A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process); Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee and Chun Doo-hwan; and a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] or those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America. Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there. Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

Religion and the government

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). There also exist clerical dictatorships in the Muslim world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The theocratic absolute monarchies of Saudi Arabia or Vatican City also share many similarities with the regimes mentioned above. Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso or Iran under the Ayatollahs Khomeini (1979–1989) and Khamenei (1989–present). Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were even openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

Right-wing dictatorships by region

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:

Europe

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 Albania
 AustriaFatherland Front
 AzerbaijanAzerbaijanRepublic of AzerbaijanNew Azerbaijan Party1993–presentHeydar Aliyev, Ilham Aliyev
 Belarus
 BulgariaBulgariaKingdom of Bulgaria
 CroatiaIndependent State of CroatiaIndependent State of Croatia[14]Ustaše[15]1941–1945Ante Pavelić[16]
 CyprusCyprusRepublic of CyprusEOKA B[17]1974Nikos Sampson[18]
 Czech RepublicProtectorate of Bohemia and MoraviaProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia[19]National Partnership[20]1939–1945
 FranceFranceFrench State[21]Collaborationist government1940–1944Philippe Pétain[22][23]
 Germany[24][25][26]
  • 1916–1917
  • 1917
  • 1917–1918
  • 1918
  • 1933–1945
[27][28]
 Greece
 Hungary
 Italy
 LatviaLatviaRepublic of LatviaLatvian Farmers' Union (disbanded after coup)1934–1940Kārlis Ulmanis[50]
 LithuaniaLithuaniaRepublic of Lithuania[51]Lithuanian Nationalist Union[52]1926–1940Antanas Smetona[53][54]
 NetherlandsNazi GermanyReichskommissariat Niederlande[55]National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands[56]1940–1945Anton Mussert[57]
 NorwayNorwayNational Government[58]Nasjonal Samling[59][60]1940–1945Vidkun Quisling[61]
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 SerbiaNazi GermanyTerritory of the Military Commander in Serbia[76]Collaborationist government1941–1945Milan Nedić[77]
 SlovakiaSlovak Republic (1939–1945)Slovak State[78]Slovak People's Party[79]1939–1945Jozef Tiso[80]
 Spain
 Turkey
 UkraineUkrainian StateUkrainian State[97]Ukrainian People's Hromada1918Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Kingdom of Yugoslavia YugoslaviaKingdom of YugoslaviaKingdom of Yugoslavia[98]

Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[102] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 AfghanistanAfghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan[103]Taliban
 BangladeshBangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh
 Cambodia
 Indonesia Republic of IndonesiaNew Order under Golkar[114][115]1966–1998Suharto[116][117][118]
 Iran[119]
  • 1925–1941
  • 1941–1979
  • 1979–present
 South Korea
China Manchuria, China ManchukuoConcordia Association[130][131]1932–1945Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
 Myanmar
 Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Philippines
 China (1928–1949)
 Taiwan (1945–1987)		Right-wing Kuomintang[148]
Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[151]Islamic State2014–2019Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
 SyriaSyria Syrian Republic[152] Military with the Arab Liberation Movement1951–1954Adib Shishakli
 ThailandThailand Kingdom of Thailand[153]
 TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Turkmenistan[154]Democratic Party of Turkmenistan1991–present
 UzbekistanUzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan[155]Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party1991–present
Vietnam Southern VietnamSouth Vietnam Republic of Vietnam[156]
  • 1956–1963
  • 1967–1975
  • 1975
  • 1975

North, Central, and South America

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[157] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups.

List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 ArgentinaArgentina Argentine Republic[158]1976–1983
 BoliviaBolivia Plurinational State of Bolivia[159]
  • 1951–1952
  • 1966–1969
  • 1971–1978
  • 1980–1981
 Brazil[160]
  • 1964
  • 1964–1979
  • 1979–1985
 ChileChile Military Junta of Chile[161]Military1973–1990Augusto Pinochet
 ColombiaColombia Republic of Colombia[162]Military1957–1958Gabriel París Gordillo
 Costa RicaFirst Costa Rican Republic Republic of Costa Rica[163][164][165]Military with the Peliquista Party[166]1917–1919Federico Tinoco Granados[167]
 Cuba Republic of CubaMilitary with the Progressive Action Party1952–1959Fulgencio Batista[168]
 Dominican RepublicDominican Republic Third Dominican RepublicDominican Party[169][170]1930–1962Rafael Trujillo[171]
 EcuadorEcuador Republic of Ecuador[172]Military1972–1979
 MexicoMexico Mexican Republic[173]
  • 1835–1836
  • 1846
 El SalvadorEl Salvador Republic of El Salvador[174]
 Guatemala Republic of Guatemala
 Haiti Republic of Haiti[188][189][190][191]National Unity Party
 Honduras Republic of HondurasMilitary with the National Party
 NicaraguaNicaragua Republic of Nicaragua[194]Nationalist Liberal Party
  • 1936–1956
  • 1956–1967
  • 1967–1979
 PanamaPanama Republic of Panama[198]Panama Defense Forces1983–1989Manuel Noriega
 ParaguayParaguay Republic of Paraguay[199]Military with the Colorado Party1954–1989Alfredo Stroessner
 Peru [199]
  • 1975–1980
  • 1990–2000
United States Southern United StatesConfederate States of America Confederate States of America[201][202][203][204][205]1861–1865Jefferson Davis
 UruguayUruguay Oriental Republic of Uruguay[206]
  • 1973–1976
  • 1976–1981
  • 1981–1985
  • 1985
 Venezuela[207]Military1948–1958

Africa

Right-wing dictatorships in Africa most commonly consist of military juntas and military dictatorships but also have included regimes that promote White Supremacy in Southern Africa from the 1940s–1990s.

List of African right-wing dictatorships
Country Historical name(s) Movement(s) Years of rule Dictator(s)
 AngolaPortuguese Angola Province of Angola[208]National Union1933–1974
 BurundiBurundi Republic of Burundi[209]National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy2005–present
 CameroonCameroon Republic of Cameroon[210]Cameroon People's Democratic Movement1982–presentPaul Biya
 Cape VerdePortuguese Cape Verde Overseas Province of Cape Verde[211]National Union1933–1974
Central African Republic Central African RepublicCentral African Republic Central African Empire[212]Military1976–1979Jean-Bédel Bokassa
 ChadChad Republic of Chad[213]
  • 1982–1990
  • 2022–present
 Democratic Republic of the CongoZaire Republic of Zaire[214]Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution1965–1997Mobutu Sese Seko
 EgyptEgypt Arab Republic of Egypt[215]Nation's Future Party2014–presentAbdel Fattah el-Sisi
Kingdom of Italy Italian East Africa[216]National Fascist Party1936–1941
 Equatorial Guinea [217]
  • 1936–1968
  • 1979–present
 GabonGabon Gabonese Republic[218]Gabonese Democratic Party1961–2023
 GambiaThe Gambia Republic of the Gambia[219]Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction1996–2017Yahya Jammeh
 Guinea-BissauPortuguese Guinea Overseas Province of Guinea[220]National Union1933–1974
 LiberiaLiberia Republic of Liberia[221]National Democratic Party of Liberia1986–1990Samuel Doe
 LibyaKingdom of Italy Libya[222]National Fascist Party1934–1943
MoroccoSidi Ifni of MoroccoSpain Ifni[223]Military with the FET y de las JONS1936–1968Francisco Franco
 MozambiquePortuguese Mozambique Province of Mozambique[224]National Union1933–1974
 NamibiaSouth West Africa Territory of South West Africa[225]National Party1985–1990Louis Pienaar
 Rwanda[226]
  • 1961–1994
  • 2000–present
 Uganda[227]
  • 1971–1979
  • 1986–present
 São Tomé and PríncipePortugal Overseas Province of São Tomé and Príncipe[228]National Union1933–1974
 SudanSudan Republic of the Sudan[229]
  • 1969–2019
  • 2021–present
 TogoTogo Togolese Republic[230]
  • 1975–1978
  • 2005–present
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicSpanish Sahara Province of the Sahara[231]Military with the FET y de las JONS1936–1968Francisco Franco

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Gottfried, Ted (2001). Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780761317173. Retrieved 14 January 2017. Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.
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  225. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/10/21/s-africa-accused-in-namibia/70eb70a4-6c3f-4d10-864d-7cca6433a5b3/
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  227. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Idi-Amin https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/29/africa/uganda-life-for-lgbt-community-intl-cmd/index.html https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187590
  228. ↑ https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1763/the-portuguese-colonization-of-sao-tome-and-princi/
  229. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan/Sudan-under-Bashir https://www.wsj.com/articles/sudan-leader-arrested-as-north-africa-rocked-by-political-upheaval-11554985262 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-al-burhan-sudans-military-de-facto-head-of-state https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdel-Fattah-al-Burhan
  230. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rally-of-the-Togolese-People https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/07/guardianobituaries https://www.cfr.org/blog/togo-slides-toward-authoritarianism https://blogging.africa/democracy/it-is-confirmed-and-proven-togo-is-a-dictatorship/
  231. ↑ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve09p1/d87

Bibliography

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