A map of major roads in Australia. Roads are the main method of transport in Australia.

There are many forms of transport in Australia. Australia is highly dependent on road transport. There are more than 300 airports with paved runways. Passenger rail transport includes widespread commuter networks in the major capital cities with more limited intercity and interstate networks. The Australian mining sector is reliant upon rail to transport its product to Australia's ports for export.

Road transport

Eastern Freeway, Melbourne

Road transport is an essential element of the Australian transport network, and an enabler of the Australian economy. There is a heavy reliance on road transport due to Australia's large area and low population density in considerable parts of the country.[1] Australia's road network experiences excessive demand during peak periods and very weak demand overnight.[2]

Another reason for the reliance upon roads is that the Australian rail network has not been sufficiently developed for a lot of the freight and passenger requirements in most areas of Australia. This has meant that goods that would otherwise be transported by rail are moved across Australia via road trains. Almost every household owns at least one car, and uses it most days.[3]

There are three different categories of Australian roads. They are federal highways, state highways and local roads. The road network comprises a total of 913,000 km broken down into:[4]

  • paved: 353,331 km (including 3,132 km of expressways)
  • unpaved: 559,669 km (1996 estimate)

Victoria has the largest network, with thousands of arterial (major, primary and secondary) roads to add.

The majority of road tunnels in Australia have been constructed since the 1990s to relieve traffic congestion in metropolitan areas, or to cross significant watercourses.

Cars

Australia has the second-highest level of car ownership in the world. It has three to four times more road per capita than Europe and seven to nine times more than Asia. Australia also has the third-highest per capita rate of fuel consumption in the world. Melbourne is the most car-dependent city in Australia, according to a data survey in the 2010s, having over 110,000 more cars driving to and from the city each day than Sydney. Perth, Adelaide and Brisbane are rated as being close behind. All these capital cities are rated among the highest in this category in the world (car dependency).[5] The distance travelled by car (or similar vehicle) in Australia is among the highest in the world, being exceeded by the United States and Canada.[1]

Electric vehicles

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Australia is driven mostly by state-based electric vehicle targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The Victorian and New South Wales governments target between 50% and 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030.[6][7][8]

Public transport in Australia

Commuter train in Melbourne
Alstom Citadis and Bombardier Flexity Classic trams in Adelaide
A driverless Alstom Metropolis train on the Sydney Metro network

Commuter rail

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide have extensive commuter rail networks which have grown and expanded over time. Australian commuter rail typically operates with bidirectional all-day services with Sydney, Melbourne, and to a lesser extent Perth and Brisbane's systems operating with much higher frequencies, particularly in their underground cores. Sydney Trains operates the busiest system in the country with approximately 1 million trips per day. Metro Trains Melbourne operates a larger system albeit with a lower number of trips.

Trams and light rail

Trams have historically operated in many Australian towns and cities, with the majority of these being shut down before the 1970s in the belief that more widespread car ownership would render them unnecessary. Melbourne is a major exception and today has the largest tram network of any city in the world. Adelaide retained one tram service — the Glenelg tram line, since 2008 extended to Hindmarsh and the East End. Trams once operated in Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, and Hobart, and a number of major regional cities including Ballarat, Bendigo, Broken Hill, Fremantle, Geelong, Kalgoorlie, Launceston, Maitland, Newcastle, Rockhampton, and Sorrento.

The Inner West Light Rail opened in Sydney in 1997 with the conversion of a disused section of the Metropolitan Goods line. The CBD and South East Light Rail opened to Randwick in December 2019 and Kingsford in April 2020. A light rail system opened on the Gold Coast in 2014. A line opened in Newcastle in February 2019 and one in Canberra opened in April 2019.[9][10]

Rapid transit

Sydney is the only city in Australia with a rapid transit system. The Sydney Metro network currently consists of one 36 km driverless line, connecting Tallawong and Chatswood. The line will eventually connect with the Sydney Metro City & Southwest to form a 66 km network with 31 metro stations. The Sydney Metro West is also currently in the planning stages.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth's commuter systems are all partially underground and reflect some aspects of typical rapid transit systems, particularly in the city centres.

Intra-city public transport networks

The following table presents an overview of multi-modal intra-city public transport networks in Australia's larger cities. The only Australian capital cities without multi-modal networks is Darwin, which relies entirely on buses, and Hobart, which has sections of derelict railway. The table does not include tourist or heritage transport modes (such as the private monorail at Sea World or the tourist Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram).

City Overview Integrated network name Buses Urban rail/Commuter rail Light rail[11] Watercraft[12] Rapid transit
AdelaidePublic transport in AdelaideAdelaide MetroYesYesYes
BrisbanePublic transport in BrisbaneTranslinkYesYesYes
CanberraPublic transport in CanberraTransport CanberraYesYes
DarwinPublic transport in DarwinDarwinbusYesLimited
Gold CoastPublic transport on the Gold CoastTranslinkYesYesYes
HobartTransport in HobartMetro TasmaniaYesYes
MelbournePublic transport in MelbournePublic Transport VictoriaYesYesYesLimitedPlanned
NewcastleTransport in NewcastleNewcastle TransportYesLimitedYesLimited
PerthPublic transport in PerthTransperthYesYesYes
SydneyPublic transport in SydneyTransport for NSWYesYesYesYesYes

Intercity rail transport

Map of passenger railway services in Australia
State Government owned rail services:
  NSW TrainLink services
  V/Line services
  Transwa services
Journey Beyond lines:
The Indian Pacific in Perth

The railway network is large, comprising a total of 33,819 km (2,540 km electrified) of track: 3,719 km broad gauge, 15,422 km standard gauge, 14,506 km narrow gauge and 172 km dual gauge. Rail transport started in the various colonies on different dates. Privately owned railways started the first lines, and struggled to succeed on a remote, huge, and sparsely populated continent, and government railways dominated. Although the various colonies had been advised by London to choose a common gauge, the colonies ended up with different gauges.

Inter-state rail services

Journey Beyond operates four trains: the Indian Pacific (Sydney-Adelaide-Perth), The Ghan (Adelaide-Alice Springs-Darwin), The Overland (Melbourne-Adelaide),[13] and the Great Southern (Brisbane-Melbourne-Adelaide). NSW Government owned NSW TrainLink services link Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Dubbo, Broken Hill, Armidale, Moree and Griffith to Sydney. Since the extension of the Ghan from Alice Springs to Darwin was completed in 2004, all mainland Australian capital cities are linked by standard gauge rail, for the first time.

Intra-state and city rail services

There are various state and city rail services operated by a combination of government and private entities, the most prominent of these include V/Line (regional trains and coaches in Victoria); Metro Trains Melbourne (suburban services in Melbourne); NSW TrainLink (regional trains and coaches in New South Wales); Sydney Trains (suburban services in Sydney); Queensland Rail (QR) operating long-distance Traveltrain services and the City network in South-East Queensland, and Transwa operating train and bus services in Western Australia.

In Tasmania, TasRail operates a short-haul narrow gauge freight system, that carries inter-modal and bulk mining goods. TasRail is government-owned (by the State of Tasmania) and is going through significant below and above rail upgrades with new locomotives and wagons entering service. Significant bridge and sleeper renewal have also occurred. The Tasmanian Government also operates the West Coast Wilderness Railway as a tourist venture over an isolated length of track on Tasmania's West Coast.

Mining railways

Six heavy-duty mining railways carry iron ore to ports in the northwest of Western Australia. These railways carry no other traffic and are isolated by deserts from all other railways. The lines are standard gauge and are built to the heaviest US standards. Each line is operated by one of either BHP, Rio Tinto, Fortescue Metals Group and Hancock Prospecting.

A common carrier railway was proposed to serve the port of Oakajee just north of Geraldton, but this was later cancelled after a collapse in the iron ore price.

Cane railways

In Queensland, 19 sugar mills are serviced by ~3,000 km of narrow gauge (2 ft / 610 mm gauge) cane tramways that deliver sugar cane to the mills.

Pipelines

There are several pipeline systems including:

Projects under construction or planned:
Victoria

  • Goulburn River to Sugarloaf Reservoir, Melbourne (North South Pipeline, alternatively called the Sugarloaf Pipeline) - was connected to Melbourne in February 2010.[14]
  • Wimmera-Mallee Pipeline - construction commenced in November 2006 and was completed in April 2010.[15]
  • Melbourne to Geelong Pipeline - construction was completed in March 2012.[16]
  • Rocklands Reservoir to Grampian Headworks Pipeline (Hamilton - Grampians Pipeline) - construction commenced December 2008, expected completion in 2010.

Waterways

Between 1850 and 1940, paddle steamers were used extensively on the Murray-Darling Basin to transport produce, especially wool and wheat, to river ports such as Echuca, Mannum and Goolwa. However, the water levels of the inland waterways are highly unreliable, making the rivers impassable for large parts of the year. A system of locks was created largely to overcome this variability, but the steamers were unable to compete with rail, and later, road transport. Traffic on inland waterways is now largely restricted to private recreational craft.[17]

Ports and harbours

A Sydney ferry.
Total employment in the water transport sector (thousands of people) since 1984

Mainland

General

Iron ore

Tasmania

Merchant marine vessels

A container crane and ship at the Port of Melbourne.
Port Botany, Sydney

In 2006, the Australian fleet consisted of 53 ships of 1,000 gross tonnage or over. The use of foreign registered ships to carry Australian cargoes between Australian ports is permitted under a permit scheme, with either Single Voyage Permit (SVP) or a Continuous Voyage Permit (CVP) being issued to ships.[18] Between 1996 and 2002 the number of permits issued has increased by about 350 per cent.[19]

Over recent years the number of Australian registered and flagged ships has greatly declined, from 75 ships in 1996 to less than 40 in 2007, by 2009 the number is now approaching 30. Marine unions blame the decline on the shipping policy of the Howard government which permitted foreign ships to carry coastal traffic.[20]

There have also been cases where locally operated ships have an Australian flag from the vessel, registering it overseas under a flag of convenience, then hiring foreign crews who earn up to about half the monthly rate of Australian sailors.[19] Such moves were supported by the Howard government but opposed by maritime unions and the Australian Council of Trade Unions.[21] The registration of the ships overseas also meant the earnings of the ships are not subject to Australian corporate taxation laws.[20]

Aviation

Total monthly arrivals to Australia since 1976
Melbourne Airport
Sydney Airport
Qantas Airbus A380 taking off at Sydney Airport

Qantas is the flag carrier of Australia. Australian National Airways was the predominant domestic carrier from the mid-1930s to the early 1950s. After World War II, Qantas was nationalised and its domestic operations were transferred to Trans Australia Airlines in 1946. The Two Airlines Policy was formally established in 1952 to ensure the viability of both airlines. However, ANA's leadership was quickly eroded by TAA, and it was acquired by Ansett Airways in 1957. The duopoly continued for the next four decades. In the mid-1990s TAA was merged with Qantas and later privatised. Ansett collapsed in September 2001. In the following years, Virgin Australia became a challenger to Qantas. Both companies launched low-cost subsidiaries Jetstar and Tigerair Australia respectively.

Overseas flights from Australia to the United Kingdom via the Eastern Hemisphere are known as the Kangaroo Route, whereas flights via the Western Hemisphere are known as the Southern Cross Route. In 1948, the first commercial flight from Australia to Africa was flown by Qantas, launching what is known as the Wallaby Route.[22][23] In 1954, the first flight from Australia to North America was completed, as a 60-passenger Qantas aircraft connected Sydney with San Francisco and Vancouver, having fuel stops at Fiji, Canton Island and Hawaii. In November 1982, a Pan Am 747SP flew the first non-stop commercial flight from Los Angeles to Sydney.[24] Airport transfer provides a seamless and efficient transportation solution for travelers.[25] A non-stop flight between Australia and Europe was first completed in March 2018 from Perth to London.

There are many airports around Australia paved or unpaved. A 2004 estimate put the number of airports at 448. The busiest airports in Australia are:

  1. Sydney Airport Sydney, New South Wales SYD
  2. Melbourne Airport Melbourne, Victoria MEL
  3. Brisbane Airport Brisbane, Queensland BNE
  4. Perth Airport Perth, Western Australia PER
  5. Adelaide Airport Adelaide, South Australia ADL
  6. Gold Coast Airport Gold Coast, Queensland OOL
  7. Cairns Airport Cairns, Queensland CNS
  8. Canberra Airport Canberra, Australian Capital Territory CBR
  9. Hobart International Airport Hobart, Tasmania HBA
  10. Darwin International Airport, Northern Territory DRW
  11. Townsville Airport Townsville, Queensland TSV

Airports with paved runways

There are 305 airports with paved runways:[26]

  • Over 3,047 m (9,997 ft): 10
  • 2,438 to 3,047 m (7,999 to 9,997 ft): 12
  • 1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to 7,995 ft): 131
  • 914 to 1,523 m (2,999 to 4,997 ft): 139
  • Under 914 m (2,999 ft): 13 (2004 estimate)

Airports with unpaved runways

There are 143 airports with unpaved runways:[27]

  • 1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to 7,995 ft): 17
  • 914 to 1,523 m (2,999 to 4,997 ft): 112
  • Under 914 m (2,999 ft): 14 (2004 estimate)

Environmental impact

The environmental impact of transport in Australia is considerable. In 2009, transport emissions made up 15.3% of Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions. Between 1990 and 2009, transport emissions grew by 34.6%, the second-highest growth rate in emissions after stationary energy.[28]

The Australian Energy Regulator and state agencies such as the New South Wales Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal set and regulate electricity prices, thereby lowering production and consumer cost.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Transport in Australia". International Transport Statistics Database. International Road Assessment Programme. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  2. ↑ Lyon, Brendan (2018). "Using Road Pricing as a Viable Option to Meet Australia's Future Road Funding Needs". Road Pricing and Provision: Changed Traffic Conditions Ahead. ANU Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-76046-231-4. JSTOR j.ctv5cg9mn.15.
  3. ↑ "Where are we now?". Australian Automobile Association. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
  4. ↑ CIA world fact book.
  5. ↑ Urban Australia: Where most of us live. CSIRO. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  6. ↑ Parkinson, Giles (1 May 2021). "Victoria to offer $3,000 subsidy for electric vehicles, sets 50pct target by 2030". The Driven. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  7. ↑ Mazengarb, Michael (19 June 2021). "NSW unveils $490 million support package for electric vehicles, but there's a catch". The Driven. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  8. ↑ Harris, Rob (22 August 2021). "Australia on verge of electric cars boom". The Age. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  9. ↑ Light rail in Newcastle opening from Monday 18 February Transport for NSW 3 February 2019
  10. ↑ Start date revealed for Canberra’s light rail system Canberra Times 19 March 2019
  11. ↑ includes modern tram networks
  12. ↑ includes public ferry and Water taxi services
  13. ↑ "Australia's Great Train Journeys". Archived from the original on 1 April 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2003.
  14. ↑ "Sugarloaf Pipeline Project". Melbourne Water. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  15. ↑ "Wimmera Mallee Pipeline". GWMWater. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  16. ↑ "Melbourne to Geelong Pipeline". Barwon Water. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  17. ↑ Ian Mudie Riverboats Sun Books, Melbourne, Victoria 1965
  18. ↑ Australian Shipowners Association. "Industry Policy". asa.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  19. 1 2 Paul Robinson (26 March 2002). "Maritime unions slam use of 'cheap' foreign labour". The Age. theage.com.au. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  20. 1 2 Martin Byrne (22 October 2009). "A new tanker ship for Australia" (PDF). Letter from the Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers to the Federal Minister. aimpe.asn.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  21. ↑ Liz Porter (14 July 2002). "Shipping out, and definitely not shaping up". The Age. theage.com.au. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  22. ↑ Qantas celebrates 60 years of flying to South Africa, retrieved 24 April 2023
  23. ↑ "Indian Ocean Route - Qantas to Fly Direct Australia|South Africa Services: Cocos Base Re-constructed". Flight: The Aircraft Engineer. IPC Transport Press Limited. 1952. p. 78.
  24. ↑ "Vol. 102 No. 5339 (9 Nov 1982)". Trove. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  25. ↑ Harison, James. "Airport Transport Perth". macseventscharter. James Harison. Retrieved 19 September 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |ref= (help)
  26. ↑ "CIA - the World Factbook". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
  27. ↑ "CIA - the World Factbook". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
  28. ↑ Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (2010). Australian national greenhouse gas accounts (PDF) (Report).

Sources

Further reading

  • Unstead, R. J. "From Bullock Dray to Tin Lizzie." History Today (June 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 6, pp 406–414 online. Covers 1788 to 1920, regarding ships, bullock drays, concord coaches, camels, railways, buggies, horse bucks, trams, and automobiles.
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