This is a timeline of Austrian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Austria and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Austria.
10th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 955 | 10 August | Battle of Lechfeld (955): An East Frankish army under king Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor trapped a Hungarian army behind the Lech and wiped it out, saving the city of Augsburg and extending East Frankish territory eastward. |
| 960 | Burkhard, Margrave of Austria was created margrave of the Eastern March, comprising territories recently conquered from the Hungarians, under the lordship of the Duchy of Bavaria and its duke, his sister-in-law's husband Henry II, Duke of Bavaria. | |
| 976 | Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, launched a revolt in his duchy against Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Burkhard joined him. | |
| Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, conquered Regensburg, the Bavarian capital, then in revolt. | ||
| An Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Regensburg formally stripped Henry II, Duke of Bavaria of his duchy and appointed Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, nephew of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Emperor, and already duke of Swabia, duke of Bavaria. | ||
| 21 July | Leopold I the Illustrious, Margrave of Austria, a count of Babenberg, replaced Burkhard as margrave of the Bavarian Eastern March. | |
| 984 | Leopold the Illustrious captured the fortress at Melk, the last redoubt of Burkhard's partisans, and established his capital there. | |
| 987 | Leopold the Illustrious conquered territory extending to the Vienna Woods. | |
| 991 | Leopold the Illustrious conquered territory extending to the Fischa. | |
| 994 | 8 July | Leopold the Illustrious was struck in the eye by an arrow at a tournament in Würzburg. |
| 10 July | Leopold the Illustrious died. | |
| Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Kingdom of Germany, appointed Leopold the Illustrious's son Henry I the Strong, Margrave of Austria margrave of the Eastern March. | ||
| 996 | 1 November | The term Ostarrîchi was first used, possibly in reference to a small fief within the Eastern March. |
11th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1002 | Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, then duke of Bavaria and King of the Romans, added the land between the Kamp and Morava rivers and some territory southwest of Vienna to the territory of Austria. | |
| 1018 | 23 June | Henry the Strong died from wounds he suffered in battle against Bolesław I the Brave, duke of Poland. He was succeeded as margrave by his younger brother Adalbert the Victorious, Margrave of Austria. |
| 1055 | 26 May | Adalbert the Victorious died in the Austrian capital Melk. He was succeeded by his son Ernest the Brave, Margrave of Austria. |
| 1062 | April | Coup of Kaiserswerth: Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, kidnapped the young Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, then King of the Romans, and demanded that his mother and regent Agnes of Poitou hand over the Imperial Regalia to his coconspirators. |
| 1065 | 29 March | An accolade ceremony was held in Mainz recognizing the majority of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. |
| 1073 | 29 June | Saxon Rebellion: The Saxon nobility, at the head of a large army, came to the Imperial Palace of Goslar to protest the frequent stays of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, on their territory and his promotion of local ministeriales. The king fled. |
| 1074 | 2 February | Saxon Rebellion: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany signed the Treaty of Gerstungen agreeing to restore the rebel duke Otto of Nordheim in Bavaria. |
| 1075 | 9 June | Battle of Langensalza (1075): Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Kingdom of Germany, and a number of his vassals, including Ernest the Brave, destroyed a Saxon army composed largely of peasant draftees near what is now Bad Langensalza. Ernest the Brave was killed. He was succeeded by his son Leopold II the Fair, Margrave of Austria. |
| Investiture Controversy: The pope Pope Gregory VII composed the Dictatus papae, declaring that his office was granted by God, and that he had the right to depose emperors, as well as the sole authority to appoint and transfer bishops. | ||
| Investiture Controversy: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, reasserted his right to appoint bishops in a letter in which he addressed the pope, Pope Gregory VII, as a false monk and called for his removal. | ||
| 1078 | Investiture Controversy: Altmann of Passau, bishop of Passau, fled to Austria following the invasion of his diocese by supporters of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, the king of Germany. | |
| 1079 | Investiture Controversy: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, invaded Austria in pursuit of the fugitive bishop Altmann of Passau. | |
| 1081 | 6 August | Leopold the Fair supported the election at Forchheim of Hermann of Salm, count of Salm, as king of Germany in opposition to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. |
| Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, deposed Leopold the Fair and granted his territory to Vratislaus II of Bohemia, duke of Bohemia. | ||
| 1082 | 12 May | Battle of Mailberg: A Bohemian army invading in support of the claim of Vratislaus II of Bohemia decisively defeated the Austrians at Mailberg. |
| 1095 | 12 October | Leopold the Fair died. He was succeeded as margrave of Austria by his son Leopold III the Good, Margrave of Austria. |
12th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1103 | Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, issued the Landfrieden, establishing some rules on the resolution of disputes between rulers of states of the Empire. | |
| 1104 | Investiture Controversy: Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany and son and heir of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, rebelled against his father at the urging of the pope Pope Paschal II. | |
| December | Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, was forced at an Imperial Diet at Mainz to abdicate in favor of his son Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, then king of Germany. | |
| 1106 | Leopold the Good married Agnes of Waiblingen, sister of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, the king of Germany. | |
| 1136 | 15 November | Leopold the Good died. He was succeeded as margrave of Austria by his son Leopold the Generous, Duke of Bavaria. |
| 1137 | Leopold the Generous granted the Peterskirche in Vienna to the prince-bishop of Passau in exchange for some territory outside the city. | |
| 1138 | 7 March | 1138 Imperial election: Conrad III of Germany was elected King of the Romans at Koblenz, defeating Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, Saxony and Spoleto and margrave of Tuscany. |
| July | Henry X, Duke of Bavaria announced his refusal to recognize Conrad III of Germany as King of the Romans. In return, Conrad banned him and deprived him of both of his German duchies, granting Bavaria to his supporter Leopold the Generous. | |
| 1141 | 18 October | Leopold the Generous died. He was succeeded as margrave of Austria and duke of Bavaria by his younger brother Henry II Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria. |
| 1145 | Henry Jasomirgott established his residence in Vienna. | |
| 1156 | Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, restored the House of Welf to the Duchy of Bavaria in the person of Henry the Lion, son of Henry X, Duke of Bavaria. | |
| 17 September | To compensate Babenberg for their loss of Bavaria, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, issued the Privilegium Minus, elevating Austria to an independent duchy. | |
| 1176 | November | Henry Jasomirgott broke his hip falling with his horse from a bridge near Melk. |
| 1177 | 13 January | Henry Jasomirgott died in Vienna. He was succeeded by his son Leopold V the Virtuous, Duke of Austria. |
| 1186 | 17 August | Leopold the Virtuous and Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria, duke of Styria, signed the Georgenberg Pact, under which the former was to succeed the latter on his death. In exchange, Leopold the Virtuous promised to maintain the rights of the Styrian estates and citizens. |
| 1187 | 2 October | Siege of Jerusalem (1187): The city of Jerusalem fell to an Ayyubid siege. The capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was moved to Tyre, Lebanon. |
| 29 October | Third Crusade: The pope Pope Gregory VIII issued the audita tremendi calling for a crusade to reconquer Jerusalem from the Ayyubid dynasty. | |
| 1189 | August | Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Guy of Lusignan, jure uxoris king of Jerusalem, laid siege to the Ayyubid city of Acre, Israel. |
| 1191 | Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Leopold the Virtuous took command of the crusader army at Acre, Israel. | |
| July | Siege of Acre (1189–1191): Acre, Israel fell to the crusaders. The flags of Jerusalem, France, England and Austria were raised on the ramparts. Richard I of England, king of England, ordered the Austrian flag torn down. | |
| 1192 | 8 May | Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria, duke of Styria, died of leprosy. He was succeeded by Leopold the Virtuous. |
| Richard I of England, king of England, was arrested in Vienna for the April murder of Conrad of Montferrat, the king of Jerusalem and cousin to Leopold the Virtuous. | ||
| 1193 | 19 April | English king Richard I of England was released from his captivity at Trifels Castle following the payment of a substantial ransom to Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. |
| 1194 | 31 December | Leopold the Virtuous died of gangrene after a botched amputation of his foot, injured at a tournament in Graz. He was succeeded as duke of Austria by one son, Frederick I the Catholic, Duke of Austria, and as duke of Styria by another, Leopold VI the Glorious, Duke of Austria. |
| 1196 | The pope Pope Celestine III censured the late Leopold the Virtuous and his house for his imprisonment and ransoming of Richard I of England, king of England and a fellow crusader. | |
| 1197 | April | Crusade of 1197: Frederick the Catholic left Austria on a crusade organized by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, to reconquer Jerusalem for the Kingdom of Jerusalem and convince the pope Pope Celestine III to support his claim to Sicily. |
| December | An army of Austrians and Hungarian nobles loyal to Andrew II of Hungary, then without title, defeated a Hungarian royal army at Mački. | |
| 1198 | Emeric, King of Hungary, king of Hungary, was forced to appoint his younger brother Andrew II of Hungary duke in Croatia and Dalmatia. | |
| 16 April | Frederick the Catholic died of illness at Acre, Israel. He was succeeded as duke of Austria by his younger brother Leopold the Glorious. | |
| 1199 | Emeric, King of Hungary, king of Hungary, defeated his brother Andrew II of Hungary, duke in Croatia and Dalmatia, at Lake Balaton and forced him to flee into Austria. | |
| 1200 | Andrew II of Hungary, then a refugee in Austria, was peacefully restored to power as duke in Croatia and Dalmatia. |
13th century
14th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1306 | 4 August | Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, the last king of Bohemia of the Přemyslid dynasty, was stabbed to death in Olomouc by an unknown assassin. |
| The Bohemian nobility elected Henry of Bohemia king. | ||
| The Holy Roman Emperor Albert of Habsburg invaded Bohemia and installed Rudolf I of Bohemia on the throne. | ||
| 1307 | 31 May | Battle of Lucka: Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen defeated the forces of the Holy Roman Empire at Lucka, preserving the rule of the House of Wettin over Thuringia. |
| 4 July | Rudolf died, probably due to complications from a preexisting gastrointestinal disease, while besieging a Bohemian rebel fortress at Horažďovice. Albert became sole duke of Austria and Styria. | |
| 1308 | 1 May | Albert of Habsburg was murdered at Windisch by his nephew, Rudolf II's son John Parricida, who felt that the Treaty of Rheinfelden had deprived him of his inheritance. He was succeeded by two of his sons, Frederick the Fair and Leopold I, Duke of Austria, ruling jointly as dukes of Austria and Styria. |
| 1313 | Frederick the Fair invaded Lower Bavaria in a dispute with Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, over who would tutor the sons of the late Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Lower Bavaria. | |
| 9 November | Battle of Gammelsdorf: The forces of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, defeated those of Frederick the Fair at Gammelsdorf. Frederick the Fair was forced to renounce the tutelage of the children of the late Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Lower Bavaria. | |
| 1314 | 19 October | Imperial election, October 19, 1314: Four electors of the Holy Roman Empire selected Frederick the Fair as King of the Romans at Frankfurt. |
| 20 October | Imperial election, October 20, 1314: Five electors of the Holy Roman Empire selected Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, as King of the Romans at Frankfurt in opposition to Frederick the Fair. | |
| 25 November | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen. | |
| Frederick the Fair was crowned King of the Romans at the Bonn Minster in Bonn. | ||
| 1315 | 15 November | Battle of Morgarten: A Swiss force ambushed and destroyed a Habsburg army at Ägerisee, saving the Swiss Confederacy from possible annexation to Austria. |
| 1316 | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a claimant against Frederick the Fair to the title of King of the Romans, granted the Waldstätte of the Old Swiss Confederacy independence from the House of Habsburg. | |
| 1322 | 28 September | Battle of Mühldorf: The forces of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria and a claimant to the title King of the Romans, defeated those of his rival Frederick the Fair in battle at Ampfing. Frederick the Fair was captured. |
| 1324 | The pope Pope John XXII excommunicated Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria and a claimant in opposition to Frederick the Fair to the title King of the Romans. | |
| 1325 | 13 March | Frederick the Fair signed the Treaty of Trausnitz at Trausnitz Castle with his captor Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria. Under its terms, he agreed to recognize his captor as King of the Romans in exchange for his liberty, and to convince his partisans to lay down their arms. |
| Having failed to convince Leopold I, Duke of Austria, his younger brother and co-ruler of Austria and Styria, to abandon his war against Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans, Frederick the Fair returned to captivity in Munich. | ||
| 1326 | 7 January | Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Frederick the Fair signed the Treaty of Ulm, under which the former was to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, but the latter would administer the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans. |
| 28 February | Leopold I, Duke of Austria died. Frederick the Fair left the administration of the Holy Roman Empire to return to rule Austria and Styria. | |
| 1330 | 13 January | Frederick the Fair died. He was succeeded by his younger brothers Albert II the Wise, the Lame, Duke of Austria and Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, ruling jointly as dukes of Austria and Styria. |
| 1335 | 2 April | Henry of Bohemia, duke of Carinthia and margrave of Carniola, died, leaving no male heirs. |
| 2 May | Albert the Wise and Otto the Merry, whose mother, Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany was sister to Henry of Bohemia, the late duke of Carinthia, were jointly appointed dukes of Carinthia and margraves of Carniola. | |
| 1339 | Otto the Merry died. He was survived by two young sons. | |
| 1344 | 10 August | Otto the Merry's younger son, the sixteen-year-old Leopold II, Duke of Austria, died, possibly due to poisoning. |
| 11 December | Otto the Merry's surviving son, the seventeen-year-old Frederick, died, possibly after being poisoned. | |
| 1358 | 16 August | Albert the Wise died. According to his will, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Rudolf IV the Founder, Duke of Austria. |
| 1359 | Rudolf the Founder ordered the creation of the Privilegium Maius, a set of forged documents, some purportedly issued by Julius Caesar, which raised Austria to an archduchy and granted it additional rights including the privilegium de non evocando, the right to issue judgments which could not be appealed to the Holy Roman Emperor. | |
| 1363 | Rudolf the Founder and the childless Margaret, Countess of Tyrol signed a treaty providing for the former's inheritance of the County of Tyrol on the latter's death. | |
| Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, invaded Tyrol. | ||
| 1364 | Rudolf the Founder took the title duke of Carniola. | |
| 1365 | The town of Novo Mesto was established. | |
| Albert III, Count of Gorizia died. His territories in Istria, White Carniola and the Windic March were inherited by Rudolf the Founder and added to Carniola. | ||
| 27 July | Rudolf the Founder died. He was succeeded by his younger brothers Albert III with the Braid, Duke of Austria and Leopold III the Just, Duke of Austria, ruling jointly as dukes of Austria, Styria and Carniola. | |
| 1368 | Leopold the Just expelled Bavarian forces from County of Tyrol. | |
| The citizens of Freiburg im Breisgau purchased their independence from the count of Freiburg and submitted to Habsburg protection. The city was added to Further Austria. | ||
| 1369 | 3 October | Margaret, Countess of Tyrol died. Albert with the Braid and Leopold the Just succeeded her jointly as counts of Tyrol. |
| 1375 | December | The mercenary Gugler army crossed the Jura Mountains into Habsburg territory. |
| 1376 | January | The Gugler were forced to retreat into France. |
| 6 August | Albert with the Braid agreed to Leopold the Just's right to make separate treaties with foreign powers. | |
| 1379 | Albert with the Braid and Leopold the Just signed the Treaty of Neuberg at Neuberg Abbey, dividing their father's possessions. Albert and his descendants were to rule Austria, Leopold and his descendants Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, Further Austria and Friuli. | |
| 1382 | The Imperial Free City of Trieste seceded from the Patriarchate of Aquileia and became part of Leopold the Just's domains in exchange for his protection. | |
| 1386 | 9 July | Battle of Sempach: A Swiss force decisively defeated an invasion by Leopold the Just at Sempach. Leopold was killed, along with a number of his vassals. He was succeeded by his young sons William the Courteous, Duke of Austria and Leopold IV the Fat, Duke of Austria, with his brother Albert with the Braid acting as regent. |
| 1387 | 11 March | The citizens of Glarus declared themselves independent of Austrian rule. |
| 1388 | 9 April | Battle of Näfels: Swiss forces decisively defeated an Austrian invasion of Glarus at Näfels. |
| 1395 | 29 August | Albert with the Braid died. He was succeeded in his lands by his son Albert IV, Duke of Austria. |
15th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1401 | Appenzell Wars: A popular uprising took place in Appenzell against the rule of the prince-abbot of the Abbey of Saint Gall, an ally of the Habsburgs. | |
| 1404 | 14 September | Albert IV died. He was succeeded as duke of Austria by his young son Albert II the Magnanimous of Germany, with his cousin William the Courteous acting as regent. |
| 1406 | 15 July | William the Courteous died without heirs. He was succeeded in Upper Austria by Leopold the Fat and in Carinthia, Styria and Carniola by another brother, Ernest the Iron, Duke of Austria. Leopold ceded Tyrol to yet another brother, Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets, Duke of Austria and replaced William as regent for Albert the Magnanimous. |
| 1411 | 3 June | Leopold the Fat died. His territories were divided between Ernest the Iron and Frederick of the Empty Pockets. Albert the Magnanimous was granted his majority. |
| Appenzell Wars: Appenzell signed a mutual defense treaty with Switzerland to secure its independence from the Abbey of Saint Gall. | ||
| 1419 | 30 July | Hussite Wars: A Hussite procession led by the priest Jan Želivský threw seven government officials, including the burgomaster, from the New Town Hall in Prague, killing them. |
| 1420 | 23 May | Albert the Magnanimous ordered the imprisonment and forcible conversion of the Jews in Austria. |
| 12 June | Battle of Vítkov Hill: A crusader force including some Austrian soldiers laid siege fortifications on a hill outside Prague. | |
| 14 July | Battle of Vítkov Hill: The crusader forces were surprised and routed, ending the siege. Several hundred were killed. | |
| 1421 | 12 March | Two hundred Jews, the last practicing in Austria, were burned at the stake outside Vienna. |
| 1423 | Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans, king of Hungary, king of Croatia and Bohemia and Albert the Magnanimous's father-in-law, appointed Albert margrave of Moravia. | |
| 1424 | 10 June | Ernest the Iron died. He was survived by six children including his young sons Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Albert VI, Archduke of Austria. Frederick of the Empty Pockets appointed himself regent over Ernest's territories. |
| 1431 | 14 August | Battle of Domažlice: A Holy Roman Empire force, including some troops led by Albert the Magnanimous, was driven from its siege positions at Domažlice and wiped out in the nearby Bohemian Forest. |
| 14 October | Battle of Waidhofen: A Taborite raiding party was attacked and defeated by Austrian and Bohemian forces at Waidhofen an der Thaya. | |
| 1435 | Frederick III claimed his majority with the support of Albert the Magnanimous. | |
| 1436 | Albert VI was granted his majority. | |
| 1437 | June | Transylvanian peasant revolt: A peasant revolt broke out in eastern Hungary following a demand by the local bishop György Lépes that the locals pay several years' overdue tithe in a single lump sum in the new currency. |
| 9 December | Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Hungary and king of Croatia and Bohemia, died. Albert the Magnanimous, his son-in-law, succeeded him in Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, though the Hussite nobles in Bohemia remained in open revolt. | |
| 1438 | January | Transylvanian peasant revolt: The last of the rebels, besieged in Cluj-Napoca, surrendered. |
| 18 March | 1438 Imperial election: Albert the Magnanimous was elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt. | |
| 1439 | 24 June | Frederick of the Empty Pockets died. He was succeeded as duke of Further Austria and count of Tyrol by his young son Sigismund, Archduke of Austria, with Frederick III acting as regent. |
| 27 October | Albert the Magnanimous died at Neszmély defending Hungary against an Ottoman invasion. He was survived by two daughters and by his pregnant wife Elizabeth of Luxembourg. | |
| 1440 | 2 February | 1440 Imperial election: Frederick III was elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt. |
| 22 February | Elizabeth of Luxembourg, Albert the Magnanimous's wife, gave birth to a son, Ladislaus the Posthumous. | |
| 15 May | Ladislaus was crowned king of Hungary with the Holy Crown of Hungary by his mother in Székesfehérvár. | |
| 29 June | The Diet of Hungary declared Ladislaus's coronation invalid. | |
| 17 July | Władysław III of Poland, the king of Poland, was crowned king of Hungary under the eye of the Diet at Visegrád. | |
| 2 November | Old Zürich War: Zürich was expelled from the Old Swiss Confederacy due to a dispute over the succession in Toggenburg. | |
| 22 November | Elizabeth of Luxembourg granted Frederick III guardianship over her son Ladislaus. In exchange, she received financial support to defend her son's claim to the throne of Hungary against Władysław III of Poland. | |
| 1442 | Old Zürich War: Zürich concluded an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 18 March | Battle of Hermannstadt: A Hungarian force was defeated by a numerically superior Ottoman force near Sântimbru, Alba and force to withdraw. One of the Hungarian commanders, the bishop György Lépes, was captured and beheaded. | |
| 19 December | Elizabeth of Luxembourg, mother to Ladislaus the Posthumous, died, possibly after having been poisoned. | |
| 1443 | 1 January | Crusade of Varna: The pope Pope Eugene IV called for a crusade to expel the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans. |
| 22 July | Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl: A Swiss army forced imperial and Zürich forces to abandon a defensive position on the Sihlfeld outside of Zürich. | |
| 3 November | Battle of Nish (1443): Hungarian, Polish and Serbian forces captured the Ottoman city of Niš. | |
| 12 December | Battle of Zlatitsa: The Hungarian, Polish and Serbian armies were defeated near modern Zlatitsa, in a pass of the Balkan Mountains, halting their advance into Ottoman territory. | |
| 1444 | 2 January | Battle of Kunovica: An Ottoman army pursuing Hungarian, Polish and Serbian forces after their retreat from Zlatitsa were ambushed and defeated in the shadow of Suva Planina. |
| 10 November | Battle of Varna: The Ottoman Empire decisively defeated an inferior Polish-Hungarian-Wallachian force at Varna. Władysław III of Poland, king of Poland and claimant against Ladislaus the Posthumous to the throne of Hungary, was killed. | |
| 1445 | 1 June | The Diet of Hungary offered the throne of Hungary to Ladislaus on the condition that Frederick III release him and the Holy Crown of Hungary to their care. Frederick refused their terms and invaded. |
| 1446 | Sigismund, Archduke of Austria was granted his majority. | |
| 1 June | The Hungarian nobility accepted Frederick III's guardianship over Ladislaus in exchange for a truce. | |
| 6 June | The Diet of Hungary elected John Hunyadi governor of Hungary during Ladislaus's minority. | |
| 12 June | Old Zürich War: Zürich and the Old Swiss Confederacy agreed to an armistice. | |
| 1448 | 17 February | Frederick III and the Holy See signed the Concordat of Vienna, recognizing the right of the Holy Roman Emperor to appoint bishops. |
| 3 September | The Hussite rebel George of Poděbrady captured the Bohemian capital Prague. | |
| 17 October | Battle of Kosovo (1448): An allied force of Hungarians, Poles, Wallachians and Moldavians met a numerically superior Ottoman force on Kosovo field, near modern Kosovo Polje. | |
| 20 October | Battle of Kosovo (1448): The Christian forces were dispersed after heavy losses. | |
| 1450 | 22 October | John Hunyadi and Frederick III agreed that the latter would be Ladislaus's guardian until his eighteenth birthday, in defiance of local customs which granted majority at twelve or sixteen. |
| 1451 | Frederick III recognized George of Poděbrady as governor of Bohemia. | |
| Sigismund, Archduke of Austria annexed the County of Bregenz and took the title count of Bregenz. | ||
| 1452 | 19 March | Frederick III was crowned Holy Roman Emperor with the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire in Rome by the pope Pope Nicholas V. |
| 4 September | The Austrian nobility forced Frederick III to renounce his guardianship of Ladislaus and allow him to enter Hungary as its king. | |
| 1453 | January | John Hunyadi resigned as governor of Hungary but remained in charge of collecting tax. |
| In his capacity as Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III confirmed the authenticity of the Privilegium Maius and raised Ladislaus the Posthumous to archduke of Austria. | ||
| 28 October | Ladislaus the Posthumous was crowned king of Bohemia in Prague. | |
| 1454 | 2 October | Battle of Kruševac: While Ottoman forces mobilized further north for an invasion of Serbia, Serbian and Hungarian forces surprised and defeated a smaller contingent at Kruševac. |
| 1456 | 4 July | Siege of Belgrade (1456): Ottoman forces laid siege to what is now Belgrade. |
| 22 July | Siege of Belgrade (1456): A mostly peasant crusader force dispersed the Ottoman army and forced their withdrawal to Constantinople. | |
| 11 August | John Hunyadi died of plague at what is now Zemun. | |
| 1457 | 23 November | Ladislaus the Posthumous died of plague or leukemia in Prague. Frederick III and Albert VI claimed his inheritance. |
| 1458 | 24 January | John Hunyadi's young son Matthias Corvinus was unanimously elected king of Hungary by the Hungarian nobility. |
| 2 March | George of Poděbrady was unanimously elected king by the Bohemian estates. | |
| Albert VI conquered some territory from Frederick III in what is now Upper Austria. | ||
| 1460 | Sigismund, Archduke of Austria was excommunicated by the pope Pope Pius II over a territorial conflict with cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, the prince-bishop of Brixen. | |
| 1462 | Albert VI supported an urban revolt in Frederick III's capital Vienna, enabling him to take possession of what is now Lower Austria. | |
| 1463 | 19 July | Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt. Frederick III released the Holy Crown of Hungary to the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus in exchange for eighty thousand florins and the promise that, if Matthias died without heirs, the throne would pass to Frederick or his son Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. |
| 2 December | Albert VI died. His conquests fell back to his older brother Frederick III. | |
| 1468 | Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478): Matthias Corvinus, the king of Hungary, invaded Bohemia on the pretext of restoring it to Catholicism. | |
| 1469 | Sigismund, Archduke of Austria sold some territories on the Rhine to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. | |
| 1473 | Cologne Diocesan Feud: The Landstände of the Electorate of Cologne declared the archbishop, Ruprecht of the Palatinate, deposed and elevated Hermann IV of Hesse in his stead as diocesan administrator. | |
| 1474 | Sigismund, Archduke of Austria purchased the County of Sonnenberg. | |
| 29 July | Siege of Neuss: Burgundian forces laid siege to the free imperial city of Neuss as part of an invasion of Cologne in support of the deposed archbishop Ruprecht of the Palatinate. | |
| Burgundian Wars: Sigismund, Archduke of Austria joined Switzerland in alliance against the Duchy of Burgundy. | ||
| 13 November | Battle of Héricourt: An anti-Burgundian alliance including some of Sigismund, Archduke of Austria's forces defeated the Duchy of Burgundy in battle. | |
| December | Burgundian Wars: Frederick III and Louis XI of France, the king of France, signed the Treaty of Andernach, under whose terms France joined the anti-Burgundian alliance. | |
| 1475 | May | Siege of Neuss: The arrival of Frederick III's forces compelled the Duchy of Burgundy to lift the siege of Neuss. The Burgundian duke Charles the Bold promised the hand of his only child, Mary of Burgundy, to Maximilian. |
| 1477 | 5 January | Battle of Nancy: The Burgundian army was surrounded and wiped out by Swiss and Lorrain forces while besieging the Lorrain capital Nancy, now Nancy, France. Charles the Bold, the duke of Burgundy, was killed. |
| 11 February | The States General of the Netherlands recognized Mary of Burgundy, the daughter and only child of the deceased duke Charles the Bold, as ruler of Burgundy in exchange for her grant of the Great Privilege, which restored the ancient rights and privileges of Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, and Holland. | |
| Frederick III raised Sigismund, Archduke of Austria to an archduke. | ||
| 16 August | Mary of Burgundy, the duchess regnant of Burgundy, married Maximilian. | |
| Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488): Hungary invaded Austria as punishment for the latter's diplomatic support of Hussite Bohemia in the Bohemian–Hungarian War. | ||
| 1478 | March | Bohemian–Hungarian War (1468–1478): Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary and Vladislaus II of Hungary, king of Bohemia signed the Treaty of Brno, ending the war. Vladislaus accepted Matthias's conquests in Bohemia. Each recognized the other's right to use the title king of Bohemia. |
| 1479 | 7 August | Battle of Guinegate (1479): Burgundian forces defeated a smaller French army at Enguinegatte, defending Maximilian's claim against that of the French king Louis XI of France. |
| 1482 | 27 March | Mary of Burgundy died. Philip I the Handsome, the Fair of Castile, her young son and Maximilian's, succeeded as duke of Burgundy. Maximilian took over the rule of Burgundy as regent for his son. |
| 4 July | Siege of Hainburg: Hungarian forces laid siege to the Austrian city of Hainburg an der Donau. | |
| Maximilian renounced the Great Privilege. | ||
| 30 September | Siege of Hainburg: The garrison at Hainburg an der Donau surrendered to the Hungarian besiegers. | |
| 23 December | Maximilian and the French king Louis XI of France signed the Treaty of Arras. Maximilian promised his daughter Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy and the County of Burgundy to the Dauphin Charles VIII of France. In exchange, Louis recognized Philip the Handsome's rule over the rump Burgundy, consisting mostly of the County of Flanders, and Maximilian's regency. | |
| 1483 | 5 June | Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria: The cities of Flanders established a regency council for the young Philip the Handsome. |
| Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488): The Hungarian advance into Austria forced Frederick III to flee Vienna and establish his court at Wiener Neustadt. | ||
| 1484 | Battle of Leitzersdorf: A Hungarian army forced a numerically superior Austrian force from the battlefield at Leitzersdorf. | |
| 1485 | 29 January | Siege of Vienna (1485): The Hungarian army laid siege to Vienna. |
| 1 June | Siege of Vienna (1485): Vienna surrendered to the Hungarian besiegers. The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus entered the city and established his court there. | |
| 6 July | Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria: The rebels released Philip the Handsome to his father Maximilian. | |
| 1486 | Siege of Wiener Neustadt: Hungarian forces laid siege to the Austrian city of Wiener Neustadt. | |
| 16 February | 1486 Imperial election: Frederick III's son Maximilian was elected to succeed him as King of the Romans. | |
| The Guldengroschen, a fine one-ounce silver coin, was first minted under Sigismund, Archduke of Austria. | ||
| 4 October | Siege of Retz: The Hungarian army laid siege to the Austrian city of Retz. | |
| 10 October | Siege of Retz: The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus entered the city. | |
| 1487 | Frederick III fled Wiener Neustadt for Graz. | |
| The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus took the title duke of Austria at a diet of the Lower Austrian estates in Ebenfurth. | ||
| 2 July | Siege of Wiener Neustadt: The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and the defenders of Wiener Neustadt agreed that if imperial reinforcements arrived by August 16, the besiegers would withdraw; otherwise, the city would surrender. | |
| 17 August | Siege of Wiener Neustadt: Wiener Neustadt surrendered to its Hungarian besiegers. | |
| November | Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria: A second revolt against Maximilian's rule over Burgundy began, in Ghent. | |
| 1488 | 8 January | Maximilian issued a decree establishing the Royal Netherlands Navy. |
| 14 February | At the urging of Frederick III, the Swabian League, a mutual defense association of imperial estates, was established at Esslingen am Neckar. | |
| 16 December | Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488): Representatives of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire signed an armistice at Sankt Pölten, ending the war. | |
| 1489 | 11 September | The pope Pope Innocent VIII excommunicated and deposed Ferdinand I of Naples, the king of Naples, following his refusal to pay feudal dues and offered the kingdom to Charles VIII of France, the king of France, who had a claim through descent from his grandfather. |
| 1490 | The Tyrolean nobility forced Sigismund, Archduke of Austria to abdicate in favor of Maximilian. | |
| 6 April | The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus died, probably from a stroke. He was survived by one child, his illegitimate son John Corvinus. | |
| 15 July | Vladislaus II of Hungary, king of Bohemia, was elected king of Hungary by the Hungarian diet. | |
| 1491 | 7 November | Maximilian and Vladislaus II of Hungary, the king of Hungary, signed the Peace of Pressburg in what is now Bratislava. Vladislaus renounced Hungary's conquests in Austria and promised the throne to Maximilian in the event of his death without heirs. In return, Maximilian recognized Vladislaus's rule in Hungary. |
| 6 December | Charles VIII of France, the king of France, married Anne of Brittany, duchess of Brittany. | |
| 1492 | Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria: The second revolt was suppressed. | |
| 1493 | May | Maximilian and Charles VIII of France, the king of France, signed the Treaty of Senlis at Senlis, under whose terms the French king returned the Burgundian territories he had won by the Treaty of Arras. Philip the Handsome was granted his majority and became ruler of the disputed territories. |
| 19 August | Frederick III bled to death following the amputation of his infected left leg. | |
| 1494 | 25 January | Ferdinand I of Naples died of colorectal cancer. He was succeeded as king of Naples by his son Alfonso II of Naples. |
| 16 March | Maximilian married Bianca Maria Sforza, the niece of Ludovico Sforza, the regent of Milan, receiving a dowry of four hundred thousand ducats. | |
| 21 October | Gian Galeazzo Sforza, the duke of Milan, died, probably poisoned on the orders of his uncle and regent Ludovico Sforza. | |
| 22 October | Ludovico Sforza was crowned duke of Milan over the objection of Alfonso II of Naples, the king of Naples, who claimed the duchy by his daughter's marriage to the previous duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza. Ludovico Sforza invited Charles VIII of France, the king of France, to pass through Milanese territory on the way to a planned invasion of Naples. | |
| 1495 | 2 February | Diet of Worms (1495): A session of the Imperial Diet opened at Worms, Germany. |
| February | Italian War of 1494–1498: French forces conquered the Neapolitan capital Naples. | |
| 31 March | Italian War of 1494–1498: The Papal States, Venice, Aragon and Sicily and the Holy Roman Empire established the League of Venice, an anti-French military alliance. | |
| 7 August | Diet of Worms (1495): The Diet concluded with the publication of three major reforms to the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire. The Ewiger Landfriede banned the use of violence to resolve disputes between the lesser nobility. The Reichskammergericht, a permanent high court which heard civil cases, was established. The Common Penny, a tax reform, was passed, which established a poll tax, income tax and property tax on all residents of the Empire. | |
| 1496 | The Jews were expelled from Styria and Wiener Neustadt. | |
| 20 October | Philip the Handsome married Joanna of Castile, the third child of Isabella I of Castile, the queen regnant of Castile, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the king of Aragon. | |
| 1497 | 4 October | John, Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to the thrones of Castile and Aragon, died without issue. His older sister Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal succeeded as heir apparent. |
| 1498 | 7 April | Italian War of 1494–1498: Charles VIII of France, the king of France, died, probably from an epidural hematoma after bumping his head on a doorframe, effectively ending the war. |
| 23 August | Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, the heir apparent to the thrones of Castile and Aragon, died giving birth to a son, Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, who became the new heir to the two thrones. | |
| 1499 | 20 January | Swabian War: Imperial and Swabian League forces occupied the Val Müstair, a strategically important pass in the Three Leagues. |
| 20 February | Battle of Hard: A Swiss force routed a Holy Roman Empire army at Hard, Austria. | |
| 22 March | Battle of Bruderholz: A Swabian League raiding party was surprised and defeated by a numerically inferior Swiss force near Basel. | |
| 11 April | Battle of Schwaderloh: The Swiss surprised and defeated a significantly larger Swabian League force as they burned and looted the area around Triboltingen. | |
| 20 April | Battle of Frastanz: Swiss troops flanked a Swabian Letzi in the Montafon and drove out their forces. | |
| 22 May | Battle of Calven: An Austrian force in the Val Müstair was attacked simultaneously in the front and rear by Three Leagues forces. Nearly half were killed, and the rest fled. | |
| 22 July | Battle of Dornach: A Swiss force dispersed a division of the Holy Roman Empire near Dornach, with heavy losses on both sides. The Imperial commander was killed. | |
| 22 September | Swabian War: The Swabian League and the Old Swiss Confederacy signed the Treaty of Basel, ending the war. An imperial ban placed on the Swiss cantons following their refusal to pay the Common Penny was revoked. | |
| 1500 | An Imperial Diet at Augsburg established six imperial circles, administrative divisions over many of the states of the Holy Roman Empire, in order to better organize military forces and tax collection in the Empire. It also established an Imperial Government, a permanent government seated at Nuremberg composed of representatives of twenty princes of the Empire. | |
| 19 July | Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, the infant heir to the thrones of Castile and Aragon, died. His aunt Joanna of Castile became the new heir apparent. |
16th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1502 | Maximilian dissolved the Imperial Government of the Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 1504 | 26 November | Isabella I of Castile, the queen of Castile, died. She was succeeded by her daughter, Philip the Handsome's wife, Joanna of Castile. The Castilian nobility refused the regency of Ferdinand II of Aragon, king of Aragon, Isabella's widower and father to the purportedly mentally ill Joanna, and summoned Philip to take the throne. |
| 1506 | January | Philip the Handsome was shipwrecked off the coast of Dorset on his way to claim the throne of Castile and taken into the custody of Henry VII of England, the king of England. |
| 30 April | Philip the Handsome and Henry VII of England, the king of England, signed the Malus Intercursus, under which the former agreed to return to the latter all Yorkist fugitives in Burgundy and to open Burgundy completely to English trade in textiles. | |
| 28 June | Philip the Handsome signed the Treaty of Villafáfila, under which he recognized the incapacity of his wife Joanna of Castile, and was recognized in turn by his father-in-law Ferdinand II of Aragon, king of Aragon, as jure uxoris king of Castile and lord of the Spanish West Indies. | |
| 25 September | Philip the Handsome died of typhoid at Burgos. He was succeeded as duke of Burgundy by his young son Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. | |
| Ferdinand II of Aragon, king of Aragon, with the support of Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the archbishop of Toledo, became regent of Castile for his daughter Joanna of Castile. | ||
| 1507 | Maximilian appointed his daughter Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy regent of the Netherlands for the young Charles. | |
| 1508 | February | War of the League of Cambrai: Maximilian invaded Venice with the aim of reconquering the Romagna for the Papal States. |
| 4 February | Unable to reach Rome, and with the consent of the pope Pope Julius II, Maximilian took the title elected Holy Roman Emperor at Trento. | |
| 10 December | War of the League of Cambrai: The Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, France and Aragon concluded a military alliance for the destruction and partition of Venice. The House of Habsburg would receive Istria, Verona, Vicenza, Padua and Friuli. | |
| 1509 | February | Joanna of Castile, the queen of Castile, was sequestered in the Royal Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas. |
| May | War of the League of Cambrai: Following the collapse of the Venetian army at the hands of the French, forces of the Holy Roman Empire entered the territory granted to them under the partition. | |
| 17 July | War of the League of Cambrai: A revolt in Padua expelled the garrison of the Holy Roman Empire and returned the city to Venetian control. | |
| 15 September | Siege of Padua: French and Holy Roman Empire forces laid siege to Padua. | |
| 30 September | Siege of Padua: Unable to pay his mercenaries, Maximilian lifted the siege. | |
| 1511 | October | Maximilian joined Venice and the Papal States in a military alliance against the French. |
| 1513 | 16 August | Battle of the Spurs: French forces attempting to break an English and Holy Roman Empire siege of Thérouanne were met by the besiegers at modern Enguinegatte and routed with heavy casualties. |
| 7 October | Battle of La Motta (1513): An Aragonese and Holy Roman Empire force decisively defeated a Venetian attack at Schio. | |
| 1515 | 22 July | First Congress of Vienna: Philip the Handsome's younger son Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor married Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, the eldest child of Vladislaus II of Hungary, king of Hungary as well as king of Bohemia and Croatia. Philip's daughter Mary of Hungary married Vladislaus's other child, his son Louis II of Hungary. |
| 1516 | 23 January | Ferdinand II of Aragon, the king of Aragon, died. He was succeeded in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia by his daughter Joanna of Castile and as regent of Castile by Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the archbishop of Toledo. |
| March | Charles was proclaimed king of Castile and Aragon and the Aragonese kingdoms Valencia, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and prince of Catalonia ruling jointly with his mother Joanna of Castile, who remained imprisoned. | |
| 12 March | A rebellion by John III of Navarre, the deposed jure uxoris king of Navarre, against the rule of Charles was defeated. | |
| 13 March | Vladislaus II of Hungary died. He was succeeded as king of Hungary and king of Bohemia and Croatia by his son Louis II of Hungary. | |
| 13 August | War of the League of Cambrai: Charles and Francis I of France, the king of France, signed the Treaty of Noyon, under which the former accepted France's conquests in Northern Italy and the latter recognized Spain's possessions in Southern Italy. Charles further agreed to an audience with Catherine of Navarre, the deposed queen of Navarre, regarding the restoration of her territories. | |
| 1517 | 31 October | Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, published the Ninety-five Theses, which criticized the Church practice of selling indulgences. |
| 1518 | February | The Castilian Cortes accepted Charles in exchange for his promise to learn Spanish and to refrain from taking precious metals out of Castile or appointing foreign officers. |
| 1519 | 12 January | Maximilian died. He was succeeded as archduke of Austria by Charles. |
| Revolt of the Brotherhoods: A council consisting of one representative from each of the thirteen Germanies of Valencia expelled the municipal government of Valencia, Spain. | ||
| 28 June | 1519 Imperial election: Charles was elected King of the Romans. | |
| 1520 | 16 April | Revolt of the Comuneros: Rioters in Toledo, Spain, opposed to Charles' election as King of the Romans and his burdensome tax policy, expelled his appointed city councilors and elected a citizens' committee. |
| 20 May | Charles left Castile for Germany to accept his election as King of the Romans, leaving Pope Adrian VI, then Grand Inquisitor of Castile and Aragon, in charge in Spain. | |
| 15 June | The pope Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine, calling on Martin Luther to recant the Ninety-five Theses or face excommunication. | |
| 1521 | 28 January | Diet of Worms: An Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire convened at Worms, Germany to address the writings of Martin Luther. |
| Diet of Worms: Charles abdicated as archduke of Austria in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. | ||
| 23 April | Battle of Villalar: Forces loyal to Charles, in command of superior cavalry and firepower, dispersed a force of rebel comuneros at Villalar de los Comuneros and captured their leaders. | |
| May | A force of Navarrese and Gascon exiles led by Henry II of Navarre, son of the deposed queen Catherine of Navarre, invaded Navarre from France. | |
| 25 May | Diet of Worms: Charles issued the Edict of Worms, making outlaws of Martin Luther and anyone who would harbor him or defend his writings. | |
| June | Italian War of 1521–1526: The Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire invaded northern France. | |
| 30 June | Battle of Noáin: The bulk of the army dedicated to Navarrese independence under Henry II of Navarre was defeated by a vastly superior Castilian-Aragonese force. | |
| 18 July | Battle of Almenara (1521): Forces of the rebel Germanies of Valencia were defeated by a royal army at Almenara, Castellón. | |
| 30 August | Battle of Oriola (1521): The Germanies, now riven by internal dissent, were decisively defeated by a royal army at Orihuela, suffering two thousand dead. | |
| 25 October | Revolt of the Comuneros: Charles agreed to respect the lives and property of the remaining comuneros in Toledo, Spain in exchange for their surrender. | |
| 1 November | Revolt of the Brotherhoods: Valencia, Spain was reconquered by Valencian royal forces. | |
| 28 November | Italian War of 1521–1526: Henry VIII of England, the king of England, and Pope Leo X, the pope, joined a treaty of alliance with the Holy Roman Empire against France. | |
| 1522 | 27 April | Battle of Bicocca: A French force of Swiss mercenaries advancing under heavy artillery fire failed to dislodge Holy Roman Empire forces from Bicocca in Milan. |
| 1523 | Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524): Castilian and Aragonese forces laid siege to Hondarribia, where remained forces loyal to Henry II of Navarre and to the independence of Navarre. | |
| October | Italian campaign of 1524–25: The French king Francis I of France crossed the Alps into Northern Italy at the head of army forty thousand strong. | |
| 1524 | Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524): The occupants of the castle at Hondarribia surrendered to the besiegers. | |
| 30 April | Battle of the Sesia (1524): Holy Roman Empire forces intercepted and decisively defeated a French force withdrawing from Lombardy. | |
| 1525 | 24 February | Battle of Pavia: After a precipitate attack, a French force was surrounded and destroyed by Holy Roman Empire artillery at Visconti Park. The French king Francis I of France was captured. |
| 1526 | 14 January | Italian War of 1521–1526: The French king Francis I of France, in captivity in Madrid, and Charles, the Holy Roman Emperor, signed a treaty under which Francis renounced all his claims in Italy, Flanders and Artois, surrendered Burgundy to Charles, and agreed to withdraw his support from Henry II of Navarre, claimant to the throne of Navarre. |
| 27 February | A group of Lutheran princes of the Holy Roman Empire concluded the League of Torgau, a mutual agreement not to abide by the Edict of Worms, at Torgau. | |
| 22 May | The pope Pope Clement VII released Francis I of France, the king of France, from his obligations under the Treaty of Madrid, which he had signed under duress, and concluded an anti-Habsburg alliance which also included Venice, Florence and Milan. | |
| 25 June | Diet of Speyer (1526): An Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire convened at Speyer to address the rise of Lutheranism. | |
| 27 August | Diet of Speyer (1526): The Imperial Diet unanimously suspended the Edict of Worms, which had placed a death sentence on Martin Luther and his followers, until a council could be convened to resolve the dispute between Luther and the Catholic Church. | |
| 29 August | Battle of Mohács: A Hungarian army met an Ottoman invasion at Mohács. After breaking the Hungarian left flank, the Ottoman army surrounded and destroyed the Hungarian and killed Louis II of Hungary, the king of Hungary and king of Bohemia. | |
| 24 October | The Bohemian diet elected Ferdinand king. | |
| 10 November | John Zápolya, the voivode of Transylvania, was elected king of Hungary by the Diet at Székesfehérvár. | |
| 17 December | A rump Diet elected Ferdinand king of Hungary at Bratislava. | |
| 1527 | 1 January | Election in Cetin: The Croatian nobility unanimously elected Ferdinand king at Cetin Castle. |
| Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528: Ferdinand invaded Hungary to press his claim to the throne against John Zápolya, then tied up suppressing a rebellion in the country's south. | ||
| 30 April | War of the League of Cognac: England joined the anti-House of Habsburg League of Cognac. | |
| 1 May | Battle of Szőlős: The Serb commander Jovan Nenad defeated an army loyal to John Zápolya, the claimant against Ferdinand to the throne of Hungary, near Seleuș. | |
| 6 May | Sack of Rome (1527): After the failure of the Holy Roman Empire to pay them, the Landsknechte mutinied, sacked Rome and forced the pope Pope Clement VII to fortify himself inside the Castel Sant'Angelo. | |
| 6 June | Sack of Rome (1527): The pope Pope Clement VII surrendered to his besiegers, promising four hundred thousand ducati to the Landsknechte and the cities of Parma, Piacenza, Civitavecchia and Modena to the Holy Roman Empire in exchange for his life. | |
| 25 July | Battle of Sződfalva: The Serb commander Jovan Nenad was defeated and killed by a Hungarian army of John Zápolya. | |
| 27 September | Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand's partisans routed an army led by John Zápolya, his rival claimant to the Hungarian throne. | |
| 1528 | 20 March | Battle of Szina: Ferdinand's forces decisively defeated the army of John Zápolya, his rival in the struggle for the Hungarian succession. Zápolya was forced to flee into Poland. |
| April | Siege of Naples (1528): French and allied forces laid siege by land and sea to Naples, capital of the Aragonese kingdom of Naples. | |
| 28 April | Battle of Capo d'Orso: In a four-hour battle, a Spanish fleet attempting to break the French blockade of Naples was decisively defeated, losing nine ships and over a thousand men. | |
| August | Siege of Naples (1528): The League of Cognac abandoned the siege due to an outbreak of disease and were intercepted by Holy Roman Empire forces during their retreat | |
| 1529 | 15 March | Diet of Speyer (1529): An Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire was convened at Speyer to address Ottoman gains in Europe and the rise of Lutheranism. Ferdinand, on behalf of his brother Charles, the Holy Roman Emperor, called for the reinstatement of the ban on Martin Luther and his followers and condemned the religious innovations that had taken place in the Imperial Estates. |
| 19 April | Protestation at Speyer: Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and the representatives of fourteen free imperial cities issued a letter to the Imperial Diet declaring their refusal to accept its authority in spiritual matters. | |
| 10 May | Suleiman I's campaign of 1529: The Ottoman Empire invaded Hungary in support of John Zápolya's claim to the throne against Ferdinand. | |
| 21 June | Battle of Landriano: A Spanish force destroyed the French army in Italy at Landriano. | |
| 5 August | War of the League of Cognac: France and the Holy Roman Empire signed a treaty at Cambrai ending the former's participation in the war and affirming its 1526 cession of Artois, Flanders and Tournai. | |
| August | War of the League of Cognac: The pope Pope Clement VII signed a treaty at Bologna with Charles, ending their conflict. Clement received the cities of Ravenna and Cervia and in exchange agreed to crown Charles Holy Roman Emperor and to join him in the overthrow of the republican government in Florence. | |
| 8 September | Suleiman I's campaign of 1529: Ottoman forces captured Buda. John Zápolya was again crowned king of Hungary. | |
| 27 September | Siege of Vienna: Some hundred thousand Ottoman soldiers led by the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to the Austrian capital Vienna. | |
| 15 October | Siege of Vienna: Following the failure of a massive assault on the city and several weeks of bad weather, Ottoman forces withdrew from Vienna. | |
| 24 October | Siege of Florence (1529–30): Spanish, Holy Roman Empire and papal forces made camp outside of Florence. | |
| 1530 | Siege of Florence (1529–30): The Holy Roman Empire took the city of Volterra, cutting off Florence's primary supply line. | |
| 3 August | Battle of Gavinana: After some early successes against forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Florentine army was beaten and destroyed by their reinforcements. | |
| 1531 | 5 January | 1531 Imperial election: Ferdinand was elected King of the Romans. The prince-electors agreed to elect Charles's preferred candidate, his young son Philip II of Spain, to succeed Ferdinand. |
| 27 February | Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, the landgrave of Hesse, and John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, the elector of Saxony, established the Schmalkaldic League, a mutual defense treaty of Lutheran princes against the Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 1532 | 5 August | Siege of Güns: Ottoman forces laid siege to Kőszeg, a Hungarian town loyal to Ferdinand, on the border of Austria. |
| 23 August | Siege of Güns: The Ottoman army withdrew into eastern Hungary following the failure of the siege and the mustering of a formidable Holy Roman Empire army in Vienna. | |
| 19 September | Battle of Leobersdorf: An Ottoman cavalry brigade attempting to join the advance of the main army into eastern Hungary was intercepted and wiped out by Austrian forces in a mountain pass near Leobersdorf. | |
| 1533 | 22 July | Austria and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Constantinople, ending their conflict. Ferdinand recognized John Zápolya as king of Hungary in exchange for Ottoman recognition of his conquests in the west of the kingdom, signaling its de facto division into the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and Royal Hungary. |
17th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1601 | 3 August | Battle of Guruslău: A force of Hungarians, Wallachians and Cossacks defeated the rebel Transylvanian prince Sigismund Báthory on the plain of the Guruslău River. |
| 1604 | 28 September | Bocskai uprising: The Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskai launched a revolt against Habsburg dominion over Hungary. |
| 1606 | 23 June | Bocskai uprising: The Hungarian nobleman Stephen Bocskai and Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia and archduke of Austria, signed the Treaty of Vienna, naming the former prince of Transylvania and granting some additional rights to religious minorities in Hungary. |
| 11 November | Long Turkish War: The Peace of Zsitvatorok was signed in what is now Radvaň nad Dunajom, ending a long conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. The obligations of the Hungarian nobility to their Ottoman suzerains were reduced. | |
| 1608 | 25 June | Rudolf's younger brother Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, the governor of Austria, with the support of the nobility in Austria, Hungary and Moravia, forced him to cede the rule of those lands. |
18th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1701 | 9 July | Battle of Carpi: An Austrian army dispatched a small French force at Carpi, near Legnago, during its crossing into Italy. |
| 1 September | Battle of Chiari: An Austrian force dealt severe and disproportionate casualties to a French army attempting to dislodge it at Chiari, Lombardy. | |
| 7 September | England, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic signed the Treaty of The Hague, reestablishing the Grand Alliance and setting out their primary goals: the establishment of Austrian control over Spanish territories in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands and Dutch and English access to markets in the Spanish Empire. | |
| 1702 | 1 February | Battle of Cremona: Austrian forces entered the French-held city of Cremona but, failing to take the citadel of the city and facing the arrival of French reinforcements, withdrew. |
| 15 August | Battle of Luzzara: An Austrian force under the general Prince Eugene of Savoy crossed the Po at Luzzara but failed to dislodge the French from their position despite heavy casualties on both sides. |
19th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 9 February | War of the Second Coalition: France and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, the latter acting as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and as king of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia and archduke of Austria, signed the Treaty of Lunéville, ending their conflict. France made territorial gains, including the extension of its border with the Holy Roman Empire east to the Rhine. |
| 1804 | 11 August | Francis took the title Emperor of Austria. |
| 1805 | 25 September | Ulm Campaign: A French-Bavarian force crossed the Rhine into Germany. |
| 8 October | Battle of Wertingen: A French army surprised and defeated a much smaller Austrian force at Wertingen. | |
| 9 October | Battle of Günzburg: A French force captured a Danube river crossing at Günzburg. Austrian forces failed to retake it, suffering heavy casualties, and withdrew. |
20th century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 18 January | 1900–1901 Cisleithanian legislative election: The last round of elections were held to the Imperial Council. Ethnic nationalist parties won the majority of seats. |
| 2 October | 1901 Hungarian parliamentary election: Voting began in elections to the Hungarian Diet. | |
| 9 October | Hungarian parliamentary election, 1901: Voting ended. The liberal Liberal Party won a supermajority of seats. | |
| 1907 | 14 May | 1907 Cisleithanian legislative election: The first round of elections was held to the Imperial Council. |
| 23 May | Cisleithanian legislative election, 1907: The runoff elections to the Imperial Council were held. The conservative Christian Social Party won a plurality of seats. | |
| 1945 | Soviet Union liberates Austria from Nazi Germany | |
| 1975 | Niki Lauda wins the 1975 Formula One season against James Hunt. | |
| 1995 | 1 January | Austria joined the European Union. |
21st century
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 | August | 2002 European floods: Heavy rains resulted in destructive flooding in Salzburg and Upper Austria. |
| 7 September | Knittelfeld Putsch: An agreement between Jörg Haider, Landeshauptmann of Carinthia and an elder statesman of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), and Susanne Riess, the party chair, was symbolically torn up at a party meeting at Knittelfeld. | |
| 8 September | Knittelfeld Putsch: Riess, finance minister Karl-Heinz Grasser, and Peter Westenthaler, until then chairman of the party's caucus in Parliament, resigned from the FPÖ. | |
| 24 November | 2002 Austrian legislative election: The Christian democratic Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) gained twenty-seven seats in elections to the National Council, largely at the expense of the FPÖ. | |
| 2004 | 25 April | 2004 Austrian presidential election: Heinz Fischer of the social democratic Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) was elected president with fifty-two percent of the vote.[1] |
| 2019 | 20 May | Niki Lauda dies |
References
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