Pu'er
普洱市 | |
|---|---|
 Location of Pu'er City jurisdiction in Yunnan | |
  Pu'er Location of the city centre in Yunnan | |
| Coordinates (Simao District government): 22°47′12″N 100°58′38″E / 22.7868°N 100.9771°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Yunnan |
| GB/T 2260 CODE | 530800 |
| Admin HQ | Simao District |
| Admin units | |
| Area | |
| • Total | 44,264.79 km2 (17,090.73 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,306 m (4,285 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 3,306 m (10,846 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 376 m (1,234 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | 2,542,898 |
| • Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 665000 |
| Area code | 0879 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-YN-08 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 云J |
| Website | www |
| Yunnan Statistics Bureau[2] Yunnan Portal[3] | |
| Pu'er City | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 普洱 | ||||||||
| Postal | Puerh | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Simao | |||||||||
| Chinese | 思茅 | ||||||||
| Postal | Szumao | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Pu'er is a prefecture-level city in southern Yunnan Province, China. The urban administrative center of Pu'er is Simao District, which is also the former name of the prefecture-level city itself. A major downturn in the price of tea in 2007 caused severe economic distress in the area.[4] The price of Pu'er has since recovered and Pu'er tea, a type of dark tea, still contributes much to the income of the area.
Etymology
Nanzhao set a division called Bu'ri Jian (步日瞼)[note 1] in 839 AD; this was the first time the region was integrated into the administrative system of a Chinese dynasty. In the Yuan dynasty, the central government changed the name to Pu'ri (普日) in 1278. Finally in Ming dynasty, the name was changed to "Pu'er" (普耳) in 1384. The character of "er" (耳) was changed to 洱 in Wanli Emperor period. The name "普洱" (Pu'er) has continued to be used to this day.[5]: 31 Wa scholar Ni-ga states that the original name "Bu'ri" is the exonym of Blang people in Baraoke language, a dialect of Wa language, which means "my brother".[6]: 83
Pu'er tea has the name "Pu'er" because Pu'er was the distribution centre of the tea produced in the south-west of Yunnan during the Ming and Qing dynasty.[7] Pu'er tea became world-famous, and the city Pu'er also became famous as a result of the tea.[8]
History
Its name was changed to Simao in 1950 following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, while its surrounding county was known as Pu'er.[9] In 2007, the town's name was changed back to Pu'er; the surrounding area became known as Ning'er County;[9] and the name Simao was taken by a town and district within the city. The change had an effect on the size of the official Pu'er tea production area, a major regional product.
Geography and climate
Pu'er is located in southern/southwestern Yunnan, on the lower reaches of the Mekong (known in Chinese as the Lancang), with the bordering prefectures being Yuxi to the northeast, Honghe to the east, Xishuangbanna to the south, Lincang to the northwest, and Dali and Chuxiong. It also shares borders with Vietnam (Điện Biên Province), Laos (Phongsaly Province), and Burma (Shan State), being the only prefecture in Yunnan to border all three countries. As with much of the province, mountainous terrain dominates its administrative area, covering 98.3%. Elevations range from 376 to 3,306 metres (1,234 to 10,846 ft).[1]
Located at an altitude of above 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and within a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer, Pu'er, as with much of southern Yunnan, has a warm humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with muddled distinction between the seasons and daytime temperatures remaining warm year-round. Highs peak in April and May before the core of the rainy season and reach a minimum in December; however, the warmest and coolest months are June and January, respectively at 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) and 13.7 °C (56.7 °F); the annual mean is 19.3 °C (66.7 °F). June through September accounts for nearly 70% of the annual rainfall of 1,442 mm (56.8 in) and during this time, some rainfall occurs on most days, pushing relative humidity above 80% and there is a marked reduction in sunshine. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27% in July to 69% in February, the city receives 2,206 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Pu'er (Simao District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.6 (81.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.3 (81.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
35.7 (96.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
2.4 (36.3) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27.3 (1.07) |
15.3 (0.60) |
27.7 (1.09) |
54.9 (2.16) |
138.7 (5.46) |
200.5 (7.89) |
322.4 (12.69) |
286.1 (11.26) |
175.9 (6.93) |
119.7 (4.71) |
49.5 (1.95) |
24.2 (0.95) |
1,442.2 (56.76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.0 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 9.0 | 15.7 | 21.5 | 25.3 | 24.2 | 19.3 | 14.1 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 151.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 66 | 60 | 63 | 71 | 80 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 228.4 | 224.0 | 235.9 | 239.1 | 210.1 | 148.1 | 111.7 | 128.3 | 146.1 | 152.1 | 187.6 | 194.5 | 2,205.9 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 68 | 69 | 63 | 63 | 51 | 37 | 27 | 32 | 40 | 43 | 57 | 59 | 51 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[10][11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[12] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
Area (km²) | Density (/km²) |
| Simao District | 思茅区 | Sīmáo Qū | 296,500 | 4,093 | 72 |
| Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County | 宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县 | Níng'ěr Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 185,700 | 3,670 | 51 |
| Mojiang Hani Autonomous County | 墨江哈尼族自治县 | Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn | 360,500 | 5,459 | 66 |
| Jingdong Yi Autonomous County | 景东彝族自治县 | Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 359,500 | 4,532 | 79 |
| Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County | 景谷傣族彝族自治县 | Jǐnggǔ Dǎizú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 291,700 | 7,777 | 38 |
| Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County | 镇沅彝族哈尼族拉祜族自治县 | Zhènyuán Yízú Hānízú Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn | 208,600 | 4,223 | 49 |
| Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County | 江城哈尼族彝族自治县 | Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn | 121,500 | 3,476 | 35 |
| Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County | 孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县 | Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn | 135,500 | 1,957 | 69 |
| Lancang Lahu Autonomous County | 澜沧拉祜族自治县 | Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn | 491,900 | 8,807 | 56 |
| Ximeng Va Autonomous County | 西盟佤族自治县 | Xīméng Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn | 91,300 | 1,391 | 66 |
Demographics
According to the Sixth National Census in 2010, the city’s Permanent Population (hukou) was 2,542,898.[13] Compared with the Fifth National Census, the ten-year increase was 147,650, an increase of 6.16%. The average annual increase of 14,765 people, the average annual growth rate of 0.59%. Among them, there are 1,339,502 males, accounting for 52.68% of the total population; 1,203,396 females, accounting for 47.32% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (female is 100) is 111.31. The population aged 0-14 is 456,130, accounting for 17.94%; the population aged 15-64 is 1,902,145, accounting for 74.80%; the population aged 65 and over is 184,623, accounting for 7.26%. The population living in cities and towns was 788,298, accounting for 31.0% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,754,600, accounting for 69.0% of the total population.
Nationality
Among the resident population, the Han population is 991,585, accounting for 38.99% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population is 1,551,313, accounting for 61.01% of the total population.
| National name | Han | Hani | Yi | Lahu | Wa | Dai | Bulang | Hui | Bai | Hmong | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 991585 | 454666 | 421052 | 303937 | 150164 | 144117 | 15543 | 13221 | 13173 | 12727 | 22713 |
| Proportion of total population (%) | 38.99 | 17.88 | 16.56 | 11.95 | 5.91 | 5.67 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.89 |
| Proportion of minority population (%) | --- | 29.31 | 27.14 | 19.59 | 9.68 | 9.29 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 1.46 |
Transport
Notes
- ↑ Jian (瞼) is the proper name of the administrative division of Nanzhao.
References
- 1 2 普洱城市介绍以及其后背景分析——中国天气网 最好最全面天气预报信息资讯平台 (in Chinese (China)). Weather China. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ 云南省统计局 (in Chinese (China)). Yunnan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
- ↑ 云南省人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese (China)). Yunnan People's Government. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
- ↑ Jacobs, Andrew (17 January 2009). "A County in China sees Its Fortune in Tea Leaves until a Bubble Bursts, International Herald Tribune, January 17, 2009". New York Times.
- ↑ Codification Committee of Annals of Pu'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan (1993). Li, Zi-kang; Zhao, Hua-yun (eds.). 普洱哈尼族彝族自治县志 [Annals of Pu'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County] (in Chinese). Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company. ISBN 7-108-00596-4.
- ↑ Ni-ga (1999). 佤族历史与文化研究 [Studies of the History and Culture of Wa People] (in Chinese). Mangshi: Dehong Nationalities Publishing House. ISBN 7-80525-480-X.
- ↑ Fang, Guo-yu (2001). "普洱茶" [Pu'er Tea]. 方国瑜文集（第四辑） [Guoyu Collection Volume 4] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan Education Publishing House. pp. 426–430. ISBN 7-5415-1943-X.
- ↑ Jiang, Wen-zhong (2012). ""普洱茶"得名历史考证" [Study of the Etymology and the History of Pu'er Tea]. 云南社会科学 (Social Sciences in Yunnan) (in Chinese) (5): 142–144. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8691.2012.05.030.
- 1 2 "Tea, City Share Pu'er Name", CRI English, Beijing: China Radio International, 8 April 2007, archived from the original on November 17, 2006.
- ↑ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ↑ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ↑ 普洱 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ↑ Pu’er Statistics Bureau. "Puer 2010 Sixth National Census Main Data Bulletin".
- ↑ Yunnan Provincial Census Office, Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics (September 2012). "Yunnan Provincial Census Data in 2010". China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6548-3.
External links
