDF).
  3. 1 2 3 Kraeling, Carl (June 1933). "The Mandaic God Ptahil". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 53 (2): 152–165. doi:10.2307/593099. JSTOR 593099.
  4. ↑ "Mandaeanism". Religion. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  5. ↑ "Gnosticism". Religion. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  6. ↑ Häberl, Charles (3 March 2021), "Hebraisms in Mandaic", YouTube, retrieved 13 November 2021
  7. ↑ T. W. Thacker (April 1956). "The Relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian Verbal Systems". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Cambridge University Press. 88 (1–2): 102–103. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00114728. S2CID 162288496.
  8. ↑ McGrath, James (19 June 2020). "The Shared Origins of Monotheism, Evil, and Gnosticism". YouTube. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  9. ↑ Drower, Ethel S. (1953). The Haran Gawaita and The Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa: The Mandaic text reproduced together with translation, notes and commentary. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. p. 34, translator's footnote #3. ³ Pthahil, son of Hibil-Ziwa and Zahariel: a demiurge, creator of the material world: also called the "Fourth Life".
  10. ↑ Häberl, Charles G.; McGrath, James F. (2019). The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation (PDF). Open Access Version. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
  11. 1 2 Drower, Ethel Stefana. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press, 1937
  12. ↑ "Book Five: The Descent of the Savior". Ginza Rabba. Vol. Right Volume. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. pp. 70–83.
  13. ↑ Haberl, Charles and McGrath, James (2020). The Mandaean Book of John: critical edition, translation, and commentary. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-048651-3. OCLC 1129155601.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "Mandaean Glossary". Religion. Mandaean World. Archived from the original on 2007-03-20.
  15. 1 2 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (1982). "A Rehabilitation of Spirit Ruha in Mandaean Religion". History of Religions. 22 (1): 60–84. doi:10.1086/462910. JSTOR 1062203. S2CID 162087047.
  16. ↑ Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). "Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion" (PDF).
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