Tina Turner
Turner holding a microphone during a performance
Turner in 1985
Born
Anna Mae Bullock[lower-alpha 1]

(1939-11-26)November 26, 1939
Brownsville, Tennessee, US
DiedMay 24, 2023(2023-05-24) (aged 83)
Küsnacht, Zürich, Switzerland
Other namesMartha Nell Turner[lower-alpha 1]
Citizenship
  • United States (until 2013)
  • Switzerland (from 2013)
Occupations
  • Singer
  • songwriter
  • actress
  • author
Years active1956–2009
WorksFull discography
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1962; div. 1978)​
  • Erwin Bach
    ​
    (m. 2013)​
Children4[1]
Relatives
AwardsFull list
Musical career
Genres
Instrument(s)Vocals
Labels
Formerly of
Websitetinaturnerofficial.com
Signature

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock;[lower-alpha 1] November 26, 1939 – May 24, 2023) was an American-born Swiss singer, songwriter and actress. Known as the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll", she rose to prominence as the lead singer of the husband-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner before launching a successful career as a solo performer. She was recognized for her "swagger, sensuality, powerful gravelly vocals and unstoppable energy".[4][5][6] In 1994, Turner began living in Küsnacht, Switzerland; she relinquished her American citizenship after obtaining Swiss citizenship in 2013.[7]

Turner began her career with her future husband Ike Turner's band, the Kings of Rhythm, in 1956.[8] Under the name Little Ann, she appeared on her first record, "Boxtop", in 1958. In 1960, she debuted as Tina Turner with the hit single "A Fool in Love". The Ike & Tina Turner Revue became "one of the most formidable live acts in history".[9] The duo released hits such as "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", "River Deep – Mountain High", "Proud Mary", and "Nutbush City Limits" before disbanding in 1976.

In the 1980s, Turner launched "one of the greatest comebacks in music history".[10] Her 1984 multi-platinum album Private Dancer contained the hit song "What's Love Got to Do with It", which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became her first and only number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100. At 44, she was the oldest female solo artist to top the Hot 100.[11] Her chart success continued with "Better Be Good to Me", "Private Dancer", "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)", "Typical Male", "The Best", "I Don't Wanna Fight", and "GoldenEye". She embarked on the Break Every Rule World Tour (1987–1988), which became the top-grossing female tour of the 1980s and set a Guinness World Record for the then-largest paying audience in a concert (180,000).[12]

Turner also acted in the films Tommy (1975) and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985). In 1986, she published her autobiography I, Tina: My Life Story, which was adapted for the 1993 film What's Love Got to Do with It. In 2009, Turner retired after completing her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour. In 2018, she was the subject of Tina, a jukebox musical.

Turner sold more than 100 million records worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling recording artists of all time.[13] She received 12 Grammy Awards, which include eight competitive awards, a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and three Grammy Hall of Fame inductions. She was the first black artist and first woman to be on the cover of Rolling Stone.[14] Rolling Stone ranked her among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Turner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: with Ike Turner in 1991 and as a solo artist in 2021. She was also a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors and Women of the Year award.[15]

Early life

Turner was born as Anna Mae Bullock[lower-alpha 1][16][17][18] on November 26, 1939, in Brownsville, Tennessee.[19][20][21][22] She was the youngest daughter of Floyd Richard Bullock and his wife Zelma Priscilla (née Currie).[19][23] The family lived in the rural unincorporated community of Nutbush, Tennessee, where Bullock's father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180; she later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age.[24][25] When she participated in the PBS series African American Lives 2 with Henry Louis Gates Jr., he shared her genealogical DNA test estimates and traced her family timeline.[26] Previously, she believed she had a significant amount of Native American ancestry.[27]

Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock, a songwriter.[28] She was the first cousin once removed of bluesman Eugene Bridges.[29] As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.[25] Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.[25][30] After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.[25] Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade.[31][32]

As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.[33][34] In 1950, when she was 11, her mother Zelma left without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis.[35] Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their maternal grandmother, Georgeanna Currie, in Brownsville, Tennessee.[35] She stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her parents did not love her and that she was not wanted.[36] Zelma had planned to leave Floyd but stayed once she became pregnant.[37] Turner recalled: "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid."[37]

As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family in Ripley, Tennessee.[38] She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn had died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans.[39] A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".[24][35] When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.[40] After high school, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.[41]

Ike and Tina Turner

Origins: 1956–1960

I would have been lost in my life at that point without him. I mean, I could do two things: work in a hospital or sing in Ike's band. I didn't know anything else. Or anyone else. And I wanted to sing.

— Tina Turner (1986)[42]

Bullock and her sister began to perform frequently at nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis.[35] She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.[35] Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into a trance" watching him play.[43] She asked Turner to let her sing in his band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him.[34] Turner said he would call her but never did.[44] One night in 1956, Bullock got hold of the microphone from Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. King blues ballad, "You Know I Love You".[8][45] Upon hearing Bullock sing, Ike Turner asked her if she knew more songs. She sang the rest of the night and became a featured vocalist with his band.[46][45][47] During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance.[46] Bullock's first recording was in 1958 under the name Little Ann on the single "Boxtop". She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[48]

In 1960, Ike Turner wrote "A Fool in Love" for singer Art Lassiter. Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios.[49] Since Turner had already paid for the studio time, Bullock suggested that she sing the lead.[50][51] He decided to use Bullock to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date.[51][46] Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Turner to send the tape to Juggy Murray, president of R&B label Sue Records.[52][53] Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound".[53] Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights.[53][54][55] Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show".[55] Turner responded by renaming Bullock "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena.[53][56] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[57][58] Turner added his last name and trademarked the name "Tina Turner" as a form of protection; his idea was that if Bullock left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner".[59] Family and friends still called Bullock Ann, the name she chose to go by as a teenager.[60][61]

Early success: 1960–1965

Ike & Tina Turner on the cover of Cash Box's June 30, 1962, issue

Bullock was introduced to the public as Tina Turner with the single "A Fool in Love" in July 1960.[62] It reached No. 2 on the Hot R&B Sides chart and No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100. Journalist Kurt Loder described the track as "the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' that previous summer".[53][63] Another single from the duo, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", reached No. 14 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on the R&B chart in 1961, earning them a Grammy nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance.[64] Other singles Ike and Tina Turner released between 1960 and 1962 included the R&B hits "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "Tra La La La La".[65]

After the release of "A Fool in Love", Ike Turner created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and a girl group, the Ikettes, as backing vocalists and dancers. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike Turner put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country.[66] During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles", rivaling the James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle.[67] Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in Southern clubs and hotels.[68]

Between 1963 and 1965, the band toured constantly and produced moderately successful R&B singles. Tina Turner's first credited single as a solo artist, "Too Many Ties That Bind"/"We Need an Understanding", was released from Ike Turner's label Sonja Records in 1964.[69][70] Another single by the duo, "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had", reached No. 29 on the Billboard R&B chart. After their tenure at Sue Records, the duo signed with more than ten labels during the remainder of the decade, including Kent, Cenco, Tangerine, Pompeii, A&M, and Minit.[71][72] In 1964, they signed to Warner Bros. Records and Bob Krasnow became their manager.[73][74] On the Warner Bros. label, they achieved their first charting album with Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, peaking at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B LP chart in February 1965.[75] Their singles "Tell Her I'm Not Home", released on Loma Records, and "Good Bye, So Long", released on Modern Records, were top 40 R&B hits in 1965.[76]

Tina Turner's profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig! while the entire revue appeared on Hollywood a Go-Go.[77] In 1965, music producer Phil Spector attended an Ike & Tina Turner show at a club on the Sunset Strip, and he invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show.[78]

Mainstream success: 1966–1975

The duo seated and singing
Ike & Tina Turner by Dennis Hopper in 1966

Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show, Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina Turner.[79] Working out a deal with Ike & Tina Turner's manager Bob Krasnow, who was also head of Loma, Spector offered $20,000 for creative control over the sessions to produce Turner and have Ike & Tina Turner released from their contract with Loma.[20][80] They signed to Spector's Philles label in April 1966 after Tina Turner had already recorded with him.[81] Their first single on his label, "River Deep – Mountain High", was released in May 1966. Spector considered that record, with Turner's maximum energy over the "Wall of Sound", to be his best work.[82] It was successful overseas, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain,[83] but it failed to go any higher than No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[84] The impact of the record gave Ike & Tina Turner an opening spot on the Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966.[85] In November 1967, Turner became the first female artist and the first black artist to appear on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine.[86][87]

The duo signed with Blue Thumb Records in 1968, releasing the album Outta Season in 1969. The album produced their charted cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long". Later that year they released The Hunter. The title track, Albert King's "The Hunter", earned Turner a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[64] The success of the albums led to the revue headlining in Las Vegas, where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including David Bowie, Sly Stone, Janis Joplin, Cher, James Brown, Ray Charles, Elton John, and Elvis Presley.[88]

As the decade came to an end, Ike & Tina Turner began performing at music festivals.[89] Tina Turner's fashion evolved from formal dresses to minidresses and revealing outfits.[90] She emerged as a sex symbol and was praised for her sensual performances.[8][91]

Turner performing on stage at Tulane Stadium during Soul Bowl '70 in October 1970

In the fall of 1969, Ike & Tina Turner's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour.[9] They gained more exposure from performances on The Ed Sullivan Show, Playboy After Dark, and The Andy Williams Show.[92][93][94] The duo released two albums in 1970, Come Together and Workin' Together. Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" peaked at No. 34 on the Hot 100, whereas the original by Sly and the Family Stone had peaked at No. 38.[76] The Come Together and Workin' Together albums marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R&B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes such as "Come Together", "Honky Tonk Woman", and "Get Back".[95][96]

In early 1971, their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" became their biggest hit. The single reached No. 4 on the Hot 100 and sold more than a million copies, winning them a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.[97][98][99] In July 1971, their live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, was released. It was recorded at Carnegie Hall and became their first certified Gold album. Later that year they had a top 40 R&B hit with "Ooh Poo Pah Doo".[76] Their next three singles to chart, "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)", "Up in Heah", and "Early One Morning" (a Little Richard cover) all peaked at No. 47 on the R&B chart.[76]

In 1972, the Turners opened Bolic Sound recording studio near their home in Inglewood.[100] After Liberty was absorbed into United Artists Records, they were assigned to that label.[101] Around this time, Tina Turner began writing more songs. She wrote nine out of the ten tracks on their 1972 album Feel Good.[102] In October 1972, Turner and the Ikettes performed at Star-Spangled Women, a political fundraiser for the 1972 presidential campaign of George McGovern, at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[103]

The duo's 1973 hit single "Nutbush City Limits" (No. 22 Pop, No. 11 R&B), penned by Tina Turner, reached No. 1 in Austria, No. 4 in the UK, and the top 5 in several other countries.[104] It was certified silver by the BPI for selling a quarter of a million in the UK.[105] As a result of their success, they received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.[106] Their follow-up hits included "Sweet Rhode Island Red", and "Sexy Ida" in 1974.[76]

In 1974, the duo released the Grammy-nominated album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina, which was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.[64] Ike also received a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone" from the album.[107] Tina Turner's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On!, earned her a nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female.[108] That year, Tina Turner filmed the rock opera Tommy in London.[109] She played the Acid Queen, a drug-addicted prostitute; her performance was critically acclaimed. Shortly after filming wrapped, Turner appeared on Ann-Margret's TV special.[110] Following the release of Tommy in 1975, Tina Turner released another solo album: Acid Queen.[111] The album reached No. 39 on the Billboard R&B chart. It produced the charting singles "Baby, Get It On" and a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love".[112]

Split: 1976

By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine, which hindered his relationship with Tina.[113] In 1976, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal with CBS-TV. He made plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year deal with Cream Records for $150,000 per year; the deal was to be signed on July 5.[114]

On July 1, the Turners flew from Los Angeles to Dallas, where the revue had a gig at the Statler Hilton in downtown. The couple got into a physical altercation en route to the hotel. Shortly after arriving, Tina fled from Ike with only 36 cents and a Mobil gas card and later hid at the Ramada Inn across the freeway.[115] She filed for divorce on July 27, and the divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[116][117] After their separation, United Artists released two more albums credited to the duo: Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978).[118][119]

Solo career

Early solo career: 1976–1982

In 1976 and 1977, Tina Turner earned income by appearing on TV shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny & Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show, and The Brady Bunch Hour.[120] After her separation from Ike, lawsuits were mounting for canceled Ike & Tina Turner gigs.[121][122] She resumed touring to pay off her debts, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Mike Stewart.[123] In 1977, she re-emerged with new costumes created by Bob Mackie.[124] She headlined a series of cabaret shows at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas and took her act to smaller venues in the United States.[125] Later that year, she embarked on her first solo concert tour in Australia.[126]

In 1978, Turner released her third solo album, Rough, on United Artists with distribution in North America and Europe on EMI. That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion, which included a brief diversion to disco music, failed to chart, so United Artists Records and Turner parted ways.[127] Without the premise of a hit record, she continued performing and headlined her second tour.[128]

In 1979, Australian manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner after seeing her perform at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco.[129] In early 1979, Turner worked in Italy as a regular performer on the Rete 1 TV series Luna Park, hosted by Pippo Baudo and Heather Parisi.[130] Later that year, she embarked on a controversial five-week tour of South Africa during the apartheid regime.[131] She later regretted the decision, stating that she was "naive about the politics in South Africa" at the time.[132]

In October 1981, Rod Stewart attended Turner's show at the Ritz in New York City and invited her to perform "Hot Legs" with him on Saturday Night Live.[133] In November, Turner opened for the Rolling Stones during their 1981 American Tour.[134] Turner performed in March 1982 in the Willem Ruis show (Netherlands), which resulted in the hit "Shame, Shame, Shame" (reaching No. 47 in the Netherlands). In 1982 Turner's recording of the Temptations' "Ball of Confusion" for the UK production team B.E.F. became a hit in European dance clubs.[135] In 1982, Turner also appeared on the album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume 1 by B.E.F., a side project of Heaven 17, singing "Ball of Confusion". She filmed a music video for "Ball of Confusion" that aired on the fledgling music video channel MTV, becoming one of the first black American artists to gain airtime on the channel.[136] Also in 1982, Turner appeared as a special guest on Chuck Berry's television special performed at The Roxy in West Hollywood.[137]

Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000

Until 1983, Turner was considered a nostalgia act, performing mostly at hotel ballrooms and clubs in the United States.[138] During her second stint at the Ritz, she signed with Capitol Records in 1983.[139] In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together", which was produced by B.E.F. It reached several European charts, including No. 6 in the UK.[140][141] In the US, the song peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 1 on Hot Dance Club Songs, and No. 3 on Hot Black Singles.[142]

Following the single's surprise success, Capitol Records approved a studio album. Turner had two weeks to record her Private Dancer album, which was released in May 1984.[138] It reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom.[143][144] Private Dancer was certified 5× Platinum in the United States,[145] and sold 10 million copies worldwide, becoming her most successful album.[146][147] Also in May 1984, Capitol issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It";[148] the song had previously been recorded by the pop group Bucks Fizz.[149] Following the album's release, Turner joined Lionel Richie as the opening act on his tour.[138]

On September 1, 1984, Turner achieved her first and only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 with "What's Love Got to Do with It".[142] The follow-up singles "Better Be Good to Me" and "Private Dancer" were both US top 10 hits.[150] The same year, she duetted with David Bowie on a cover of Iggy Pop's "Tonight". Released as a single in November, it peaked at No. 53 in both the UK and the US.[151]

Turner culminated her comeback when she won three Grammys at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It".[64] In February 1985, she embarked on her second world tour to support the Private Dancer album. Two nights were filmed at Birmingham, England's NEC Arena and later released as a concert on home video. During this time, she also contributed vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song "We Are the World".[152]

Turner's success continued when she traveled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post-apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown.[153] Upon release, critical response to her performance was generally positive.[154] The film was a global success, grossing more than $36 million in the United States.[155] Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film.[156] She recorded two songs for the film, "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" and "One of the Living"; both became hits, with the latter winning her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.[64] In July 1985, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger.[157] Their performance shocked observers when Jagger ripped her skirt off.[158][159] Turner released a duet, "It's Only Love", with Bryan Adams.[160] It was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the music video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance.[161]

In 1986, Turner released her sixth solo album, Break Every Rule, which reached No. 1 in four countries and sold over five million copies worldwide within its first year of release.[162] The album sold more than a million copies in the United States and Germany alone.[145][163] The album featured the singles "Typical Male", "Two People", "What You Get Is What You See", and the Grammy-winning "Back Where You Started". Prior to the album's release, Turner published her autobiography I, Tina, which became a bestseller. That year, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[164] Her Break Every Rule World Tour, which began in March 1987 in Munich, Germany, was the third highest-grossing tour by a female artist in North America that year.[165] In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, setting a Guinness World Record at the time for the largest paying concert attendance for a solo artist.[166][167] In April 1988, Turner released the Tina Live in Europe album, which won a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.[168] After taking time off following the end of the tour, she emerged with the Foreign Affair album in 1989. It reached No. 1 in eight countries, including in the UK (5× Platinum), her first number-one album there. The album sold over six million copies worldwide and included the international hit single "The Best".[169][170]

In 1990, Turner embarked on her Foreign Affair European Tour, which drew in nearly four million spectators—breaking the record for a European tour that was previously set by the Rolling Stones.[171] In October 1991 Turner released her first greatest hits compilation Simply the Best, which sold seven million copies worldwide.[172] The album is her biggest seller in the UK, where it is certified 8× Platinum with more than two million copies sold.[173]

Private Dancer was the beginning of my success in England and basically Europe has been very supportive of my music. ... [I am] not as big as Madonna [in the United States]. I'm as big as Madonna in Europe. I'm as big as, in some places [in Europe], as the Rolling Stones [sic].

— Turner reflecting on her European success, Larry King Live, 1997[174]

In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[175] Ike Turner was incarcerated at the time and Tina Turner did not attend.[176] Turner stated through her publicist that she was taking a leave of absence following her tour and she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want".[177] Phil Spector accepted the award on their behalf.[178]

In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released.[179] The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner; they received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles.[180] While she was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording old songs and several new songs. The single "I Don't Wanna Fight" from the soundtrack was a top 10 hit in the US and UK.[181][182] In 1993 Turner embarked on her What's Love? Tour, which visited primarily North America with a few shows in Australasia and Europe.

In 1995, Turner returned to the studio, releasing "GoldenEye", which was written by Bono and the Edge of U2 for the James Bond film GoldenEye.[183] In 1996 Turner released the Wildest Dreams album, accompanied by her "Wildest Dreams Tour". In September 1999, before celebrating her 60th birthday, Turner released the dance-infused song "When the Heartache Is Over" as the leading single from her tenth and final solo album, Twenty Four Seven.[184] The success of the single and the following tour helped the album become certified Gold by the RIAA.[145] The Twenty Four Seven Tour was the highest-grossing tour of 2000, grossing over $120 million.[185] Her two concerts at Wembley Stadium were recorded by the director David Mallet and released in the DVD One Last Time Live in Concert.[186] At a July 2000 concert in Zürich, Switzerland, Turner announced that she would retire at the end of the tour.[187]

Later career: 2001–2021

Turner during her 50th Anniversary Tour in 2009

In November 2004, Turner released All the Best, which debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 in 2005, her highest charting album in the United States.[188] The album went platinum in the US three months after its release and reached platinum status in seven other countries, including the UK.[189][190]

In December 2005, Turner was recognized by the Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC, and was elected to join an elite group of entertainers.[191]

In February 2006, Turner released "Teach Me Again", a duet single with Italian singer-songwriter Elisa that was recorded for the anthology film All the Invisible Children.[192][193] The whole revenue from the single's sales was donated to charity projects for children led by the World Food Programme and UNICEF.[192]

Turner made a public comeback in February 2008 at the Grammy Awards, where she performed alongside Beyoncé.[194][195] In addition, she won a Grammy as a featured artist on River: The Joni Letters. In October 2008, Turner embarked on her first tour in nearly ten years with the Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour.[196][197] In support of the tour, Turner released a greatest hits compilation. The tour was a huge success and became one of the bestselling tours of all time.[185] In 2009, Turner officially retired from performing.[11][198]

In 2009, Turner co-founded a global music foundation, Beyond Foundation,[199] with Swiss Christian musician Regula Curti and Swiss Tibetan Buddhist Dechen Shak-Dagsay. Turner co-released four albums of spiritual or uplifting music released through projects with Beyond: Buddhist and Christian Prayers (2009), Children (2011), Love Within (2014), and Awakening (2017). As of 2023, the Swiss Beyond Foundation remains active and enables the collaboration of musical artists from different parts of the world.[200]

In April 2010, mainly due to an online campaign by fans of Rangers Football Club, Turner's 1989 hit, "The Best", returned to the UK singles chart, peaking at No. 9. This made Turner the first female recording artist in UK chart history to score top 40 hits in six consecutive decades (1960s–2010s).[201] In 2011, Beyond's second album Children – With Children United in Prayer followed and charted again in Switzerland. Turner promoted the album by performing on TV shows in Germany and Switzerland. In April 2013, Turner appeared on the cover of the German issue of Vogue magazine at the age of 73, becoming the oldest person to be featured on the cover of Vogue.[202] In February 2014, Parlophone Records released a new compilation titled Love Songs.[11]

The musical Tina playing at the Aldwych Theatre in the West End, September 2019

In December 2016 Turner announced that she had been working on Tina, a musical based on her life story, in collaboration with Phyllida Lloyd and Stage Entertainment.[203] The show opened at the Aldwych Theatre in London in April 2018 with Adrienne Warren in the lead role.[204] Warren reprised her role on Broadway in the fall of 2019.[205]

Turner received the 2018 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and her second memoir, My Love Story, was released in October 2018.[206][207] In 2020, she came out of retirement to collaborate with Norwegian producer Kygo on a remix of "What's Love Got to Do with It".[208] With this release, she became the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades in the UK.[209]

In 2020, Turner released her third book, Happiness Becomes You: A Guide to Changing Your Life for Good. She co-wrote the book with American author Taro Gold and Swiss singer Regula Curti.[210] It was chosen by Amazon's editors as a Best Nonfiction book of 2020.[211] In 2021, Turner appeared in the documentary film Tina directed by Dan Lindsay and T. J. Martin.[212]

In October 2021, Turner sold her music rights to BMG Rights Management for an estimated $50 million, with Warner Music still handling distribution of her music.[213] Later that month, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, accepting her award via satellite from her home near Zürich, Switzerland.[214]

Personal life

Relationships and marriages

Early relationships

While still in Brownsville, Turner fell in love for the first time with Harry Taylor.[215] They met at a high school basketball game. Taylor initially attended a different school, but he relocated to be near her.[216] In 1986, she told Rolling Stone: "Harry was real popular and had tons of girlfriends, but eventually I got him, and we went steady for a year."[217] Their relationship ended after she discovered that Taylor had married another girl who was expecting his child.[217]

After moving to St. Louis, Turner and her sister Alline became acquainted with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm. Alline was dating the band's drummer Eugene Washington and Bullock began dating the saxophonist Raymond Hill. After Turner became pregnant during her senior year of high school, she moved in with Hill, who lived with Ike Turner.[218] She recalled, "I didn't love him as much as I'd loved Harry. But he was good-looking. I thought, 'My baby's going to be beautiful.'"[217] Their relationship ended after Hill broke his ankle during a wrestling match with Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[219] Hill returned to his hometown of Clarksdale before their son Craig was born in August 1958, leaving Turner to become a single parent.[220][221]

Ike Turner

Ike & Tina Turner arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in 1971

Turner likened her early relationship with Ike Turner to that of a "brother and sister from another lifetime".[222] They were platonic friends from the time they met in 1956 until 1960. Their affair began while Ike was with his live-in girlfriend Lorraine Taylor.[223][224] They became intimate when she went to sleep with him after another musician threatened to go into her room.[217][222]

After recording "A Fool in Love" in 1960, a pregnant Turner told Ike that she did not want to continue their relationship; he responded by striking her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher.[225] Turner recalled that this incident was the first time he "instilled fear" in her, but she decided to stay with him because she "really did care about him".[63] After the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, they moved to Los Angeles in 1962 and married in Tijuana. In 1963, Ike purchased a house in the View Park area.[226] They brought their son Ronnie, Turner's son Craig, and Ike's two sons with Lorraine (Ike Jr. and Michael) from St. Louis to live with them.[227][228] She later revealed in I, Tina that Ike was abusive and promiscuous throughout their marriage, which led to her suicide attempt in 1968 by overdosing on Valium pills.[34] She said, "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."[229] Later on, in his old age, Ike was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.[230]

By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine, which hindered his relationship with Turner. She abruptly left Ike after they got into a bloody fight on their way to the Dallas Statler Hilton on July 1, 1976.[231][232] She fled with only 36 cents and a Mobil credit card in her pocket to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.[233][234] On July 27, Turner filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[235][236] Her divorce petition asked for $4,000 a month in alimony, $1,000 a month in child support, and custody of her sons Craig and Ronnie.[237] The divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[238] In the final divorce decree, Turner took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien. Turner retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers.[239] She also kept her two Jaguars, furs, jewelry, and her stage name.[239] Turner gave Ike her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate, and he kept his four cars.[239] Several promoters lost money and sued to recoup their losses. For almost two years, she received food stamps and played small clubs to pay off debts.[117]

Ike Turner stated on several occasions that he was never officially married to Turner because he was legally married to another woman at the time of their ceremony.[240][241][242] However, they had a common-law marriage and still had to go through a formal divorce.[243] He also stated that her birth name was Martha Nell Bullock (not Anna Mae Bullock).[244] She signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on multiple contracts.[18][17]

In his autobiography Takin' Back My Name, Ike Turner stated: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."[245] In a 1999 interview on The Roseanne Show, Roseanne Barr urged Ike to publicly apologize to Turner.[246] In 2007, Ike told Jet that he still loved her and he had written a letter apologizing for "putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff", but he never sent it.[247][248]

After his death on December 12, 2007, Turner issued a brief statement through her spokesperson: "Tina hasn't had any contact with Ike in more than 30 years. No further comment will be made."[249] Turner's sister Alline still considered Ike her brother-in-law and attended his funeral.[250] Phil Spector criticized Tina Turner at the funeral.[251] Turner told The Sunday Times in 2018 that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."[252][253][254]

Erwin Bach

In 1986, Turner met German music executive Erwin Bach, who was sent by her European record label (EMI) to greet Turner at Düsseldorf Airport.[255] Bach was over sixteen years her junior.[256] Initially friends, they began dating later that year. In July 2013, after a 27-year romantic relationship, they married in a civil ceremony on the banks of Lake Zurich in Küsnacht, Switzerland.[257]

Children

Turner had two biological sons: one with Kings of Rhythm saxophonist Raymond Hill, named Raymond Craig, born on August 20, 1958, and the other with Ike Turner, Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner, born on October 27, 1960.[1][46] She also adopted two of Ike Turner's children, raising them as her own.[1] Turner was 18 years of age when she gave birth to her eldest son.[258] Ike Turner adopted Raymond Craig Hill, and changed his name to Craig Raymond Turner.[259] Craig was found dead in an apparent suicide in July 2018.[260]

Turner's younger son, Ronnie, played bass guitar in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten. Ronnie also played for both of his parents' bands.[261][262][263][264][265] Through him, Turner had two grandchildren.[1] He was married to French singer Afida Turner.[266] Ronnie died from complications of colon cancer in December 2022.[267]

During Turner's divorce trial, Ike sent their four sons to live with Tina and gave her money for one month's rent.[122][268] Ike Turner Jr. worked as a sound engineer at Bolic Sound and briefly for Turner after her divorce,[238] later winning a Grammy Award for producing his father's album Risin' with the Blues.[269] He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and the Love Thang Band.[270] Ike Turner Jr. stated that he and his brothers have a distant relationship with their mother (Tina).[264] Turner wrote in her autobiography I, Tina that after her divorce she became "a little bit estranged" from all her sons except Craig.[271] In 1989, Turner told TV Week that "she's still there for the boys",[272] but there had been reports of Turner's estrangement from her sons in the years before her death.[273][274]

Religious beliefs

Turner sometimes referred to herself as a "Buddhist–Baptist", alluding to her upbringing in the Baptist church where her father was a deacon and her later conversion to Buddhism as an adult.[275] In a 2016 interview with Lion's Roar magazine, she declared, "I consider myself a Buddhist."[276] The February 15, 1979, issue of Jet magazine featured Turner with her Buddhist altar on the cover.[277] Turner credited the Liturgy of Nichiren Daishonin and Soka Gakkai International for her introduction to spiritual knowledge.[278][279]

Turner stated in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina that she was introduced to Nichiren Buddhism by Ike Turner's friend Valerie Bishop, who taught her the chant nam-myōhō-renge-kyō in 1973.[280][281] Turner later stated in her 2020 spiritual memoir Happiness Becomes You that her son, Ronnie Turner, first suggested she might benefit from chanting.[282] Turner practiced Buddhism with her neighborhood Soka Gakkai International chanting group.[283] After chanting, Turner noticed positive changes in her life, which she attributed to her newfound spiritual practice. She said: "I realized that I had within me everyone I needed to change my life for the better."[280][283] During the hardest times of her life, Turner chanted four hours per day, and although in later life she no longer chanted as much, she still maintained a daily practice.[281] Turner likened Buddhist chanting to singing. She told Lion's Roar: "Nam-myoho-renge-kyo is a song. In the Soka Gakkai tradition we are taught how to sing it. It is a sound and a rhythm and it touches a place inside you. That place we try to reach is the subconscious mind. I believe that it is the highest place and, if you communicate with it, that is when you receive information on what to do."[276] Dramatizations of Turner chanting were included both in the 1993 film What's Love Got to Do with It and in the 2021 documentary film Tina.[284][285][286]

Turner met with the 14th Dalai Lama, in Einsiedeln, Switzerland, on August 2, 2005. She also met with Swiss-Tibetan Buddhist singer Dechen Shak-Dagsay and in 2009 co-created a spiritual music project with Shak-Dagsay and Swiss singer Regula Curti called Beyond.[287][288]

Residences, citizenship, and wealth

Turner began living at Château Algonquin in Küsnacht on the shore of Lake Zurich in 1994.[289][290] She previously owned property in Cologne, London, and Los Angeles, and a villa on the French Riviera named Anna Fleur.[291][292]

In 2013, Turner applied for Swiss citizenship,[293][294] stating she would relinquish her US citizenship.[295][296] The stated reasons for the relinquishment were that she no longer had any strong ties to the United States and "has no plans to reside" there in the future.[296] In April, she undertook a mandatory citizenship test which included advanced knowledge of German (the official language of the canton of Zürich) and of Swiss history. On April 22, 2013, she became a citizen of Switzerland and was issued a Swiss passport.[297] Turner signed the paperwork to relinquish her American citizenship at the US embassy in Bern on October 24, 2013.[296]

Turner's wealth was estimated at 225 million Swiss francs (about US$250 million) in 2022 by the Swiss business magazine Bilanz.[298]

Illness and death

Turner's home, Villa Algonquin in Küsnacht, Switzerland, two days after her death

Turner revealed in her 2018 memoir My Love Story that she had multiple life-threatening illnesses.[299] She had high blood pressure since 1978, which remained mostly untreated, and resulted in damage to her kidneys and eventual kidney failure.[300] In 2013, three weeks after her wedding to Erwin Bach, she had a stroke and needed to learn to walk again.[300] In 2016, she was diagnosed with intestinal cancer.[300] She attempted to treat her health problems with homeopathy, which worsened her condition.[300]

Her chances of receiving a kidney transplant were considered low and she was urged to start dialysis. She signed up with an organization that facilitates assisted suicide, a procedure which is legal in Switzerland, becoming a member of Exit International.[301] However, her husband offered to donate a kidney for transplant.[14] She accepted his donation and had kidney transplantation surgery on April 7, 2017.[302] Turner also openly discussed her feeling of shame after discovering that she had dyslexia.[303]

On May 24, 2023, Turner died at her home in Küsnacht, Switzerland, aged 83, following years of illness.[304][305] Turner's body was cremated after a private funeral.[306]

In the aftermath of her death, many fellow artists mourned her loss, including Beyoncé,[307] Mariah Carey, Janelle Monáe, Questlove, Pete Townshend, Diana Ross, Dolly Parton,[308] Debbie Harry, Gloria Gaynor, Bryan Adams, Jimmy Barnes,[309] Peter Andre,[310] Kerry Katona,[311] Lionel Richie,[312] Elton John,[313] Madonna,[314] Rod Stewart,[315] Lizzo,[316] Brittany Howard,[317] Mick Jagger,[307] Keith Richards,[318] Ronnie Wood and Cher.[319] Patti LaBelle paid tribute to Turner with a rendition of "The Best" at the 2023 BET Awards.[320]

Turner also received tributes by British model Naomi Campbell, as well as film and television figures such as Oprah Winfrey, Angela Bassett, Jenifer Lewis, Forest Whitaker,[307][308] and Bette Midler[315] and theater producer Joop van den Ende.[321] US president Joe Biden, as well as former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton, and Swiss president Alain Berset also paid tribute to Turner through public statements.[308][322] King Charles III paid tribute by allowing "The Best" to be performed during the changing of the guard.[323] The junior common room of St Cuthbert's Society, a college of Durham University, granted Turner "Honorary Afterlife Membership".[324]

Musical legacy and accolades

Often referred to as "The Queen of Rock and Roll", Turner is considered one of the greatest singers of all time.[217][325][326] She was noted for her "swagger, sensuality, gravelly vocals and unstoppable energy", along with her career longevity and her famous legs.[4][5][6] Journalist Kurt Loder asserted that Turner's voice combined "the emotional force of the great blues singers with a sheer, wallpaper-peeling power that seemed made to order for the age of amplification".[4] Daphne A. Brooks, a scholar of African-American studies, wrote for The Guardian:[4]

Turner merged sound and movement at a critical turning point in rock history, navigating and reflecting back the technological innovations of a new pop-music era in the 60s and 70s. She catapulted herself to the forefront of a musical revolution that had long marginalized and overlooked the pioneering contributions of African American women and then remade herself again at an age when most pop musicians were hitting the oldies circuit. Turner's musical character has always been a charged combination of mystery as well as light, melancholy mixed with a ferocious vitality that often flirted with danger.

Awards, honors and achievements

Turner holding certification plaques with Don Grierson

Turner previously held a Guinness World Record for the largest paying audience (180,000 in 1988) for a solo performer.[166][167] In the UK, Turner was the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades; she has a total of 35 UK top 40 hits.[209] She sold over 100 million records worldwide, including certified RIAA album sales of 10 million.[327] As of May 2023, Turner has reportedly sold around 100 to 150 million records worldwide.[328][329][330]

Turner won a total of 12 Grammy Awards. These awards include eight competitive Grammy Awards;[64] she shares the record (with Pat Benatar, and with Sheryl Crow) for most awards (four) given for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.[331] Three of her recordings, "River Deep – Mountain High" (1999), "Proud Mary" (2003), and "What's Love Got to Do with It" (2012) are in the Grammy Hall of Fame.[332] Turner is the only female artist to have won a Grammy in the pop, rock, and R&B fields.[333] Turner received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018.[334] Turner also won Grammys as a member of USA for Africa and as a performer at the 1986 Prince's trust concert.

Turner's star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame covered with flowers and tributes from her fans on May 28, 2023

Turner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1986 and a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1991.[164][335] After her death, her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered with flowers from loving fans. Fans around the world paid respect with flowers and candles lit outside her home in Switzerland and outside London's Aldwych Theatre – the home of the musical Tina. Gloria Gaynor said Turner "paved the way for so many women in rock music, black and white". Turner was also praised by Mariah Carey and Oprah Winfrey as a "survivor" who overcame years of domestic abuse. Michelle and Barack Obama praised her for "singing her truth through joy and pain". The charity Women's Aid paid tribute with a quote from one of Turner's songs, saying: "She will always be simply the best."[336]

She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a duo with Ike Turner in 1991.[175] In 2005, Turner received the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors.[337] President George W. Bush commented on her "natural skill, the energy and sensuality",[338] and referred to her legs as "the most famous in show business".[339] Several artists paid tribute to her that night including Melissa Etheridge (performing "River Deep – Mountain High"), Queen Latifah (performing "What's Love Got to Do with It"), Beyoncé (performing "Proud Mary"), and Al Green (performing "Let's Stay Together"). Oprah Winfrey stated, "We don't need another hero. We need more heroines like you, Tina. You make me proud to spell my name w-o-m-a-n."[340] In 2021, Turner was inducted by Angela Bassett into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.[214] Keith Urban and H.E.R. performed "It's Only Love", Mickey Guyton performed "What's Love Got to Do with It", and Christina Aguilera performed "River Deep – Mountain High".[214]

Turner has also received the following honors:

Discography

Studio albums

Tours

As opening act

Filmography

Year Film Role Notes
1965 The Big T.N.T. Show Herself Sequel to T.A.M.I. Show[380]
1970 It's Your Thing Herself Documentary on the Isley Brothers concert at Yankee Stadium[381]
1970 Gimme Shelter Herself Documentary on the Rolling Stones' 1969 American tour[382]
1971 Soul to Soul Herself Documentary on the Independence Day concert in Ghana[383]
1971 Taking Off Herself [382]
1971 Good Vibrations from Central Park Herself [384]
1975 Tommy The Acid Queen [382]
1975 Ann-Margret Olsson Herself TV programme[385]
1975 Poiret est à vous Herself TV variety show[386]
1978 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Our Guests at Heartland [387]
1982 Chuck Berry: Live at the Roxy with Tina Turner Herself [382]
1985 Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Aunty Entity Won (1986) – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture[382]
1993 What's Love Got to Do with it Herself Singing voice for Angela Bassett, also archive footage[382]
1993 Tina Turner: Girl From Nutbush Herself Documentary[382]
1993 Last Action Hero The Mayor [382]
2000 Ally McBeal Herself Episode: "The Oddball Parade"[382]
2012 Ike & Tina on the Road: 1971–72 Herself Documentary filmed by rock photographer Bob Gruen[388]
2021 Tina Herself Documentary,[389] final film role

Books

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 The 1940 United States Census lists her as "Anna [Bullock]". However, Turner signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on contracts in 1977 and 1978.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Tina Turner: Singer". People. May 8, 2000. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  2. ↑ Pierce, Charles P. (May 24, 2023). "Rest In Peace to Tina Turner, a True Rock 'n Roll Singer". Esquire. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  3. ↑ Snapes, Laura (May 24, 2023). "Tina Turner: legendary rock'n'roll singer dies aged 83". The Guardian. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Tina Turner: the making of a rock'n'roll revolutionary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  5. 1 2 "A new campaign for Hanes hosiery features the singer Tina Turner and her famous legs". The New York Times. September 17, 1996. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  6. ↑ Kamen, Al (November 12, 2013). "Tina Turner formally 'relinquishes' U.S. citizenship". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 Gleason, Ralph J. (November 16, 1969). "Tina Turner - A Triumph of Instant Ecstasy". San Francisco Sunday Examiner & Chronicle. p. 37.
  8. 1 2 "Ike and Tina Turner". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Rewinding the Charts: In 1985, Tina Turner Kept Her Hot Streak With 'We Don't Need Another Hero'". Billboard. July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 Caulfield, Keith (January 21, 2014). "'Happily Retired' Tina Turner Set to Release 'Love Songs' Album". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  11. ↑ "Highest attendance at a ticketed concert by a female artist". Guinness World Records. January 16, 1988. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
  12. ↑ "'It's about self-love': How TINA captures an icon who refused to falter". The Independent. March 27, 2021.
  13. 1 2 Devine, Kenzi (June 2023). "Why Tina was better than all the rest". New!. No. 1034. Reach plc. pp. 8–9.
  14. ↑ "Women of the year award". Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Anna Bullock, United States Census, 1940". FamilySearch. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
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  18. 1 2 Turner & Loder 1986, p. 4.
  19. 1 2 Fong-Torres, Ben (October 14, 1971). "Tales of Ike and Tina Turner". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  20. ↑ Hobbs, Larry (April 21, 1971). "Beautiful, Bold: Non-Knoxvillian Tina Makes It Big Here". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. 44. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  21. ↑ Cannon, Geoffrey (May 30, 1971). "An Unalienated Interlude With Ike, Tina Turner". The Los Angeles Times Calendar. p. 10. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  22. ↑ Loder, Kurt (October 11, 1984). "Tina Turner: Sole Survivor". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  23. 1 2 Norris 2000, pp. 25–30.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Gulla 2008, p. 170.
  25. ↑ "African American Lives 2 . Profiles . Tina Turner | PBS". Thirteen. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  26. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 5–6.
  27. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 6.
  28. ↑ Bock, Scott M. (April 2018). "Eugene 'Hideaway' Bridges". Living Blues. Vol. 49, no. 2. University, Mississippi: Center for the Study of Southern Culture. p. 31. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2020. But we ended up staying with my grandfather Jack Bullock. Anna Mae Bullock was Tina Turner. That was my mamma's cousin, so she is my second cousin.
  29. ↑ Norris 2000, p. 107.
  30. ↑ Gates 2005, p. 114.
  31. ↑ Norris 2000, p. 27.
  32. ↑ Norris 2000, p. 28.
  33. 1 2 3 Gulla 2008, p. 174.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Gulla 2008, p. 171.
  35. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 10–11.
  36. 1 2 Bego 2005, p. 16.
  37. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 29.
  38. ↑ Bego 2005, pp. 26–28.
  39. ↑ "Black History in St. Louis". The New York Times. May 10, 1992. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2007. ... Sumner High School, the first school west of the Mississippi for blacks established in 1875 (among graduates are Grace Bumbry, Arthur Ashe, and Tina Turner) ....
  40. ↑ April Hunt, For the AJC. "8 celebrities you never knew were once nurses". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  41. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 59.
  42. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 40.
  43. ↑ Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 71.
  44. 1 2 Turner & Loder 1986, p. 62.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Gulla 2008, p. 175.
  46. ↑ Hasday 1999, p. 10.
  47. ↑ Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 253.
  48. ↑ Durchholz, Daniel (May 16, 2001). "We Like Ike". Riverfront Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  49. ↑ Cooperman, Jeannette (February 26, 2010). "A Conversation With Robbie Montgomery". St. Louis Magazine. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  50. 1 2 Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 73.
  51. ↑ Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 74.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 Gulla 2008, p. 176.
  53. ↑ Collis 2003, p. 25.
  54. 1 2 McKeen 2000, p. 252.
  55. ↑ McKeen 2000, p. 253.
  56. ↑ Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 35.
  57. ↑ Bego 2005, p. 63.
  58. ↑ Cawthorne & Turner 1999, pp. 74–75.
  59. ↑ Greensmith, Bill (2015). Blues Unlimited: Essential Interviews from the Original Blues Magazine. Russell, Tony, Camarigg, Mark, Rowe, Mike. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press. pp. 247–248. ISBN 9780252097508. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  60. ↑ Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 106-107.
  61. ↑ Bego 2005, pp. 60–62.
  62. 1 2 Turner & Loder 1986, p. 79.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Tina Turner". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. Archived from the original on February 24, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  64. ↑ Tina Turner, Iconic Singer and Music Legend, Dies at 83, May 24, 2023, archived from the original on May 24, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2023
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  66. ↑ Ike and Tina Turner, History-Of-Rock.com, archived from the original on April 6, 2012, retrieved March 14, 2012
  67. ↑ "The musical legacy of Ike Turner". BBC News – Entertainment. BBC. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  68. ↑ "Tina Turner – Too Many Ties That Bind". 45cat. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  69. ↑ "Ike Turner Forms Label" (PDF). Billboard. November 9, 1963. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
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  71. ↑ Callahan, Michael. "The Sue Records Story". Both Sides Now. Mike Callahan. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Ike & Tina, Rocky Fellers Pacted By Warner Bros" (PDF). Cash Box: 35. March 21, 1964.
  73. ↑ "Krasnow Joins Marks' West Coast Staff" (PDF). Cash Box: 215. July 2, 1966.
  74. ↑ "Hot R&B LP's" (PDF). Billboard. February 6, 1965. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  75. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ike & Tina Turner Songs ••• Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography". Music VF, US & UK hits charts. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  76. ↑ "Bud, Travis Guest On 'A Go Go' Sat". Thousand Oaks Star. April 22, 1965. p. 5.
  77. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (September 20, 2016). "See Ike & Tina Turner's Explosive James Brown Cover From Big T.N.T. DVD". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  78. ↑ Williams, Richard (2003). Phil Spector: out of his head. Omnibus Press. p. 111. ISBN 0711998647. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  79. ↑ "Philips Signs Ike & Tina Turner" (PDF). Cash Box: 45. April 23, 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  80. ↑ "Ike & Tina to Philles" (PDF). Cash Box: 56. April 30, 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  81. ↑ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 21 – Forty Miles of Bad Road: Some of the best from rock 'n' roll's dark ages. Part 2: UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
  82. ↑ "Cuando nací era número 1 de los 40: (1966-12-17) Ike & Tina Turner: River Deep – Mountain High". LOS40 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  83. ↑ "Billboard Hot 100" (PDF). Billboard. June 18, 1966. p. 18.
  84. ↑ Turner & Loder 1986, p. 102.
  85. 1 2 Turner, Tina (November 1, 2019). "Tina Turner on Her Journey to Broadway". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  86. ↑ "Tina Turner on the Cover of Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. November 23, 2019. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  87. ↑ Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2003). All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues (3rd ed.). Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-87930-736-6. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
  88. ↑ "Newport 69 to Showcase 30 Pop-Rock Super Stars". The Van Nuys News. June 10, 1969. p. 26.
  89. ↑ Begley, Mary (June 2, 1969). "Spotlights Turn Her On". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. pp. 4D.
  90. ↑ Kasindorf, Martin (December 21, 1969). "Ike and Tina Turner: The Sex Revolution on Stage". Dayton Daily News. p. 27.
  91. ↑ Runtagh, Jordan (September 28, 2017). "15 Electrifying Musical Performances from Hugh Hefner's Playboy After Dark". People. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  92. ↑ "Ike & Tina Turner on The Ed Sullivan Show". The Official Ed Sullivan Site. January 11, 2012. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  93. ↑ "Ike & Tina Turner". Ebony: 92. May 1971.
  94. ↑ Lloyd, Jack (May 3, 1970). "Tina Turner Scores As World's 'Sexiest' Singer". The Philadelphia Inquirer: 4 5a.
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Bibliography

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