Tazio Nuvolari
Nuvolari wears his famous yellow jumper with his initials and, around his neck, the lucky charm given to him by Gabriele D'Annunzio, a golden turtle. Belgrade Grand Prix, 3 September 1939.
BornTazio Giorgio Nuvolari
(1892-11-16)16 November 1892
Castel d'Ario, Kingdom of Italy
Died11 August 1953(1953-08-11) (aged 60)
Mantua, Italy
Retired1950
European Championship
Years active1931–1932, 1935–1939
TeamsAlfa Romeo (1931–1932)
Scuderia Ferrari (1935–1937)
Auto Union (1937–1939)
Starts26
Wins4
Podiums7
Fastest laps4
Championship titles
1932Drivers' Championship

Tazio Giorgio Nuvolari (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtattsjo ˈdʒordʒo nuvoˈlaːri]; 16 November 1892 – 11 August 1953) was an Italian racing driver. He first raced motorcycles and then concentrated on sports cars and single-seaters. Originally of Mantua, he was nicknamed Il Mantovano Volante ("The Flying Mantuan") and Nuvola ("Cloud"). His victories—72 major races, 150 in all[1]—included 24 Grands Prix, five Coppa Cianos, two Mille Miglias, two Targa Florios, two RAC Tourist Trophies, a Le Mans 24-hour race, and a European Championship in Grand Prix racing. Ferdinand Porsche called him "the greatest driver of the past, the present, and the future".[2]

Biography

Nuvolari started racing motorcycles in 1920 at the age of 27, winning the 1925 350cc European Championship. Having raced cars as well as motorcycles from 1925 until 1930, he then concentrated on cars, and won the 1932 European Championship with the Alfa Romeo factory team, Alfa Corse.

After Alfa Romeo officially withdrew from Grand Prix racing, Nuvolari drove for Scuderia Ferrari. The team was owned by Enzo Ferrari, who ran the Alfa Romeo cars semi-officially. In 1933 Nuvolari won Le Mans in an Alfa Romeo as a member of Ferrari's team, and a month later won the Belgian Grand Prix in a works Maserati, having switched teams a week before the race.[3] Mussolini helped persuade Ferrari to take Nuvolari back for 1935, and in that year he won the German Grand Prix in Ferrari's outdated Alfa Romeo, defeating more powerful rivals from Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union. It was the only time a non-German car won a European Championship race from 1935 to 1939.

The relationship with Ferrari deteriorated during 1937, and Nuvolari raced an Auto Union in that year's Swiss Grand Prix. He rejoined the Auto Union team for the 1938 season and stayed with them through 1939 until Grand Prix racing was put on hiatus by World War II. The only major European race he never won was the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix.

When Nuvolari resumed racing after the war he was 54 and in poor health. In his final appearance in competition, driving a Cisitalia-Abarth Tipo 204A at a Palermo hillclimb on 10 April 1950, he won his class and placed fifth overall. He died in 1953 from a stroke.

Personal and early life

Nuvolari was born in Castel d'Ario near Mantua on 16 November 1892 to Arturo Nuvolari and his wife Elisa Zorzi.[4] The family was well acquainted with motor racing as Arturo and his brother Giuseppe were both bicycle racers - Giuseppe was a multiple winner of the Italian national championship and was particularly admired by a young Tazio.[4]

Nuvolari was married to Carolina Perina, and together they had two children: Giorgio (born 4 September 1918), who died in 1937 aged 19 from myocarditis,[5] and Alberto, who died in 1946 aged 18 from nephritis.[6]

Career

Motorcycle racing

Nuvolari obtained his license for motorcycle racing in 1915 at the age of 23.[4] He served in the Italian army as an ambulance driver in World War I, and in 1920[7] took part in his first motorcycle race at the Circuito Internazionale Motoristico in Cremona[4] but did not finish.[8] He also raced cars, winning the Coppa Verona reliability trial in 1921.[8]

In 1925 he became the 350 cc European Motorcycling champion by winning the European Grand Prix. At the time, the European Grand Prix was considered the most important race of the motorcycling season and the winners in each category were designated European Champions.[9] He won the Nations Grand Prix four times between 1925 and 1928,[10] and the Lario Circuit race five times between 1925 and 1929, all in the 350 cc class on a Bianchi motorcycle.[11]

It was also in 1925 that Alfa Romeo, seeking a driver to replace Antonio Ascari, who had been killed in the French Grand Prix in July, tested Nuvolari in their Grand Prix car with a view to running him in the Italian Grand Prix in September. He crashed when the gearbox seized,[12] and severely lacerated his back.[13] He was not picked for the team. Six days later, in bandages, with a cushion strapped to his stomach, and lifted onto his motorcycle by Bianchi mechanics for a push-start, he won the rain-soaked Nations Grand Prix at Monza.[14][12]

Car racing

1930–1932: Alfa Corse

1930

Nuvolari (fifth from left), with other Alfa Romeo drivers and Enzo Ferrari
Nuvolari racing an Alfa Romeo 6C 1750GS in the 1930 Coppa della Consuma

In 1930, Nuvolari won his first RAC Tourist Trophy (he won again in 1933). Motor racing legend has it that when one of the drivers broke the window of a butcher's shop, Nuvolari drove onto the pavement and tried to grab a ham as he passed.[15] According to Sammy Davis who met him there, Nuvolari enjoyed dark humour and situations when everything went wrong. For example, after he got a ticket for a journey home from the Sicilian Targa Florio he said to Enzo Ferrari, "What a strange businessman you are. What if I am brought back in a coffin?"

Nuvolari and co-driver Battista Guidotti won the Mille Miglia in a Zagato-bodied Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GS, becoming the first to complete the race at an average of over 100 km/h (62 mph). At night, leading on elapsed time but still lying behind his teammate Achille Varzi on the road because he had started after him, he tailed Varzi at speeds of up to 150 km/h (93 mph) with his headlights switched off, so that he could not be seen in the other car's rear-view mirrors. He eventually switched them on to overtake "the shocked"[15] Varzi near the finish at Brescia.[16]

1931

Towards the end of 1930, Nuvolari decided to stop racing motorcycles and concentrate fully on cars for 1931.[12] Regulations for the season required Grand Prix races to be at least 10 hours long.[17] For the Italian Grand Prix, Nuvolari was to share an Alfa Romeo with Baconin Borzacchini. The car started from ninth place on the grid, and when it retired with mechanical problems after 33 laps Nuvolari teamed up with Giuseppe Campari. The pair took the race win,[18] although Nuvolari could not receive the championship points. Apart from the Belgian Grand Prix, where he came second, the only other European Championship race was the French Grand Prix, where he finished 11th. The same year, he won both the Coppa Ciano at Livorno and the arduous Targa Florio, which was run on the 92-mile (146 km) Grande variant of the super-twisty course that year.

1932

Nuvolari after winning the 1932 French Grand Prix

For 1932, Grands Prix had to be between five and ten hours long. It was the only season in which Nuvolari regularly drove one of the fastest cars, the Alfa Romeo P3,[13] and he took two wins and a second place from the three European Championship Grands Prix, plus victory in the championship by four points from Borzacchini. He achieved four other race wins that year, including the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix and a second Targa Florio. Of the latter, his mechanic Mabelli said: "Before the start, Nuvolari told me to go down on the floor of the car every time he shouts, which was a signal that he went to a curve too fast and that we need to lower the car's center of mass. I spent the whole race on the floor. Nuvolari started to shout in the first curve and wouldn't stop until the last one."

On 28 April the writer Gabriele d'Annunzio gave him a golden tortoise badge. Thereafter Nuvolari wore it as a talisman, and it became famously associated with him.

1933–1937: Scuderia Ferrari and Maserati

"Tazio Nuvolari was not simply a racing driver. To Italy he became an idol, a demi-god, a legend, epitomising all that young Italy aspired to be; the man who 'did the impossible', not once but habitually, the David who slew the Goliaths in the great sport of motor racing. He was Il Maestro."

Cyril Posthumus[19]

1933

The 1933 season began a two-year hiatus in the European Championship, and although Alfa Romeo ceased official involvement in Grands Prix their cars continued racing with Enzo Ferrari's privateer team. For economic reasons, the P3 was not passed on to Ferrari so they used its predecessor, the Monza.[20] Maserati, with a much-improved car, provided the main opposition.

It has been alleged that Nuvolari was involved in a race-fixing scandal at the Tripoli Grand Prix. The story is that he conspired with Achille Varzi and Baconin Borzacchini to fix the race in order to profit from the Libyan state lottery, in which 30 tickets were drawn before the race—one for each starter—and the holder of the ticket corresponding to the victorious driver won 7.5 million lire.[21] Others say the allegation was unfounded and that it originated with Alfred Neubauer, the Mercedes-Benz team manager at the time, who was well known as a raconteur with a penchant for spicing up a story.[22] Neubauer's version does not altogether hold true with documented records of events, which indicate that Nuvolari, Varzi, and Borzacchini agreed to pool the prize money should one of them win.[22]

For the 1933 24 Hours of Le Mans, Alfa Romeo teamed Nuvolari with Raymond Sommer.[23] Sommer asked to drive the majority of the race as he was more familiar with the circuit and thought Nuvolari would probably break the car.[21] When Nuvolari countered that he was a leading Grand Prix driver and Le Mans was a simple layout that would not trouble him, they agreed to divide the driving equally.[21] In the race, they built a two-lap lead before a leaking fuel tank forced them to stop at the pits, where the leak was plugged by chewing gum.[21] More stops were necessary as the makeshift repair came undone several times.[21] Nuvolari, driving through to the end of the race, broke the lap record nine times and won by approximately 400 yards (370 m).[21]

1934

"Let any who say it was foolhardy at least be honest and admit it was one of the finest exhibitions of pluck and grit ever seen. By such men are victories won!"

Earl Howe, on Nuvolari racing in the 1934 AVUS-Rennen with a broken leg in a plaster cast[13]

Nuvolari driving an Alfa Romeo P3 in the 1935 Grand Prix de Pau
Nuvolari after winning the 1935 Grand Prix de Pau

In April 1934 Nuvolari entered the Monaco Grand Prix in a privately owned Bugatti and worked up to third place before brake problems forced him back to fifth at the finish, two laps behind the winner, Guy Moll.[24] Racing in heavy rain at Alessandria in the Circuito di Pietro Bordino race, he crashed and broke a leg: balked by Trossi's Alfa Romeo P3, he lost control of his privately entered Maserati 8CM, which skidded, rolled, and hit a tree.[25] Bored in hospital, he decided to enter the AVUS-Rennen just over four weeks later.[13] As his left leg was too badly injured to operate the clutch, his Maserati was modified for him to work the pedals with his right foot.[26] Troubled by cramp, he finished fifth.[13]

By the time of the Penya Rhin Grand Prix in late June, Nuvolari's leg was finally out of plaster but still painful. He retired his Maserati with technical problems.[27]

In the Italian Grand Prix, he debuted Maserati's new 6C-34 model. It performed poorly and Nuvolari could finish only fifth, three laps behind the Mercedes-Benz W25s of Caracciola and Fagioli, and also trailing the Auto Union As of Stuck and Leiningen, and the Alfa Romeo P3s of Trossi, Comotti, and Chiron.[28]

At the end of September, he finished third in the Czechoslovakian Grand Prix (Masaryk Circuit), behind Caracciola and Stuck.[29]

1935

For 1935, Nuvolari set his sights on a drive with the German Auto Union team.[30] It lacked top-line drivers but relented to pressure from Achille Varzi, which did not want Nuvolari in the team.[30] Nuvolari then approached Enzo Ferrari, who at first rebuffed him as he had previously walked out on the team.[30] Italy's prime minister Mussolini helped persuade Ferrari to take Nuvolari back.[30]

This was the year that Nuvolari achieved the 'Impossible Victory',[31] which many regard as the greatest win in all of motor racing history:[15][32][33][34] driving an outclassed Alfa Romeo P3 (3167 cc, supercharged, 265 hp) in the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, he beat all the dominant German cars—five Mercedes-Benz W25s (3990 cc, 8C, supercharged, 375 hp (280 kW) driven by Caracciola, Fagioli, Lang, von Brauchitsch, and Geyer), and four Auto Union Bs (4950 cc, 16C, supercharged, 375 hp (280 kW) driven by Rosemeyer, Varzi, Stuck, and Pietsch). The crowd of 300,000 applauded Nuvolari, but the representatives of Nazi Germany were enraged.[34]

1936

Nuvolari had a big accident in May during practice for the Tripoli Grand Prix and it is alleged that he broke some vertebrae. Despite a limp, he took part in the race the following day and finished eighth.[32]

1937

At the beginning of 1937, Alfa Romeo took its works team back from Ferrari and entered it as part of the Alfa Corse team.[35] Nuvolari stayed with Alfa Romeo despite becoming increasingly frustrated with the poor build quality of its racing cars.[36]

At the Coppa Acerbo, Alfa Romeo's new 12C-37 car proved to be slow and unreliable. Frustrated, Nuvolari handed his car over to Giuseppe Farina mid-race. Not wanting to leave Alfa Romeo, he drove an Auto Union in the Swiss Grand Prix as a one-off. After the Italian Grand Prix, Alfa Romeo withdrew from racing for the remainder of the season and dismissed Vittorio Jano, its chief designer.[36]

1938–1939: Auto Union

1938

Although Nuvolari started 1938 as an Alfa Romeo driver, a split fuel tank in the first race of the season at Pau was enough for him to walk out on the team, critical of the poor workmanship that was exhibited. He announced his retirement from Grand Prix racing and took a holiday in America. At the same time, Auto Union was having to rely on inexperienced drivers. Following the Tripoli Grand Prix they contacted Nuvolari who, having been refreshed from his break, agreed to drive for the highly successful German team, who were running radical mid-engined cars. [37] Nuvolari found further success with Auto Union; now driving a faster and more reliable car that enabled him to compete for victories and the European Championship, Nuvolari won his home Grand Prix at Monza and won the Donington Grand Prix in England.

1939

In 1939 he won Belgrade Grand Prix which was held on 3 September 1939, the last one before outbreak of World War II.[38]

Post-war racing

Steering wheel adrift on his Cisitalia D46, Nuvolari finishes 13th in the 1946 Coppa Brezzi.

In 1946 Nuvolari took part in thirteen races, winning the Grand Prix of Albi in a Maserati 4CL, finishing 4th in the Grand Prix of Nations and 13th in the Coppa Brezzi, and retiring from the others.[26] It was noted that when he raced at Milan in September, he steered with mostly one hand; the other held a bloodstained handkerchief over his mouth.[12]

Through 1947 and 1948 he raced eleven times, winning twice. He finished 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 7th, and retired from the remaining five races. His Maserati did not qualify for the 1949 Marseilles Grand Prix.[26] Battered by health problems as well as the loss of his two sons, Nuvolari was nevertheless persuaded by Enzo Ferrari to race in the 1948 edition of the Mille Miglia. Paired with mechanic Sergio Scapinelli, Nuvolari took the lead in the early stages of the race. He was eventually forced to retire the car in Reggio Emilia when he had a 27-minutes lead.[39]

His last appearance in competition was at the Palermo-Montepellegrino hillclimb on 10 April 1950, driving a Squadra Carlo Abarth Cisitalia-Abarth 204. He won his class and finished fifth overall.[5]

Death and legacy

Statue of Nuvolari in Castel d'Ario

"…there will never be another Nuvolari and I shall always think of him as incomparable, the greatest of them all."

From editor John Cooper's Nuvolari obituary in The Autocar, 21 August 1953[40]

Nuvolari never formally announced his retirement, but his health deteriorated and he became increasingly solitary.[5] In 1952 a stroke left him partially paralysed, and he died in bed a year later from a second one.[41] Between 25,000 and 55,000 people, at least half the population of Mantua, attended his funeral[19] in a mile-long procession, with the coffin placed on a car chassis that was pushed by Alberto Ascari, Luigi Villoresi, and Juan Manuel Fangio.[41] He is buried in the family tomb in the Cimitero Degli Angeli, on the road from Mantua to Cremona. The inscription over the door reads: Correrai Ancor Più Veloce Per Le Vie Del Cielo (Italian for 'You will race even faster along the roads of heaven').[42]

The Museum Tazio Nuvolari is located in his homestead at Giulia Romano via N. Sauro in Mantua.[43]

In Castel d'Ario there is a bronze statue of Nuvolari on a marble plinth inscribed Nivola – Campione Automobilistico di Tutti Tempi (Nivola – Champion Driver of All Time); and at the end of Mantua's Via delle Rimembranze, the street where he lived towards the end of his life, is a square that is now called Piazza Nuvolari.[42]

The Cisitalia 202 SMM Nuvolari Spider,[44] EAM Nuvolari S1, and Audi Nuvolari Quattro are named after him,[45] and Maserati offers the colour Grigio-Nuvolari from their custom palette.

Nuvolari was an early exponent (if not the inventor, according to Enzo Ferrari) of the four-wheel drift cornering technique which was later utilised by drivers such as Stirling Moss.[15]

An Italian pay-TV channel featuring motor sports is also named "Nuvolari".

The online video interview platform Tazio is named after him.

In the 1961 The Twilight Zone episode, "A Game of Pool", Tazio Nuvolari is referenced by Jonathan Winters (Fats Brown) when talking to Jack Klugman (Jessie Cardiff) about great men in history.

Nuvolari was mentioned in 1969 comedy film Monte Carlo or Bust! when Angelo Pincilli and Marcelo Agosti, two Italian policemen taking part in the Monte Carlo Rally, hope to become as famous as Nuvolari and land speed record holder Malcolm Campbell by winning the race.

The 1976 album Automobili by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, included the song "Nuvolari", with lyrics by poet Roberto Roversi.

A Six Metre racing yacht built in the 1978 for Luca and Tony Bassani was named Nuvolari in honour of the racing driver. That yacht was restored in 2016 and currently races in Victoria, BC.

Racing record

Major victories

    Year Location Vehicle
    1924 Savio Circuit Chiribiri Monza (1.5 litre)
    1924 Polesine Circuit Chiribiri Monza (1.5 litre)
    1924 Tigullio Circuit Bianchi 20 (2 litre)
    1927 Rome Grand Prix Bugatti T35
    1927 Garda Circuit Bugatti T35C
    1928 Tripoli Grand Prix Bugatti T35C
    1928 Pozzo Circuit Bugatti T35C
    1928 Alessandria Circuit Bugatti T35
    1930 Mille Miglia Alfa Romeo 6C 1750
    1931 Targa Florio Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza
    1931 Coppa Ciano Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza
    1932 Monaco Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza
    1932 Targa Florio Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza
    1932 Italian Grand Prix Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1932 Grand Prix de L'A.C.F Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1932 Coppa Ciano Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1932 Coppa Acerbo Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1933 Tunis Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 8C 2600 Monza
    1933 Alessandria Alfa Romeo 8C 2600 Monza
    1933 Eifelrennen Alfa Romeo 8C 2600 Monza
    1933 Nîmes Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 8C 2600 Monza
    1933 Belgian Grand Prix Maserati 8CM
    1933 Coppa Ciano Maserati 8CM
    1933 Nice Grand Prix Maserati 8CM
    1933 RAC Tourist Trophy, Ards MG K3 Magnette
    1933 24 Hours of Le Mans Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza
    1933 Mille Miglia Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza
    1934 Modena Grand Prix Maserati 6C 34
    1934 Naples Grand Prix Maserati 6C 34
    1935 Pau Grand Prix Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 Bergamo Circuit Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 Biella Circuit Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 Turin Circuit Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 German Grand Prix Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 Coppa Ciano Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 Nice Grand Prix Alfa Romeo Type B/P3
    1935 Modena Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 8C-35
    1936 Penya Rhin Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 12C-36
    1936 Hungarian Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 8C-35
    1936 Milan Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 12C-36
    1936 Coppa Ciano Alfa Romeo 8C-35
    1936 Modena Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 12C-36
    1936 Vanderbilt Cup Alfa Romeo 12C-36
    1937 Milan Grand Prix Alfa Romeo 12C-36
    1938 Italian Grand Prix Auto Union Type D
    1938 Donington Grand Prix Auto Union Type D
    1939 Belgrade Grand Prix Auto Union Type D
    1946 Albi Grand Prix Maserati 4CL
    1947 Mille Miglia (class S1.1) Cisitalia 202 SMM

    Complete European Championship results

    (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

    Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 EDC Pts
    1931 SA Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo Type A Alfa Romeo 2x 3.5 L6 ITA
    1 / ret     		5th 13
    Alfa Romeo Monza Alfa Romeo 2.3 L8 FRA
    11
    Alfa Romeo 8C-2300 BEL
    2
    1932 SA Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3 Alfa Romeo 2.6 L8 ITA
    1    		 FRA
    1    		 GER
    2    		 1st 4
    1935 Scuderia Ferrari Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3 Alfa Romeo 3.2 L8 MON
    Ret    		 FRA
    Ret    		 BEL GER
    1    		 SUI
    5    		 4th 35
    Alfa Romeo 8C-35 Alfa Romeo 3.8 L8 ITA
    Ret    		 ESP
    Ret
    1936 Scuderia Ferrari Alfa Romeo 8C-35 Alfa Romeo 3.8 L8 MON
    4    		 3rd 17
    Alfa Romeo 12C 1936 Alfa Romeo 4.1 V12 GER
    Ret    		 SUI
    Ret    		 ITA
    2
    1937 Scuderia Ferrari Alfa Romeo 12C-36 Alfa Romeo 4.1 V12 BEL GER
    4    		 MON ITA
    7    		 7th 28
    Auto Union AG Auto Union C Auto Union 6.0 V16 SUI
    5
    1938 Auto Union AG Auto Union D Auto Union 3.0 V12 FRA GER
    Ret    		 SUI
    9    		 ITA
    1    		 5th 20
    1939 Auto Union AG Auto Union D Auto Union 3.0 V12 BEL
    Ret    		 FRA
    Ret    		 GER
    Ret    		 SUI
    5    		 4th 19
    Source:[46]

    Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

    Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. Class
    Pos.
    1933 Italy Soc. Anon. Alfa Romeo France Raymond Sommer Alfa Romeo 8C 2300MM 3.0 233 1st 1st
    Source:[47]

    Post WWII Grandes Épreuves results

    (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

    Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4
    1948 Cisitalia Spa Cisitalia D46 Fiat 1.1 L4 MON
    Ret    		 SUI
    Scuderia Ambrosiana Maserati 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4 s FRA
    7    		 ITA
    Source:[48]

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Hilton 2003, p. 10.
    2. ↑ "Tazio 'Nivola' Nuvolari". Top 100. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009.
    3. ↑ Hilton 2003, p. 111.
    4. 1 2 3 4 Cancellieri, Gianni. "The years from 1892 to 1929". Tazio Nuvolari - The Official Site. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
    5. 1 2 3 Cancellieri, Gianni. "The years from 1930 to 1953". Tazio Nuvolari - The Official Site. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
    6. ↑ "Life of Tazio Nuvolari". Nivola International. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
    7. ↑ Hilton 2003, p. 24.
    8. 1 2 Hilton 2003, p. 254.
    9. ↑ "History of the motorcycle race: 1925" (in French). Racing Memory. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
    10. ↑ "History of the Nations Grand Prix and the Italian Grand Prix" (in French). Racing Memory. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
    11. ↑ "Il Circuito del Lario" (in French). Racing Memory. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
    12. 1 2 3 4 Walker & Taylor 2001, pp. 17–20.
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 Pritchard 1998, p. 60.
    14. ↑ Hilton 2003, p. 27.
    15. 1 2 3 4 Skořepa 1980, p. 191.
    16. ↑ "Mille Miglia 1930". Grand Prix Racing. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
    17. ↑ Pritchard 1998, p. 47.
    18. ↑ "IX Gran Premio d´Italia". Racing Database. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
    19. 1 2 Pritchard 1998, p. 59.
    20. ↑ Pritchard 1998, p. 49.
    21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tibballs 2004, pp. 103–106.
    22. 1 2 Capps, H. Donald. "Tripoli 1933: A hard look at the legend". The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
    23. ↑ Tibballs 2004, pp. 107–109.
    24. ↑ Snellman, Leif; Muelas, Felix. "VI Grand Prix de Monaco". The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
    25. ↑ Hilton 2003, p. 128.
    26. 1 2 3 Hilton 2003, p. 261.
    27. ↑ Snellman, Leif; Muelas, Felix. "V° Gran Premio de Penya Rhin". The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
    28. ↑ Snellman, Leif; Muelas, Felix. "XII° Gran Premio d'Italia". The Golden Era of Grand Prix Racing. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
    29. ↑ "Autofotka týdne: Vzácné maserati bylo na pár dnů v Praze". Zdroj (in Czech). 27 April 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
    30. 1 2 3 4 Rendall 1995, p. 140.
    31. ↑ "One against all". Archived from the original on 4 November 2014.
    32. 1 2 "Alfa legend". Archived from the original on 29 December 2007.
    33. ↑ "Nuvolari". Grand Prix History. Archived from the original on 6 February 2005. Retrieved 13 February 2005.
    34. 1 2 "The Greatest Victory of all time". Grand Prix History.
    35. ↑ Rendall 1995, p. 146.
    36. 1 2 Rendall 1995, p. 149.
    37. ↑ Rendall 1995, p. 153.
    38. ↑ Russell, Scott. "Motorsport and WWII - The 1939 Belgrade Grand Prix". globalf1.net. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    39. ↑ Nuvolari e l’ultima Mille Miglia tr. "Nuvolari and the last Mille Miglia " 1 May 2018, www.motoremotion.it, accessed 9 April 2021
    40. ↑ Hilton 2003, p. 238.
    41. 1 2 "The Last Race". Time. 24 August 1953. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2007.(subscription required)
    42. 1 2 Widdows, Rob (February 2010). "On the trail of Tazio". Motorsportmagazine.com. Motor Sport. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
    43. ↑ "Museum Taxio Nuvolari". Museum Taxio Nuvolari. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
    44. ↑ Owen, Richard. "1948 Cisitalia 202 SMM Nuvolari Spider". Supercars.net. Supercars.net Publishing. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
    45. ↑ "Vision of the GT of the Future: Audi Nuvolari quattro". AudiWorld. 4 March 2003. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
    46. ↑ "THE GOLDEN ERA – OF GRAND PRIX RACING". kolumbus.fi. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
    47. ↑ "All Results of Tazio Nuvolari". racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
    48. ↑ "Tazio Nuvolari – Biography". MotorSportMagazine. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

    Sources

    • Hilton, Christopher (2003). Nuvolari. Derby: Breedon Books Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 1-85983-349-7.
    • Pritchard, Anthony (1998). A Century of Grand Prix Motor Racing. Croydon: Motor Racing Publications. ISBN 1-899870-38-5.
    • Rendall, Ivan (1995). The Chequered Flag. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 140. ISBN 0-297-83550-5.
    • Skořepa, Miloš (1980). Dejiny automobilových pretekov. p. 191.
    • Tibballs, Geoff (2004). Motor-Racing's Strangest Races. London: Robson. ISBN 1-86105-411-4.
    • Walker, Murray; Taylor, Simon (2001). Murray Walker's Formula One Heroes. London: Virgin. pp. 17–20. ISBN 1-85227-918-4.
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