| Sarikoli | |
|---|---|
| Tujik ziv (Тоҷик зив) | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Pamir (Taxkorgan County) |
| Ethnicity | Sarikolis |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2000)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Uyghur Arabic alphabet (unofficial)[2] | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  China |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | srh |
| Glottolog | sari1246 |
| ELP | Sarikoli |
| Linguasphere | 58-ABD-eb |
 Xinjiang Province. Light blue are areas where Sarikoli is spoken. | |
The Sarikoli language (also Sariqoli, Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by the Pamiris of Xinjiang, China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language", although it is different from the related Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, which is considered a dialect of Persian.
Nomenclature
Sarikoli is officially referred to as "Tajik" (Chinese: 塔吉克语, Tǎjíkèyǔ) in China.[3] However, it is not closely related to Tajik (a form of Persian) as spoken in Tajikistan because Sarikoli is an Eastern Iranian language, closely related to other Pamir languages largely spoken in the Badakshan regions of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, whereas the Western Iranian Farsi-Dari-Tajik is a polycentric language of a related but distinctly and historically different type. Both of these types of language and dialect clusters have been geographically separated by great distances and mountainous terrain over the course of long periods of time during which many differences of pronunciation, wording and xenolinguistic borrowings or retention of older forms or word choices accumulated over time.[4] It is also referred to as Tashkorghani,[5] after the ancient capital of the Sarikoli kingdom -- now the Tashkurgan (or Taxkorgan) Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, China. However, the usage of the term Tashkorghani is not widespread among scholars.
The earliest written accounts in English are from the 1870s which generally use the name "Sarikoli" to refer to the language, but some written accounts since that time may use a different pronunciation derived from transcribing Chinese phonetics of the term into English as "Selekur(i)".[6] Modern Chinese researchers often mention Sarikoli and Tajik names in their papers.[7][2]
Distribution of speakers
The number of speakers is around 35,000; most reside in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Southern Xinjiang Province, China. The Chinese name for the Sarikoli language, as well as the usage of Sarikol as a toponym, is Sàléikuòlèyǔ (萨雷阔勒语). Speakers in China typically use Chinese and Uyghur to communicate with people of other ethnic groups in the area. The rest are found in the Pakistani-controlled sector of Kashmir, closely touching the Pakistan-Chinese international borders.
Writing system
The language has no official written form. Linguist Gao Erqiang, publishing in China, used IPA to transcribe the sounds of Sarikoli in his book and dictionary,[8] while Tatiana N. Pakhalina, publishing in Russia, used an alphabet similar to that of the Wakhi language in hers.[9][10] The majority of Sarikoli-speakers attend schools using Uyghur as the medium of instruction.
Latin alphabet variants
Gao Erqiang Sarikoli latin alphabet
In 1958, linguist Gao Erqiang studied Sarikoli in collaboration with Tajik linguists, using 37 symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of the language. In the 1996 Sarikoli–Han dictionary, Gao uses an alphabet of 26 letters and 8 digraphs based on Pinyin.
| Uppercase | A | B | C | D | DZ | E | F | G | GC | GH | H | HY | I | J | K | KH | L | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowercase | a | b | c | d | dz | e | f | g | gc | gh | h | hy | i | j | k | kh | l | m |
| Pronunciation | a | b | x | d | d͡z | e | f | ɡ | ɣ | ʁ | χ | h | i | d͡ʒ | k | q | l | m |
| Uppercase | N | O | P | Q | R | S | SS | T | TS | U | Ü | V | W | X | Y | Z | ZY | ZZ |
| Lowercase | n | o | p | q | r | s | ss | t | ts | u | ü | v | w | x | y | z | zy | zz |
| Pronunciation | n | o | p | t͡ʃ | r | s | θ | t | t͡s | u | ɯ | v | w | ʃ | j | z | ʒ | ð |
Pakhalina Sarikoli latin alphabet
In the Sarikoli latin alphabet version by linguist Tatiana N. Pakhalina,[9] the sounds are represented by these letters:
| Letter | А а | B b | C c | Č č | D d | δ δ | E e | Ɛ ε | Ə ə | F f | G g | Ɣ ɣ | Ɣ̆ ɣ̆ | I i | Ʒ ʒ | J̌ ǰ | K k | L l | М м | N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | [a] | [b] | [t͡s] | [t͡ʃ] | [d] | [ð] | [e] | [ɛ] | [ə] | [f] | [g] | [ʁ] | [ɣ] | [i] | [d͡z] | [ɖ͡ʐ] | [k] | [l] | [m] | [n] | [o] | [p] | [q] | [r] | [s] |
| Letter | Š š | T t | ϑ ϑ | U u | Ů ů | V v | W w | Х х | Х̌ х̌ | У у | Z z | Ž ž | Ы ы | ||||||||||||
| IPA | [ʃ] | [t] | [θ] | [u] | [uː] | [v] | [w] | [χ] | [x] | [j] | [z] | [dʑ] | [ɯ] |
Uyghur alphabet
In recent years, Sarikoli speakers in China have used Uyghur Arabic alphabet to spell out their language.[2]
| No. | Letter | IPA | No. | Letter | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ئا | /ɑ/ | 19 | غ | /ʁ/, /ɣ/ | |
| 2 | ئە | /ɛ/ | 20 | ف | /f/ | |
| 3 | ب | /b/ | 21 | ق | /q/ | |
| 4 | پ | /p/ | 22 | ك | /k/, /c/ | |
| 5 | ت | /t/ | 23 | گ | /ɡ/, /ɟ/ | |
| 6 | ث | /θ/ | 24 | ڭ | /ŋ/ | |
| 7 | ج | /dʑ/ | 25 | ل | /l/ | |
| 8 | چ | /tɕ/ | 26 | م | /m/ | |
| 9 | څ | /t͡s/ | 27 | ن | /n/ | |
| 10 | خ | /χ/, /x/ | 28 | ھ | /h/ | |
| 11 | ځ | /d͡z/ | 29 | ئو | /o/ | |
| 12 | د | /d/ | 30 | ئۇ | /u/ | |
| 13 | ذ | /ð/ | 31 | ئۆ | /ø/ | |
| 14 | ر | /r/ | 32 | ئۈ | /y/ | |
| 15 | ز | /z/ | 33 | ۋ | /v/~/w/ | |
| 16 | ژ | /ʑ/ | 34 | ئې | /e/ | |
| 17 | س | /s/ | 35 | ئى | /i/ | |
| 18 | ش | /ɕ/ | 36 | ي | /j/ |
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ⟨i⟩ | ɯ ⟨ы⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
| Near-high | ʊ ⟨ů⟩ | |||
| High-mid | e ⟨e⟩ | ə ⟨ə⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | |
| Low-mid | ɛ ⟨ɛ⟩ | (ɔ) ⟨o⟩ | ||
| Low | a ⟨a⟩ | |||
Sarikoli vowels as used in Russian works (IPA values in brackets):
a [a], e [e], ɛy [ɛi̯] (dialectal æy or ay [æi̯ / ai̯]), ɛw [ɛu̯] (dialectal æw or aw [æu̯ /au̯]), ə [ə], i [i], o [o / ɔ], u [u], ы [ɯ] (dialectal ů [ʊ]). In some dialects also long variants of those vowels can appear: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ы̄, ǝ̄. (citation?)
Consonants
Sarikoli has 30 consonants:[12]
Sarikoli consonants according to Russian Iranologist transcription (IPA values in slashes): p /p/, b /b/, t /t/, d /d/, k /k ~ c/, g /ɡ ~ ɟ/, q /q/, c /ts/, ʒ /dz/, č /tɕ/, ǰ /dʑ/, s /s/, z /z/, x̌ /x/, γ̌ /ɣ/, f /f/, v /v/, θ /θ/, δ /ð/, x /χ/, γ /ʁ/, š /ɕ/, ž /ʑ/, h /h/, w /w/, y /j/, m /m/, n /n, ŋ/, l /l/, r /r/
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | (ŋ) ⟨n⟩ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ~ c ⟨k⟩ | q ⟨q⟩ | |||
| voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ɡ ~ ɟ ⟨g⟩ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts ⟨c⟩ | tɕ ⟨č⟩ | |||||
| voiced | dz ⟨ʒ⟩ | dʑ ⟨ǰ⟩ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨θ⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ɕ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨x̌⟩ | χ ⟨x⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ |
| voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | ð ⟨δ⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ʑ ⟨ž⟩ | ɣ ⟨γ̌ ⟩ | ʁ ⟨γ⟩ | ||
| Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||
| Rhotic | r ⟨r⟩ | |||||||
Stress
Most words receive stress on the last syllable; however, a minority receive stress on their first syllable. Also, several noun declensions and verb inflections regularly place stress on their first syllable, including the imperative and interrogative.[4]
Vocabulary
Although to a large extent the Sarikoli lexicon is quite close to those of other Eastern Iranian languages, there are a large number are words unique to Sarikoli and the closely related Shughni that are not found in other Eastern Iranian languages like Wakhi, Pashto or Avestan.
| English gloss | Persian | Tajik | Wakhi | Pashto | Shughni | Sarikoli | Ossetic | Avestan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | jæk (یک) | jak (як) | ji | jaw (يو) | jiw | iw | iw (иу) | aēuua- |
| meat | ɡuʃt (گوشت) | ɡuʃt (гушт) | ɡuʂt | ɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa (غوښه) | ɡuːxt | ɡɯxt | zizä (дзидза) | gao- (N. gāuš) |
| son | pesær (پسر) | pisar (писар) | putr | zoi (زوی) | puts | pɯts | fɪ̈rt (фырт) | puθra- |
| fire | ɒteʃ (آتش) | otaʃ (оташ) | rɯχniɡ | or (اور) | joːts | juts | ärt (арт) | ātar- |
| water | ɒb (اب) | ob (об) | jupk | obə (اوبه) | xats | xats | don (дон) | ap- |
| hand | dæst (دست) | dast (даѕт) | ðast | lɑs (لاس) | ðust | ðɯst | kʼuχ (къух) | zasta- |
| foot | pɒ (پا) | po (по) | pɯð | pxa, pʂa (پښه) | poːð | peð | fäd (фад) | paδa-, pāδa- |
| tooth | dændɒn (دندان) | dandon (дандон) | ðɯnðɯk | ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ (غاښ) | ðinðʉn | ðanðun | dəndäg (дӕндаг) | daṇtān- |
| eye | tʃæʃm (چشم) | tʃaʃm (чашм) | tʂəʐm | stərɡa (سترګه) | tsem | tsem | səʃt (цæст) | dōiθra-; caṣ̌man- |
| horse | æsb (اسب) | asp (асп) | jaʃ | ɑs (آس) | voːrdʒ | vurdʒ | bəχ (бӕх) | aspa- |
| cloud | æbr (ابر) | abr (абр) | mur | urjadz (اوريځ) | abri | varm | əvräʁ (æврагъ) / miʁ (мигъ) | abda-; aβra-, aβrā-; maēγa- |
| wheat | ɡændom (گندم) | ɡandum (гандум) | ɣɯdim | ɣanam (غنم) | ʒindam | ʒandam | mənəw (мæнæу) | gaṇtuma- |
| many | besjɒr (بسيار) | bisjor (бисёр) | təqi | ɖer, pura (ډېر، پوره) | bisjoːr | pɯr | fyr (фыр) | paoiri- |
| high | bolænd (بلند) | baland (баланд) | bɯland | lwaɻ (لوړ) | biland | bɯland | bərʒond (бӕрзoнд) | bərəzaṇt- |
| far | dur (دور) | dur (дур) | ðir | ləre (لرې) | ðar | ðar | därd (дард) | dūra- |
| good | χub (خوب) | χub (хуб) | baf | xə, ʂə (ښه) | χub | tʃardʒ | χorʒ (хорз) | vaŋha- |
| small | kutʃik (کوچک)) | χurd (хурд) | dzəqlai | ləɡ, ləʐ (لږ) | dzul | dzɯl | gɪ̈ssɪ̈ɫ (гыццыл) | kasu- |
| to say | ɡoft (گفت) | ɡuft (гуфт) | xənak | wajəl (ويل) | lʉvd | levd | zurɪ̈n (дзурын) | vac-; aoj-; mrū-; saŋh- |
| to do | kærd (کرد) | kard (кард) | tsərak | kawəl (کول) | tʃiːd | tʃeiɡ | kənɪ̈n (кæнын) | kar- |
| to see | did (ديد) | did (дид) | wiŋɡ | winəm (وينم) | wiːnt | wand | wɪ̈nɪ̈n (уынын) | dī-, viŋ- |
References
- ↑ Sarikoli at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 3 Yang, Yi-fang 杨亦凡; Abdurahman Tursun 阿不都热合曼·吐尔逊 Aray Zangbek 阿来·藏别克 Qian, Wei-liang 钱伟量 (2017). "Jīyú "Yīdài Yīlù" zhànlüè shìjiǎo de Zhōngguó Tǎjíkè yǔyán wénzì bǎohù yǔ chuánchéng wèntí fēnxī" 基于"一带一路"战略视角的中国塔吉克语言文字保护与传承问题分析 [Research of Protection and Inheritance of Sarikoli Tajik Language and Characters]. Jiāmùsī zhíyè xuéyuàn xuébào / Journal of Juamjusi Education Institute (in Chinese). 2017 (4): 263–265. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-9795.2017.04.176.
近代以来,我国塔吉克族使用阿拉伯维吾尔文拼写高山塔吉克语
- ↑ A wide variety of varied transcriptions of the name "Sarikoli" are used in linguistic discussions, such as 萨里库尔语, Sàlǐkùěryǔ, 萨雷阔勒语, Sàléikuòlèyǔ, 色勒库尔语, Sèlèkùěryǔ or 撒里科里语, Sǎlǐkēlǐyǔ.
- 1 2 3 Gao, Erqiang (1985). Tǎjíkèyǔ jiǎnzhì 塔吉克语简志 [Outline of the Tajik language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- ↑ Rudelson, Justin Jon (2005). Lonely Planet Central Asia Phrasebook: Languages of the Silk Road. Footscray: Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74104-604-1.
- ↑ Shaw, Robert (1876). "On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhí and Sariḳolí)". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 45 (2): 139–278 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ↑ Xiren Kurban & Zhuang (2008)
- ↑ Gao, Erqiang (高尔锵) (1996). 塔吉克汉词典 [Tajik-Chinese Dictionary] (in Simplified Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川民族出版社). ISBN 978-7-5409-1744-9.
- 1 2 Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (Татьяна Н. Пахалина) (1966). Sarykol'skij Jazyk Сарыкольский язык [The Sarikoli Language] (in Russian). Moskva: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
- ↑ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (Татьяна Н. Пахалина) (1971). Sarykol'sko-russkij slovar' Сарыкольско-русский словарь [Sarikoli–Russian Dictionary] (in Russian). Moskva: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
- ↑ Gao 1996.
- ↑ Kim, Deborah (2017). Topics in the syntax of Sarikoli. Leiden University.
Further reading
- Arlund, Pamela S. (2006). An Acoustic, Historical, and Developmental Analysis of Sarikol Tajik Diphthongs (PhD thesis). University of Texas. hdl:10106/438.
- Xiren Kurban 西仁·库尔班 Zhuang, Shu-ping 庄淑萍 (2008). "Zhōngguó Tǎjíkèyǔ Sèlēikùěr fāngyán gàishù" 中国塔吉克语色勒库尔方言概述 [A Probe Into China-Tajik Selekur Dialect]. Yǔyán yǔ fānyì / Language and Translation (in Chinese). 2008 (1): 13–19. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-0823.2008.01.003.