Regional Representative Council

Dewan Perwakilan Daerah
2019–2024 period
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
Term limits
None
Leadership
La Nyalla Mattalitti (East Java)
since 2 October 2019
Deputy Speaker
Nono Sampono (Maluku)
since 2 October 2019
Deputy Speaker
Mahyudin (East Kalimantan)
since 2 October 2019
Deputy Speaker
Sultan Bachtiar Najamudin (Bengkulu)
since 2 October 2019
Structure
Seats136
Political groups
  Nonpartisan (136)
AuthorityOn the area of regional governments only:
  • proposes and give advice on bills to the lower house;
  • oversight on the execution of laws[1]
  • no law-making power[2]
Elections
Single non-transferable vote
Last election
17 April 2019
Next election
14 February 2024
Meeting place
Parliamentary Complex
Jakarta
Indonesia
Website
dpd.go.id

The Regional Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD; alternatively translatable as the House of Regions or the House of Regional Representatives or the Senate of Indonesia), is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia. Together with the House of Representatives (DPR), it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR).[3] Under Indonesia's constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advice on bills to the DPR.[1] Unlike the DPR, the DPD has no direct law-making power.[2] Its members are usually called senators instead of DPD members.[4]

History

The idea of regional representation in parliament was initially accommodated in the original version of the 1945 Constitution, with the concept of Utusan Daerah (Regional Representatives) in the MPR, along with Utusan Golongan (Group Representatives) and members of the DPR. This is regulated in Article 2 of the constitution, which states that "The MPR consists of members of the DPR plus representatives from regions and groups, according to the rules established by law". This loose arrangement was then further regulated in various laws and regulations.

In the Constitution of the United States of Indonesia enacted in 1949, the idea was realized in the form of Senat Republik Indonesia Serikat (Senate of the United States of Indonesia), representing the states and working side by side with the DPR.

As a replacement of Utusan Daerah, the DPD was created by the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution enacted on 9 November 2001 in a move towards bicameralism. The DPD does not have the revising powers of an upper house like the United States Senate. Article 22D restricts the DPD to dealing with bills on "regional autonomy, the relationship of central and local government, formation, expansion and merger of regions, management of natural resources and other economic resources, and Bills related to the financial balance between the centre and the regions."[5]

The International Foundation for Electoral Systems conducted a tracking survey in the Indonesian legislative elections in 2004 which showed that not all voters knew how to vote for candidates for the new Regional Representative Council, or were even aware of its existence.[6] The first 128 elected DPD members were sworn in for the first time on 1 October 2004.

The DPD is not a true upper house, because power of the DPD is relatively weak compared to the older chamber, the DPR, notably it has no direct law-making or the power to veto bills.[7][8] According to Indonesian constitutional scholar Jimly Asshiddiqie, the relative weakness of the DPD was a result of a compromise in the committee responsible for the constitutional amendment.[8] The reformist faction wanted a strong second chamber in addition to the existing DPR in order to strengthen checks and balances, but this was opposed by the conservative faction.[8]

Membership

Article 22C of the Constitution rules that all members of the DPD are elected through the same Legislative Election every five years, along with the members of House of Representatives. The total number of senators is limited so that it does not exceed one third of that of DPR. Each province of Indonesia elects 4 members to the DPD, for a total of 136.[lower-alpha 1] Members are elected on a non-partisan basis using single non-transferable voting, although many candidates in the inaugural 2004 legislative election had links to the parties represented in the House of Representatives, the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR. The members represents the interests of their provinces, therefore the DPD can be seen as a reform of the utusan daerah (regional representatives) of the MPR during the Suharto era, which were appointed to the MPR at the president's discretion.[7]

Powers and structure

The DPD can propose regional bills to the House of Representatives and must be heard on any regional bill proposed by DPR.[7]

Speakers and Deputy Speakers

Miscellaneous

The acronym DPD is a common one in Indonesia. In political parties, it usually stands for Dewan Pimpinan Daerah (Local Leadership Council) and seated at each provincial capital. It should not be confused with the legislative body.

Notes

  1. ↑ There were 34 provinces at the time of the 2019 general election, but as four new provinces were created in 2022, the next elections in 2024 will see the number of DPD members increase to 152.

References

  • Indrayana, Denny (2005). "Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999–2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition". Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne.
  • Asshiddiqie, Jimly (2009). "Lembaga Perwakilan dan Permusyawaratan Rakyat Tingkat Pusat". jimly.com (in Indonesian).

Notes

  1. 1 2 Asshiddiqie 2009, pp. 11–12.
  2. 1 2 Asshiddiqie 2009, p. 12.
  3. ↑ Indrayana 2005, p. 369.
  4. ↑ "Senator Indonesia". twitter.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  5. ↑ Indrayana 2005, p. 446.
  6. ↑ na Thalang, Chanintira (June 2005). "The Legislative Elections in Indonesia, April 2004". Electoral Studies. 24 (2): 326–332. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2004.10.006.
  7. 1 2 3 Harijanti, Susi Dwi; Lindsey, Tim (January 2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (1): 138–150. doi:10.1093/icon/moi055.
  8. 1 2 3 Asshiddiqie 2009, p. 11.

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