Childhood

William Bonin was born in Willimantic, Connecticut, on January 8, 1947, the second of three sons to Robert Leonard Bonin Sr. and Alice Dorothy Cote. Bonin's parents were both alcoholics; his father, a World War II veteran,^[9] often physically abused his wife and children.^[10][11] His mother suffered from severe mood swings^[10][12] and spent much of her free time at a bingo parlor while her sons remained unattended at home.^[13][14][15] She was regarded as having a domineering and emasculating presence in Bonin's early life.^[16]

Bonin's father had a gambling addiction, and his losses forced Bonin's mother to obtain a job at a local thread mill. In January 1950, his father gambled away their home in Andover, Connecticut, after losing a game of high stakes poker, forcing the family to reside with Bonin's maternal grandmother in Willimantic.^[17] In spite of this dysfunctional environment, Bonin and his brothers were actively raised Catholic by their parents and baptized according to church doctrine.^[18] They attended St. Mary's Catholic School, where staff repeatedly made complaints of Bonin's aggression toward other students, truancy, and other misbehavior. After riding his bike into a group of young girls, Bonin was briefly placed in juvenile hall.^[19] After returning home, Bonin was reportedly more recalcitrant toward his parents than before the punishment.^[20]

On September 6, 1953, Bonin and his older brother, Robert Jr., were placed at the Franco-American School, a Catholic convent, in Lowell, Massachusetts.^[21] The convent was known to enforce harsh physical discipline for major and minor breaches of conduct, with assaults taking place in the most extreme cases;^[22][23][24] Bonin recalled being forced to punch a fence by nuns when he misbehaved.^[25] Despite this mistreatment, contemporary records indicate Bonin—a typically troublesome child—was observed to function well in this environment.^[11]

Bonin recollected being physically bullied by other children at the convent before being defended by a thirteen-year-old orphan in 1955. According to Bonin, this individual escorted him to a restroom, where Bonin agreed to sexual advances under the condition that the older boy's hands were bound with a towel to make Bonin himself feel safer.^{[19][26][n 1]} Loosing his restraints, the orphan bound and performed fellatio on Bonin before sexually assaulting him.^[28] As neither parent visited Bonin or Robert Jr.—whom staff forbade from interacting with one another–he became worried his parents had died.^[25][29] Bonin was to remain at the convent until May 31, 1955, when he returned to live with his parents in a home owned by Bonin's maternal grandfather in Mansfield, Connecticut.^[22][30][31]

In Mansfield, Bonin attended Annie Vinton Elementary School with his younger brother, Paul. There, he was known to classmates as a juvenile delinquent. Ashamed of his sexual attraction to younger children and male teachers, Bonin isolated himself from others to whom he struggled to relate.^[32][33][23] Neighbors in Mansfield later failed to recollect either parent spending any significant time with their sons,^[34] and one neighbor—observing their unkempt and hungry condition^[15]—occasionally provided meals and clean clothes to Bonin and Paul out of sympathy.^[22]

From their early childhood to 1957, Bonin and his brothers were frequently placed in the care of their maternal grandfather, who had sexually abused their mother until her adulthood, and whom she suspected of molesting his grandsons.^[26][15][35] In addition, Bonin's parents occasionally left Bonin and Paul under the care of Robert Jr., who—having received the brunt of their father's abuse^[36]—often beat and belittled his siblings.^[22]

Largely devoid of consequences and parental supervision, Bonin began stealing hubcaps, license plates and metal tags off of vehicles around town.^[37] In 1957 he was placed in a juvenile detention center for these and other petty crimes.^[15][38] While incarcerated, Bonin was molested by an adult counselor at the detention center.^{[35][39][n 2]}

Following his release, Bonin began sexually fondling Paul, his younger brother.^[26][40] After six months however, their mother was made aware of the fondling, prompting Bonin's parents to force him to sleep in his own bedroom.^[20] Bonin later confessed to fondling^[26] and orally copulating younger boys and stripping in the presence of a ten-year-old girl.^[37] Upon entering adolescence he attempted incest with an older female cousin.

Adolescence

Bonin, pictured in the North High School yearbook, c. 1963

Bonin attended middle school adjacent to Coventry High School in 1959 and 1960. Despite showing a strong aptitude for math and science, he was a mediocre student.

In late 1960, the family faced the prospect of foreclosure due to the gambling habits of Bonin's father whose wife kicked him out of their home and won custody of their children.^[41][26] However, Bonin's parents reconciled and opted to relocate after his father was offered a well-paying job as a machinist in Downey, California, settling in nearby Torrance in early 1962.^{[22][30][42][43]}

Bonin attended North High School in Torrance, where he was regarded as a social outcast, although his younger brother later recollected Bonin as an outwardly well-behaved teenager.^[44][45] Bonin, feeling uncomfortable in the presence of his peers, is not known to have formed any friendships throughout his adolescence.^[46][29] Bonin was frequently truant from school spending much of his time at local bowling ally's hoping to become a professional player. ^[47]

By his teenage years, Bonin had developed an obsessive interest in pedophilia,^[39] keeping his emerging feelings a secret.^[47] His emerging homosexuality became the basis of conflict with his mother, leading to frequent arguments.^[39][11][48] Bonin rarely attempted to court or interact with girls. Despite this, Bonin dated a female classmate named Linda shortly after turning seventeen, with whom he was never "completely comfortable", in a bid to please his mother.^[49]

After dropping out of high school in 1966, Bonin began luring and molesting several neighborhood children.^[40] His mother reportedly refused to acknowledge these acts or his escalating antisocial behavior.^[50] Unable to sleep and frequently worried he would be arrested, she prayed for him and warned him often, much to his frustration.^[51] Eventually Bonin's mother evicted him from the household for undisclosed reasons.^[52][39][26] Lacking motivation and frequently borrowing money from his parents, Bonin joined the United States Air Force with his mother's encouragement in December 1966.^[51]

Deciding to marry upon his return home, Bonin and Linda became engaged.^[53] This engagement had largely been at the behest of his mother, who believed the prospect of marriage would quell her son's homosexuality.^[11]

Engagement and U.S. Air Force

During his military service, Bonin completed a General Equivalency Diploma and served as a cook for four months in Alaska. Bonin was arrested for theft on October 25, 1967, but the charges were dropped due to his imminent deployment to Vietnam.^[53] Stationed in Phu Loi Base Camp, he served five months of active duty in the 205th Assault Support Helicopter Unit as an aerial gunner, logging over 700 hours of combat and patrol time.^[26][24]

Bonin later claimed that his wartime experiences instilled misanthropic beliefs.^[54] Despite this, he is known to have risked his own life on one occasion while under enemy fire to save a wounded fellow airman.^[55] For this act, Bonin received a medal in recognition of his gallantry, among other medals.^[56][57] According to Bonin, he engaged in allegedly consensual relations with four young girls and had a "number of homosexual encounters" in Vietnam, as well as a session with a 25-year-old female prostitute in Hong Kong,^[58][59] although he also confessed to sexually assaulting two soldiers under his command at gunpoint around the time of the Tet Offensive.^[26][60][12]

Bonin served nearly three years in the Air Force before receiving an honorable discharge on October 25, 1968, at age 21.^[61][10] Upon returning home, Bonin discovered that Linda—who by this stage had given birth to their son^[2]—had left him to marry another man.^[11] During Bonin's engagement, he repeatedly informed his fiancée that he suffered from recurring nightmares which involved the sexual assault and murder of a young woman.^[2] The subsequent end of their relationship reportedly left him extremely frustrated.^[61]

Working as a gas station attendant, Bonin returned to Downey to live with his parents, whom he resented for frequently requesting his help.^[62] Several family members noted a marked difference in his behavior following his military service, although Bonin refused to elaborate as to the changes in his demeanor.^[48][11]

Further offenses and imprisonment

In July 1974, Bonin rented an apartment in Hollywood with intentions of circulating within the adult gay community, but was largely unsuccessful due to poor social skills and soon relocated to his parents' new house on 10282 Angell Street in Downey, California, while briefly working as a bartender in Fountain Valley.^[88] Switching his job for employment as a truck driver at a Montebello delivery firm named Dependable Drive-Away in December 1974, his employment was terminated in February 1975 for wrecking a trailer. In March 1975, Bonin attended community college classes for two semesters following his termination and picked up hitchhikers for potential sexual partners, eventually establishing a serious relationship with a single mother.^[89]

While cruising for young boys on September 8, 1975, at approximately 7:00 p.m.^[89] he encountered 14-year-old David Allen McVicker hitchhiking in the city of Garden Grove.^[90] McVicker accepted Bonin's offer to drive him to his parents' home in Huntington Beach. Shortly after McVicker entered Bonin's Opel Kadett, he asked him whether he had engaged in homosexuality or was homosexual. McVicker replied that he had not, asking to leave the vehicle, prompting Bonin to accelerate the vehicle.^[29]

When McVicker attempted to leave the car, Bonin produced a gun and drove McVicker to a deserted field, ordering McVicker to undress, and then beating him.^[91] Bonin then forced oral copulation on McVicker^[65] before raping him as he simultaneously strangled him with his T-shirt and a tire iron in the front seat of his car. With little breath left, McVicker pleaded for his life stating, "God, help!" Bonin immediately ceased his assault and apologized before reverting to casual conversation.^{[29][n 5]} He then masturbated into a rag before driving McVicker to his home,^[89] stating on the way, "You know what? You're an alright guy. I was going to kill you but I want to come back for you and use you again."^[93] As McVicker was leaving Bonin's vehicle, Bonin further remarked, "We'll meet again."^[94]

McVicker cried for several hours before calling a child abuse hotline. He then phoned his mother, who promptly informed Garden Grove police of the incident.^[39] Bonin was arrested months later for the two assaults on October 11, 1975. When arrested, he informed law enforcement that "next time there won't be any more witnesses."^[65][95] He was subsequently charged with the rape and forcible oral copulation of a minor, and the attempted abduction of a 15-year-old boy two days after Bonin's assault on McVicker.^[96] This second victim rejected Bonin's offer of $35 for sex before exiting Bonin's van and telling him to leave. In response, he drove the van onto the sidewalk in an attempt to strike the victim.^[70]

Bonin pleaded guilty to both charges and on December 31, 1975, he was sentenced to serve between one and fifteen years' imprisonment at the California Men's Facility in San Luis Obispo.^{[n 6]} In 1977, Bonin was subject to further psychiatric examination; the results of this evaluation indicated his sexual involvement with young boys related to his mother's micromanagement of his life.^[48] In March 1978, Bonin's father suffered a major stroke – presumably induced by his long-standing alcohol addiction^[16] – causing him to be hospitalized at the Long Beach Veterans Administration Hospital where his mother worked as a vocational nurse. In prison, Bonin completed mathematics courses and over 2,400 hours of vocational training as a machinist in order to secure employment, showing significant progress in individual therapy sessions.^[89] As a result, Bonin was released from detention on October 11, 1978, albeit with eighteen months' supervised probation.^[98]

Acquaintance with Vernon Butts

Through his frequent attendance at Fraser's parties,^[103] Bonin became acquainted with 21-year-old porcelain factory worker, occultist, and part-time magician Vernon Robert Butts^[109] and 18-year-old Gregory Matthews Miley.^[110][111] Born and raised in Norwalk, Butts was nine years old when his father died,^[112] and reportedly hailed from a broken home.^[113] Described by acquaintances as "shy and easily led" by others, Butts attempted suicide on three occasions prior to meeting Bonin^[114] and held an obsession with death and witchcraft.^[115]

At the time of his initial acquaintance with Bonin, Butts – an avid reader of horror fiction^[116] who frequently cosplayed as fictional characters such as Darth Vader^[117] – had developed a local reputation as an eccentric figure^[118] who adorned his apartment with novelty spiders and who kept two coffins in his apartment,^[119] one of which was used as a phone booth, and another as a coffee table in which Butts made love to his girlfriend, Pam "Cati" Razook,^[116] a self-proclaimed witch with whom he attended Pagan religious ritual events and visited graveyards.^{[120][121][n 7]} Butts also held suspicion that his apartment was haunted by ghosts,^[123] and had recently been fired from his employment as a magic store clerk at Knott's Berry Farm due to his unkempt appearance and increasingly strange and unpredictable behavior. Actively bisexual and frequently abusing drugs and alcohol, Butts performed public magic acts at schools, privately for small groups,^[124] and for children's parties in which he charged $30 per show to perform for audiences.^[116][120]

A drifter who had been in and out of penal institutions, Butts was later speculated by court prosecutors to have developed a fascination with sadistic homosexual activity while in jail.^[125] Despite holding an extensive criminal record for offenses such as burglary and arson,^[117] he claimed to have been both enamored with and terrified of Bonin,^[29] whom he claimed held a "kind of hypnotic" control over him.^[126] In contrast, Bonin held Butts in high regard for his social popularity and for empowering him,^[46] describing the young man as very intelligent.^[123] Although both lived externally heterosexual lifestyles,^[127] the two soon became lovers,^[29] with Butts also introducing Bonin to the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, in which Butts organized and advertised weekly gaming events at his residence.^[120][116] Butts also held "Mystery Parties" in which up to sixteen people searched for various murder artifacts in the city of Downey, such as a hairpin or ice pick.^[112] As a result, Bonin and Butts frequently discussed the subject of death.^[128]

Months later, Bonin suggested that they rape and murder a teenage hitchhiker during one of these discussions.^[129] Butts was amenable to this suggestion, and later freely admitted to taking great delight in watching Bonin abuse and torture his victims in the rear of his van as he (Butts) drove the vehicle.^[130] Nonetheless, Butts insisted he had primarily participated in the murders out of fear of Bonin,^{[131][n 8]} who on one occasion had arrived at his residence unannounced after Butts had discreetly changed his address without informing him.^[116]

Miley – an illiterate Texas native and high school dropout with an IQ of 56 who supported himself with casual work – also actively participated in two murders he accompanied Bonin upon.^[132] Raised in Lakewood, Miley's mother had a series of reportedly dysfunctional marriages and severely neglected him. Miley – who viewed Bonin as something of a father figure^[133]– often accompanied Bonin against his mother's wishes to watch movies, buy clothes, and visit restaurants in exchange for their sexual relationship.^[134] Bonin himself later confessed to a psychologist his feeling a sense of social belonging with his accomplices in murder that he had never previously experienced with any other individuals.^[29]

First murder

Thomas Lundgren, the first known Freeway Killer victim.

The first murder for which Bonin was charged was that of 13-year-old Thomas Glen Lundgren.^[157] Lundgren was last seen leaving his parents' house in Reseda at 10:50 a.m. on May 28, 1979. Shortly before his abduction, Lundgren had reportedly told friends a man had offered to meet him at a skatepark to take photos of him for a skateboarding magazine.^[158][159]

His body, clad only in a T-shirt, shoes and socks, was found the same afternoon in Agoura.^[138] An autopsy revealed that Lundgren had suffered emasculation and extensive bludgeoning "from an object like a tire jack handle"^[160] to his face and head, with his skull sustaining multiple fractures. In addition, the youth had been slashed across the throat, extensively stabbed about the chest and stomach, and strangled to death.^[138] His underwear, jeans, and severed genitals – bearing several bite marks^[142] – were discovered strewn in a field close to his body.^[138][150]

An expert later postulated that Bonin's brutality was likely an attempt to "kill" his homosexual attraction to Lundgren, further "silencing" his desire with each subsequent stabbing. In the abduction and murder of Lundgren, Bonin was assisted by Butts, who is suspected of accompanying or assisting Bonin on at least eight further murders attributed to the "Freeway Killer".^[150]

Subsequent killings

On August 4, 1979, Bonin drove from Silverado Canyon to a drive-in movie theater to spend time with Butts in Westminster; he soon suggested that they rape and murder a teenage hitchhiker. Butts was amenable to this suggestion,^[161] and Bonin offered 17-year-old Mark Shelton $400 for sexual services shortly after the youth left his home to walk to a movie theater near Beach Boulevard. According to Bonin, he masturbated Shelton before Butts began squeezing his genitals, prompting the boy to scream.^[162][163] As Bonin drove into the Cajon Pass in San Bernardino County, Butts entertained the boy with magic tricks before orally copulating him. Reaching an abandoned gas station, Bonin parked the vehicle and raped Shelton. Enraged with Shelton's fear and resistance, Bonin immediately beat the youth, squeezing his genitals and driving his knee into his face until he lost consciousness. Shelton was then twice strangled over a fifteen-minute period with Butts' assistance.^[164] He was also violated with foreign objects including a stick, causing his body to enter a state of shock which proved fatal^[165] before being discarded beside a gravel road in the Cajon Pass of San Bernardino County.^[166][167]

The Pacific Coast Highway, where victim Markus Grabs was abducted while hitchhiking on August 5, 1979.

The following day, Bonin and Butts encountered 17-year-old West German student Markus Grabs between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m.^[125] attempting to hitchhike from the Pacific Coast Highway. According to Bonin, he engaged in consensual relations with the youth, who agreed to be bound with lengths of cord and ignition wire. Bonin then retrieved a Buck Knife, proceeding to intimidate Grabs as Butts drove toward Bonin's home^[168] where the youth was again sodomized and beaten. When Bonin began squeezing his genitals during the rape, Grabs reportedly broke loose and punched his assailant, causing Bonin to repeatedly stab him for an extensive period.^[169] Grabs was partially strangled, and revealed to have been stabbed a total of 77 times^[168] – again postulated by various experts to be an attempt to "kill" his homosexuality^[170] – before his nude body was discarded in Malibu Creek, close to Las Virgenes Canyon Road.^[29] His body was found at approximately 6:30 a.m. the following day, with one investigator likening the network of injuries inflicted upon the victim to that of a rabid dog unable to determine when to cease biting.^[168][154]

On August 9, 1979,^[171] Bonin was again detained for molesting a 17-year-old boy in the coastal community of Dana Point.^[103] This violation of the conditions of his parole should have resulted in Bonin being returned to prison; however, an administrative error committed prior to Bonin's scheduled court date resulted in his release.^[103] On August 13, 1979,^[164] Fraser drove to collect Bonin from the Orange County Jail where he had been incarcerated. He later recollected that as he drove Bonin home, Bonin made a statement which Fraser had interpreted at the time as an expression of remorse: "No one's going to testify again. This is never going to happen to me again."^[172] Resuming his murder spree, Bonin did not bother to appear for his court appointment.^[92] By this period, Bonin had also returned to his parents' house where he gradually developed a reputation as a child molester among local residents due to his habit of inviting young boys into the household – occasionally as his mother, younger brother, and others were present^[48] – under the guise of providing free alcohol and viewing pornography with them. Some neighbors later recollected frequently observing young boys accompany Bonin into the residence, some of whom they would later hear screaming and crying once inside the residence.^[26][173] In spite of this, his mother and younger brother claimed to have never witnessed Bonin abuse any youths.^[48]

On August 20, 1979, Bonin picked up 18-year-old Robert Wirostek, who was cycling to a grocery store in Newport Beach before Bonin allegedly coaxed him by offering him $50 to perform acts of oral copulation.^[174] He then bound and raped the boy at knife-point before driving to Butts' residence.^[175] While driving on Interstate 10, Butts performed oral sex on the youth before repeatedly striking him and taking Bonin's place behind the wheel, who then tortured Wirostek by bending his fingers and squeezing his genitals before extensively bludgeoning him with a tire iron and strangling him with his T-shirt and a tire iron.^[176] The young man's body was found on September 27^[177] alongside Interstate 10.^[174]

On August 27, 1979, Bonin and Butts abducted 15-year-old Hollywood youth Donald Ray Hyden at approximately 1:00 a.m. on Santa Monica Boulevard.^[178] To reach the youth, Bonin recklessly crossed two lanes in the presence of police, causing Butts – who had been pretending to sleep in the back of the van – to laugh. Fearful of Butts,^[179] Bonin reassured Hyden and offered him $50 for sexual services, soon engaging in consensual intercourse as Butts drove the van. When Butts made an accidental wrong turn, the youth became frantic, causing Bonin to extensively beat and bind the victim before torturing his genitals and sodomizing him.^[180] Butts then threatened Hyden, stating he "entered the Death Van, and when someone enters, they don't go out alive." Promising to leave him unconscious somewhere, Bonin informed the boy he was to be killed while strangling him with a bandana and tire iron.^[181] Butts performed oral sex on Hyden's corpse before the pair dumped the body at a construction site near the Ventura Freeway to be discovered hours later.^[182] Prior to his death by ligature strangulation, Hyden had been bound, beaten about the face, sodomized, then stabbed in the neck and genitalia and bludgeoned about the skull. Evident attempts had also been made to remove his testicles and slash his throat,^[138] and his rectum was found bleeding and extensively distended, leading a coroner to opine he had been impaled by a large object.^[70]

On September 9, 1979, Bonin encountered 17-year-old La Mirada youth David Louis Murillo cycling to a movie theater.^[183] After entering the van, Bonin offered him money for sex which was refused. He then attempted to fondle Murillo before binding him and driving to Butts' residence. As Butts drove, Bonin forced the boy to perform oral sex on him before squeezing his genitals and sodomizing him. He then traded places with Butts, who performed oral sex on and beat Murillo before squeezing his genitals in frustration at the youth's lack of sexual excitement.^[184] They then parked the vehicle at a secluded spot where he was bound, repeatedly raped by Bonin and Butts, extensively bludgeoned about the chest, neck,^[185] and skull with a tire iron,^[186][187] then strangled with a ligature before his nude body was thrown out of the van^[186] and over an embankment into a bed of ivy alongside Highway 101.^[138] His nude body was discovered on September 12, 1979.^[185] Following this incident, Butts reportedly began exhibiting extremely bizarre behavior, at one point putting an ax blade to a close friend's throat and stating, "I'd like to see your blood gush out and hear your screams."^[188]

Bonin is not known to have killed again until on or about November 1, 1979, when he and Butts abducted and murdered an unidentified young man with brown hair, whom Bonin claimed to be 5 ft 6 in tall, and eighteen years of age.^[189][190] This victim was savagely beaten repeatedly by both captors,^[191] then strangled to death by Bonin before his fully clothed body was discarded in an irrigation ditch alongside State Route 99, south of Bakersfield.^[192] During the ordeal, Bonin allegedly asked the victim whether he knew why he "had to die." He then further explained why, stating, "Your folks paid us to find you and kill you." Bonin strangled the youth before inserting an ice pick into his nostrils and right ear.^[193]

Approximately four weeks later, on November 30, Bonin – operating alone – abducted 17-year-old Bellflower youth Frank Dennis Fox;^[194] during the process of ligature strangulation, Bonin had killed the youth while still sodomizing him.^[65] His body was found two days later alongside the Ortega Highway, five miles east of San Juan Capistrano.^[195] The body bore signs of extensive blunt force trauma to the face and head, with ligature marks on the wrists and ankles indicating Fox had been bound throughout his ordeal. No clothing or other identifying evidence was discovered at the scene.

Ten days after the murder of Fox, 15-year-old Long Beach youth John Fredrick Kilpatrick was offered money for sexual services after leaving his parents' home to socialize with friends. After engaging in mutual oral copulation, the teenager was bound and raped by Bonin in the van before being transported to his parents' house, where he was extensively flagellated with string until he cried and strangled to death with the aforementioned string.^[196] Kilpatrick's body was discarded in a remote area of Rialto.^[197] His body was found on December 13; Kilpatrick remained known as a John Doe until August 5, 1980.^[198] Because Kilpatrick – a troubled youth whose parents had recently divorced – was known to disappear for days at a time, his mother hesitated to report the disappearance. His friends also mistakenly reported seeing him at the mall. As a result, he was not reported missing until February.^[199]

On January 1, 1980, Bonin encountered 16-year-old Ontario youth Michael Francis McDonald near the Chino Airport. Under the guise of providing drugs for him to sell, Bonin parked behind an apartment building before binding the boy by knife-point. Beating the youth into submission, McDonald performed oral sex on Bonin before being subject to genital squeezing and rape in the van. His fully clothed body was found alongside Highway 71 in the outskirts of Chino,^{[200][174][201]} although his body was not identified until March 24.^[202]

Participation of Gregory Miley

March 1980

Throughout his adult life, Bonin worked in a series of menial professions such as the aforementioned bartendering profession and taxi driving.^[217] None of these jobs lasted a significant length of time, and he was frequently unemployed.^[154] Following his release,^[218] he obtained more secure employment as a truck driver at his former Montebello workplace at Dependable Drive-Away, earning $5 an hour.^[103][100] While delivering trucks, Bonin frequently argued with his boss – who was unaware of his status as a sex offender – for picking up a hitchhiker in his presence on one occasion and taking longer, unnecessary routes which detectives later took interest in.^[104]

Ten days after Bonin's release from custody, on March 14, he abducted 18-year-old Van Nuys youth Ronald Gatlin; after assaulting the youth, Bonin began hacking at Gatlin's face with an ice pick.^[219] Gatlin was beaten and sodomized, suffering several deep, perforating ice pick wounds to the ear and neck before being strangled with a ligature.^[67] He also bore signs of extensive beating.^[219] The following day, his bound body was found behind an industrial building^[65] in the city of Duarte.

One week later, on March 21, Bonin offered a ride to 14-year-old hitchhiker Glenn Norman Barker.^[220] Barker was also beaten and raped with objects,^[221] then strangled with a ligature; his neck had numerous burns made by a cigarette^[220] and his rectum was extensively distended.^[65]

At approximately 4:07 p.m. the same day, 15-year-old Russell Duane Rugh was abducted from a bus stop in Garden Grove. Rugh intended on hitching a ride to his job at a fast food restaurant before encountering Bonin.^[220] He was bound, beaten and strangled to death after an estimated eight hours of captivity^[222] before his body was discarded alongside that of Barker in Cleveland National Forest, close to the Ortega Highway.^[143] Both nude bodies were found on March 23,^[223] and both bore evidence of extensive beating and ligature marks on their wrists, ankles, and neck.^[220]

Further murders

On April 10, Bonin was discharged from parole following his March 4, 1980, release.^[186] He encountered 16-year-old Bellflower youth Steven John Wood walking to school. Wood's older brother had introduced him to Bonin, so he willingly entered Bonin's van.^[230] His nude, hogtied and extensively beaten body was discarded in a Long Beach alleyway beside a dumpster, with his head resting against a nearby bench^[231] close to the Pacific Coast Highway.^[232] Wood's autopsy revealed the youth had been killed by ligature strangulation.^[232][233] Prior to disposing of Wood's body, Bonin allegedly drove to a scheduled job interview before eating pizza as he awaited the onset of dusk to safely discard the corpse.^[234]

Not even three weeks later, on April 29, Bonin encountered 19-year-old supermarket employee Darin Kendrick while parked in the grounds of the Stanton supermarket where Kendrick worked.^{[n 13]} Bonin lured Kendrick into his van on the pretext of selling the youth drugs.^[235][236] Bonin then drove to Butts' apartment in Lakewood, where the trio began listening to music as they sat on the couch. When Bonin asked Kendrick whether he was gay, Kendrick attempted to flee,^[237] but Bonin and Butts overpowered and bound him^[168] and Butts sodomized him; Bonin raised the volume of Butts' sound system to cover Kendrick's screams. Butts then held Kendrick's mouth open while Bonin poured chloral hydrate down his throat, causing Kendrick to sustain caustic chemical burns to his mouth, chin, stomach and chest.^[141][238]

Kendrick – who had fiercely fought his attackers, including biting the two men – then halted his resistance as he vomited onto the apartment floor before complaining of dizziness. Noting that Kendrick was losing consciousness and whimpering, Bonin achieved orgasm; he then strangled Kendrick^[238] as Butts drove an ice pick into Kendrick's ear, causing a fatal wound to the youth's cervical spinal cord.^[67] His body was discarded behind a warehouse close to the Artesia Freeway,^[168] with the ice pick still protruding from his ear.^[236]

On May 12, 1980^[74][239] Bonin abducted and murdered an acquaintance whom he later stated he had decided to kill when he had awoken that morning because he was "tired of having him around".^[240][241] The body of 17-year-old Lawrence Sharp^{[73][n 14]} was discarded behind a Westminster gas station. His body was found on May 18, and his autopsy revealed that in addition to being bound and sodomized, Sharp had been extensively beaten about the face and body, then strangled with a ligature.^[243]

Sean King

One week after the murder of Sharp, on the afternoon of May 19, Bonin asked Butts to accompany him on a killing; on this occasion, however, Butts reportedly refused to accompany him. Operating alone, Bonin abducted 14-year-old South Gate youth Sean King from a bus stop in Downey. King was strangled to death before his body was discarded in Live Oak Canyon, Yucaipa.^[244] Bonin then visited Butts' residence and bragged of the killing to his accomplice.^[174]

Surveillance

By early 1980, the murders committed by Bonin and his accomplices were receiving considerable media attention, and a reward totaling $50,000 for information leading to the conviction of the perpetrator or perpetrators had been offered by leading gay rights activists.^[245] Bonin avidly followed news media reports pertaining to his crimes, and collected newspaper clippings documenting his own manhunt,^[246] often tuning in on radio and television coverage of the murders along with his accomplices.^[247]

Having by this stage determined a definitive link between many of the murders committed within the previous year, investigators from the various jurisdictions where victims had been abducted or discovered had themselves begun sharing information in their collective hunt for the perpetrator. Six officers from three of the jurisdictions in which the "Freeway Killer" had most regularly either abducted or deposited the bodies of his victims formed a task force dedicated to the apprehension of the suspect or suspects who, as one of the officers upon this assembled task force later recalled, was striking at an average rate of once every two weeks in the spring of 1980.^[93]

By May 1980, Pugh had been arrested for auto theft and was housed at the Los Padrinos Juvenile Courthouse.^[248] On May 28, he overheard the details of the ongoing murders on a local radio broadcast and confided to a counselor his recognition of the perpetrator's modus operandi as being that described to him by Bonin two months previous.^[226] This counselor reported Pugh's suspicions to the police, who in turn relayed the information to Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) homicide sergeant John St. John.^[226] Upon hearing the confidential tip from the counselor, St. John conducted an extensive interview with Pugh the following day. Although Pugh withheld the fact that he had accompanied Bonin on one of his murders, the information he provided led St. John to deduce that Bonin might be the Freeway Killer.^{[249][n 15]}

Murder of Steven Wells

Hours prior to the implementation of police surveillance of Bonin on the evening of June 2, he, accompanied by Munro,^[109] encountered 18-year-old print shop worker Steven Jay Wells standing at a bus stop on El Segundo Boulevard. Bonin and Munro enticed the youth into the van. According to Bonin and Munro, upon learning Wells was bisexual, Bonin engaged in consensual relations with Wells in the rear of his van before persuading the youth to accompany him to his parents' house, where the two engaged in further sexual relations on Bonin's parents' bed.^{[n 16]} Bonin then sent Munro to purchase burgers.^[258] Upon Munro's return, Bonin convinced Wells to allow himself to be bound with clothesline^[109] upon the incentive of being given $200. He then called Munro to enter the room. Suspicious of their intentions, Wells became frantic.^[259]

Bonin then retreated to the kitchen for water, informing Munro they were to both kill Wells^[155] before gagging and beating Wells in the hallway, stating, "You're going to do what I tell you to do" as Wells pled for his life. Bonin smiled as he stole $10 from Wells' wallet,^[260] stating his intention to leave his body "on a park bench somewhere".^[261] He then strangled Wells to death with a T-shirt and tire iron;^[26][226] Munro asked whether Wells was dead, prompting Bonin to laugh as he replied, "Yeah, stupid" before adding: "Haven't you ever seen a dead body before?" Bonin then threw Wells' T-shirt across the hallway before ordering Munro – who had retreated to the driveway to breathe – to retrieve a cardboard box from his older brother's room; the two placed Wells' body inside this cardboard box, which they then carried to Bonin's van.^[262][255]

At approximately 9 p.m., the two drove to Butts' Lakewood apartment^[263] as Bonin informed Munro that he, Butts, and others had committed many of the "Freeway Killer" murders. At Butts' apartment, the trio engaged in brief conversation before Bonin invited Butts to view Wells' body with the enticement: "We got it in the van; it's a good one. Come on out and see it."^[122] According to Munro, Butts – who had been dressed in a Darth Vader costume^[263] – prodded the body before replying, "Oh, you got another one!" He then complimented Bonin, stating: "Good job, Billy, you really did a good one."^[122]

Bonin subsequently asked for advice as to where to dispose of the corpse. At Bonin's subsequent trial, Munro recalled Butts recommending they discard Wells near a gas station. Munro also later testified that Butts had actively dissuaded Bonin from discarding Wells' body in the nearby canyons due to the late hour, and general police presence caused by recent media coverage. As they drove to find a spot to dump the body,^[260] they encountered a police car, causing Bonin to privately mock the officers.^[247] They drove to a disused gas station in Huntington Beach, where they wedged Wells' nude corpse between a chain-link fence and a truck.^[263] The body was discovered five hours later by two brothers who had parked nearby to fix a flat tire.^[263][264]

Returning to Bonin's parents' home, Bonin and Munro watched television in search of news coverage of Wells' discovery. As he bit into his hamburger, Bonin reportedly looked up to the ceiling and stated, "Thanks, Steve," before repeating the statement as he looked down to the floor, adding, "Wherever you are." Bonin and Munro both laughed.^[260] Later that night, Bonin hinted to Munro – already fearful for his life^[262] – that he stay quiet regarding Wells' murder or else face potential death.^[265]

Confession

Although initially alleging his innocence in the murders, Bonin confessed his guilt to St. John after reading an impassioned letter from the mother of victim Sean King, imploring him to reveal the location of her son's body.^[277] Bonin made sure to clarify, however, that it was not to ease the mother's pain,^[276] but the knowledge that because King was buried in San Bernardino County, police would likely buy him a hamburger for lunch on the extensive trip, stating, "I was dying for a hamburger and I knew [that] if I went out with the cops, they would get me a hamburger."^[278]

Over the course of several evenings, Bonin confessed to abducting, raping, and killing twenty-one young men and boys in increasingly graphic detail. He expressed no remorse for his actions, but he did demonstrate extreme embarrassment and regret over having been caught. An Orange County investigator later recalled that there "was not a policeman in that room that did not want to kill Bonin" for his confession.^[276] Bonin stated to authorities that his primary accomplice in the murders had been Butts, with Miley and Munro being active accomplices in other murders.^[279]

Bonin was physically linked to many of the murders by blood and semen stains,^[240] and numerous, distinctive green triskelion-shaped carpet fibers found upon seven of the victims' bodies which were forensically proven to be a precise match with the carpeting in the rear of Bonin's van.^[6] Furthermore, upon three victims' bodies, investigators had discovered hair samples which were proven to be a precise match with Bonin. Medical evidence also revealed that six of the murders for which Bonin was charged were committed by a unique windlass strangulation method, which was later referred to by the prosecutor at Bonin's Los Angeles County trial as "a signature, a trademark".

Initially formally arraigned for the murder of Grabs on July 25,^[280] by July 29, Bonin had been charged with an additional fifteen murders to which he had confessed and upon which the prosecution believed they had sufficient evidence to obtain a conviction.^[272] In addition to the sixteen murder indictments, Bonin was also charged with eleven counts of robbery, one count of sodomy, and one count of mayhem. He was held without bond.^[281]

On August 8, all charges were formally submitted against Bonin. Three days later, in accordance with Penal Code section 987, Bonin–at this stage without legal representation–was appointed attorney Earl Hanson to act as his legal representative. Hanson remained Bonin's attorney until October 1981 when, at Bonin's request, he was replaced by William Charvet and Tracy Stewart.^[211]

Accomplices' arrest

Bonin and Butts' mug shots, taken 1980

Based on Bonin's confession, police obtained a warrant authorizing a search of Butts' Lakewood property on the same date as Bonin's initial arraignment; this July 25 search uncovered evidence linking Butts to several of the murders to which Bonin had already confessed, and Butts was brought before a Municipal Court on July 29, charged with accompanying Bonin on six murders committed between August 1979 and April 1980. He was also charged with three counts of robbery. In a press statement relating to the police investigation into the murders issued on this date, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department stated: "Bonin and Butts are believed to be responsible for the kidnapping, torture and murder of at least 21 young males between May 1979 and June 1980", fourteen of which had been committed in their jurisdiction. This spokesperson added that five further murder charges would likely be filed against the men in Orange County in due course.^[282]

Despite initially proclaiming his innocence, Butts soon confessed to having accompanied Bonin upon each of the murder forays listed in each of the charges against him, and to have actively participated in the sexual abuse of several victims. In his confession, Butts claimed to have participated in the murders primarily out of fear, claiming, "It was either go, or become the next victim",^[131] adding he only found the courage to confess upon learning Bonin was in custody. Butts was adamant he had had only a limited role in the actual torture of the victims, but confessed to actively participating in the torture of one victim.^[131]

Discussing the actual murder forays, Butts claimed that, upon their successfully luring a victim into the van, he would typically drive a short distance before stopping the vehicle in order to assist Bonin in restraining their victim^[118] before driving in an aimless manner^[126] as Bonin abused and tortured their captive in the rear of the van.^[142] Butts claimed his participation in the murders was typically limited to restraining the victims, although he admitted to mutilating one victim with a wire coat hanger.^[283] When asked why some victims had been subjected to more extensive blunt force trauma than others, Butts stated that, in many instances, Bonin would escalate the level of beatings to which he subjected his victim if the youth resisted his sexual advances.^[283]

Butts was brought before Orange County Municipal Court Judge Richard Orozco on November 14, 1980. On this date, he was formally charged with participating in three further murders committed in this county.^[284] His trial was scheduled for July 27, 1981.^[126]

Mug shot of Gregory Miley, taken following his extradition to L.A. County, August 1980

On July 31, Munro was arrested in his hometown of Port Huron, Michigan; he was extradited to California and charged with the murder of Wells.^[285] Munro pleaded innocent to all charges against him on August 14.^[286] On August 22, Miley – by this stage 19 years old – was arrested in Texas and subsequently charged by California authorities with the murders of Miranda and Macabe. Miley was arrested after having confessed to his culpability in the Miranda and Macabe murders in a recorded phone conversation with a friend (thus substantiating Bonin's earlier confession).^[287] He initially pleaded innocent to two charges of first-degree murder on December 18,^[203] but pleaded guilty at two separate pretrial hearings in May 1981.^[288]

Los Angeles County

Bonin was brought to trial in Los Angeles County, charged with the murder of twelve of his victims whose bodies had been found within this constituency, on October 19, 1981. He was tried before Superior Court Judge William Keene.^[294] The trial commenced on November 5, 1981.^[211]

Norris, acting as prosecutor, sought the death penalty for each count of murder for which Bonin was tried, stating in his opening speech to the jury: "We will prove he is the Freeway Killer, as he has bragged to a number of witnesses. We will show you that he enjoyed the killings. Not only did he enjoy it, and plan to enjoy it, he had an insatiable demand, an insatiable appetite – not only for sodomy, but for killing." Norris further elaborated that Bonin had followed a depressingly familiar routine in his murders of luring or forcing his victim into his van before overpowering and binding his victim. He would then repeatedly rape his captive between and throughout instances of torture, before finally reaching the "climax of the orgy" by killing his victim.^[295] Norris further asserted that Bonin considered murder a group sport,^[152] and would typically groom people of a low mentality to participate in many of his murders.^[296]

Miley and Munro testified against Bonin at his Los Angeles County trial, describing in graphic detail the murders in which they had accompanied Bonin. In his testimony, delivered on November 17, Munro stated that shortly after the murder of Wells, he and Bonin drove to a McDonald's restaurant and purchased hamburgers with $10 taken from Wells' wallet. As they had eaten the burgers at Bonin's home, Bonin laughed and mused: "Thanks, Steve, wherever you are"^[109] before Munro had also joined in the laughter.^[297] Miley testified to his participation in the murders of Miranda and Macabe,^[298] describing in graphic detail how the two victims were beaten and tortured with various instruments before their murders, and how he had heard a "bunch of bones cracking" as Bonin had pressed a tire iron against Miranda's neck. Miley continued his testimony with the words: "The kid vomited. I jumped down on him the same way, killing the guy."^[213] Several members of the audience hastily left the courtroom as Bonin's accomplices delivered their testimony, later stating to reporters gathered outside the courtroom they had found the recited details too nauseating.^[299]

The strategy of Bonin's defense attorneys, Charvet and Stewart, was to challenge the credibility of numerous prosecution witnesses, and to suggest that extremely significant mitigating factors as to the root causes of Bonin's behavior lay in the extensive physical, sexual, and emotional abuse he had endured throughout his early life. To support this contention, Bonin's defense attorneys summoned Dr. David Foster, an expert on the developmental effects of violence and abuse on children, to testify as to the conclusions of the psychological examinations he had conducted on Bonin. Foster opined that as a result of repeated abandonment as a child, Bonin had not received the nurturing, protection, and behavioral feedback necessary for sufficient psychological development. Foster also stated the pervasive physical, sexual and emotional abuse had been so consistent and prevalent that Bonin held a confusion as to the differences between violence and love.^[240]

In a direct rebuttal, the prosecution summoned forensic psychiatrist Park Dietz, a noted expert in impulse control disorder and sexual sadism disorder, who testified that the overall pattern of Bonin's behavior was inconsistent with an inability to control his impulses. Dietz further testified as to Bonin's actions being reflective of planning as opposed to impulsive behavior. In summary, Dietz concluded that Bonin was a sexual sadist, and that although he suffered from an antisocial personality disorder, neither of these conditions had impaired his ability to control his actions.^[240]

On November 24, prison inmate Lloyd Douglas testified that Bonin had bragged to him of his culpability in the Freeway Killer murders while both were incarcerated in the Los Angeles County Jail in the summer of 1980. According to Douglas, Bonin had held a newspaper article aloft before saying to him: "These are the little boys I got ahold of". Douglas then outlined a number of salacious allegations regarding Bonin's torture of victims that were otherwise not supported with valid evidence.^[33] In cross-examination, Douglas conceded he had only related these claims to authorities after pleading guilty to the filing of charges of voluntary manslaughter and second-degree burglary against him and that he had been released from custody the previous month. Douglas also testified to being the cousin of victim Lawrence Sharp.^{[300][n 17]}

Against overruled objections from Bonin's defense attorney, Fresno-based reporter David López waived his previously sought immunity under California's shield law and agreed to testify on behalf of the prosecution as to the details of seven interviews Bonin had granted him between December 1980 and April 1981.^[301] In his testimony, delivered on December 14 and 15, López stated Bonin had first informed him he would refuse to talk with any other reporter if López would agree not to broadcast the precise details of the interview. López had agreed to these conditions, and Bonin had confessed to him on January 9^[295] that he was indeed the Freeway Killer and that he had killed 21 victims. The victims' ages, Bonin had confided, had ranged between 12 and 19, with his youngest victim, Macabe, being the easiest victim to kill. According to López, Bonin had confided that although he resented the prospect of being executed, he had opted to kill repeatedly simply because he had enjoyed the "sound of kids dying".^[302] López also testified Bonin had informed him he had killed one victim by repeatedly punching him in the throat,^[52] and that the primary incentive for his revealing the location of King's body to authorities had actually been his knowledge police would purchase a hamburger for him as they searched San Bernardino County for the remains.^[303][304] López further stated that when he asked Bonin what he would be doing if he were still at large, Bonin had replied: "I'd still be killing, I couldn't stop killing. It got easier with each one we did."^[305]

Upon cross-examination, Bonin's defense attorney ensured that López conceded that his testimony was based upon what he had recalled from the interviews as opposed to any handwritten notes, although he strenuously denied he had received any form of payment to testify.^[52]

Closing arguments lasted from December 16 to 22, 1981. In his closing argument on behalf of the prosecution, Norris described Bonin as an insatiable, callous individual who acted with malice aforethought, and who derived extreme pleasure from the suffering he inflicted upon his victims. Norris outlined the torture Bonin's victims had endured before concluding his closing arguments by urging the jury to "give him [Bonin] what he has earned".^[306]

Defense attorney Charvet began his closing argument on December 21. Although Charvet did not specifically ask the jurors to find Bonin not guilty,^[307] he did request they only return the "reasonable verdict you can bring", indicating a likelihood of not guilty verdicts on at least some counts upon which Bonin stood charged. Charvet then hearkened towards the credibility of some of the delivered testimony, pouring particular scorn upon Miley and Munro, whom he emphasized had turned state's evidence and thus, he alleged, had tailored their testimony to the desires of the police. As such, Charvet called their testimony unbelievable.^[308]

Charvet repeatedly reminded the jury he had exposed myriad inconsistencies in the testimony of Munro's account of the murder of Wells in the various statements he had given, and had compelled him to admit that he lied on numerous occasions. He also reminded the jury of the extensive abuse Bonin had endured as a child, of the testimony of Dr. Foster, and of the diagnoses doctors at the Atascadero hospital had reached between 1969 and 1971. Contending the prosecution's case was "full of holes", he then alleged the prosecution had resorted to what amounted to little more than "revulsion tactics" in the hope Bonin would be convicted upon that basis.^[309]

Following these closing arguments, Judge Keene ordered the trial recessed until December 28, when he delivered his final instructions to the jury, who then formally began their deliberations.^[307]

Orange County

Bonin was brought to trial in Orange County, charged with the robbery and murder of four further victims who had been found murdered within this jurisdiction between November 1979 and May 1980, on March 21, 1983.^[319] He was tried before Superior Court Judge Kenneth Lae.^[322]

Initial jury selection began on this date, and saw a total of 204 prospective jurors subjected to the process of voir dire selection until sixteen were picked in June. Upon completion of the jury selection process, Bonin's attorney renewed an earlier filed motion that the trial should be moved to a jurisdiction outside of Orange County due to pretrial publicity tainting the jury pool; this renewed motion was again rejected by Lae, who ruled that the trial would begin on June 14.^[98]

The prosecutor at Bonin's Orange County trial, Bryan Brown, contended that all four victims killed within this constituency had been abducted while hitchhiking, then ordered to strip before being bound about the wrists and ankles. Each of the four victims had then endured rape, beatings, torture, and finally ligature strangulation. In each instance, the ligature had left an impression measuring approximately one-half of an inch upon the victim's neck. Brown also hearkened toward the similarities in each of these murders and two of those for which Bonin had earlier been convicted in Los Angeles County: Miranda and Wells.^[98] Particular emphasis was placed upon the fiber evidence found upon each of the Orange County victims – in addition to three victims killed in Los Angeles County – being a precise match to the distinctive carpeting in the rear of Bonin's van.^[323] As such, Brown stated, the four Orange County victims had been killed by the same individual who had killed Miranda and Wells, and his accomplices in these two murders, Miley and Munro, would testify as to their accompanying Bonin on each of these murders.^[109] To further support this contention, the prosecution also presented forensic experts who testified that the fibers discovered upon the bodies of all six victims in question were a precise match with the carpeting in Bonin's van. The interior of the van had also been extensively stained with human blood. In reference to the evidence found within the van itself, Brown stated to the jury: "One can truly say from the evidence found within the van it is a virtual death wagon."^[324]

These contentions were refuted by Charvet, who contended that any similarities in modus operandi did not constitute automatic proof of his client's guilt, and that the evidence presented did not support the prosecution's contention beyond a reasonable doubt that Bonin had murdered any of the four Orange County victims, or the two victims killed in Los Angeles County. Specifically, Charvet attacked the credibility of Munro, and further contended Bonin was simply a scapegoat for four unsolved murders.^[319] Charvet also argued before the jury that Brown had "spent more time discussing the two Los Angeles cases" for which Bonin had previously been convicted than actually proving Bonin had committed any of the Orange County murders.^[325]

During the six-week trial, Bonin's attorneys called two witnesses in his defense – one of whom was Munro, who conceded Bonin had communicated with him prior to his testifying in this second trial, requesting he lie when called to deliver his testimony.^[326]

Appeals

Bonin filed numerous appeals against his convictions and sentencing, citing issues such as jury prejudice, the potential of jury inflammation via listening to numerous victim impact statements (to which his defense counsel had offered to stipulate), and inadequate defense as the bases for each appeal. For these appeals, Bonin hired new lawyers, who initially submitted contentions that his previous defense attorney, Charvet, had provided inadequate defense at his trials by failing to place sufficient emphasis upon Bonin's bipolar disorder and the sexual abuse he had endured as a child. These lawyers contended that had Charvet placed further emphasis on these issues, Bonin would have been "humanized" in the eyes of his juries. Each successive appeal proved unsuccessful,^[335] with the U.S. Supreme Court refusing to overturn Bonin's death penalty convictions in August 1988 and January 1989.

Despite upholding Bonin's convictions, the Supreme Court poured scorn upon Judge Keene for failing to fully heed a warning given by the prosecution prior to the Los Angeles County trial that Munro had discussed the possibility of agreeing to legal representation by Charvet prior to his testimony. Despite admonishing Charvet for a potential conflict of interest, Judge Keene had permitted him to act as Bonin's defense attorney at his first trial. In spite of this fact, the Supreme Court ruled in 1989 that Charvet had effectively cross-examined Munro at trial, and that Keene's actions, though ruled as "inexplicable", had not effectively harmed Bonin's legal defense.^[336] Further merit was given to Bonin's contention that his defense should have been allowed to stipulate to the testimony of the parents of his victims, rather than their being allowed to identify photographs of their sons in both life and death at his trials. Despite this ruling, this finding was also deemed not to have affected the overall verdict.^[211]

A final submission to the United States Court of Appeals was submitted in October 1994, with Bonin contending such issues as his being denied the effective assistance of counsel at his trials, that he had been denied due process at his Los Angeles trial due to the judge's refusal to suppress the testimony of Munro and Miley,^[240] that Charvet failed to point out Bonin's brain damage and other mitigating circumstances, and that the judge at his Orange County trial had denied his counsel's motion for a change of venue upon the basis that pretrial publicity had effectively minimized any chance of obtaining an unbiased jury within the county. This final appeal was rejected on June 28, 1995, with the appellate judges stating they had found no evidence of legal misconduct, and that no evidence existed that the 13 jurors who served upon Bonin's Orange County trial who had admitted to minimal, indirect pretrial exposure to the Freeway Killer case had, as a result of this pretrial publicity, been incapable of judging Bonin with impartiality. As such, the appellate judges declared their satisfaction with the validity of Bonin's convictions, concluding that Bonin's verdict would not have changed with further mitigating circumstances revealed.^[297] The various experts who had examined Bonin would also find conflict with one another's assertions, with Dr. Park Dietz opining that fellow Dr. David Foster largely mischaracterized and exaggerated the evidence relied in proving Bonin was extensively abused as a child, and was mistaken in assuming Bonin's Babinski reflex and other symptoms – which were initially speculated to indicate attention deficit disorder or another minor disorder – were indicative of extensive brain damage that influenced Bonin's crimes. In addition, a neurologist's magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram tests conducted on Bonin would reveal that he had minimal, if any, brain anomalies indicative of damage.^[70]

On February 20, 1996, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a plea for clemency submitted by Bonin's attorneys on the grounds of inadequate legal representation at both his trials.^[337] Scarcely one hour prior to his scheduled execution, the Supreme Court refused to hear Bonin's final plea to overturn his death sentence, with the convened panel in almost unanimous agreement that Bonin's own attorneys had not failed to give their client adequate legal representation by not earlier discovering their submitted claims to have discovered evidence attesting to Bonin's innocence. Furthermore, these appellate judges ruled that Bonin's attorneys should not have waited until the last minute to submit arguments to overturn or postpone the impending death sentence of their client. These convened judges also rejected Bonin's final claim that he had a right to choose between the gas chamber or lethal injection as his actual method of execution.^[333]

1979

• Thomas Glen Lundgren (13): Disappeared and found on May 28, 1979, in Los Angeles County; emasculated, bludgeoned, stabbed, slashed his throat, and fatally strangled.
• Mark Duane Shelton (17): Disappeared on August 4, 1979, and found on August 11, 1979, in San Bernardino County; sodomised with various objects and unintentionally killed after he went into shock.
• Markus Alexander Grabs (17): Disappeared on August 5, 1979, and found on August 6, 1979, in Los Angeles County; sodomised, beaten, and fatally stabbed 77 times.
• Donald Ray Hyden (15): Disappeared and found on August 27, 1979, in Los Angeles County; stabbed in the neck and genitals, strangled, and fatally bludgeoned.
• David Louis Murillo (17): Disappeared on September 9, 1979, and found on September 10, 1979, in Los Angeles County; raped, bludgeoned, and fatally strangled.
• Robert Christopher Wirostek (18): Disappeared on September 17, 1979, and found on September 27, 1979, in Orange County; raped and strangled to death with ligature after being assaulted with a tire iron.
• Kern County John Doe (15–27): Body found on November 1, 1979, in Kern County; strangled with ligature and died from penetration of the head with an ice pick.
• Frank Dennis Fox (17): Disappeared on November 30, 1979, and found on December 2, 1979, in Orange County; raped and fatally strangled with ligature after going into shock from sodomy.
• John Fredrick Kilpatrick (15): Disappeared on December 5, 1979, and found on December 13, 1979, in Los Angeles County; strangled to death with ligature after being flagellated with string.

1980

• Michael Francis McDonald (16): Disappeared and found on January 1, 1980, in San Bernardino County; mutilated and strangled to death with ligature after being assaulted.
• Charles Dempster Miranda (15): Disappeared and found on February 3, 1980, in Los Angeles County; raped, beaten, and fatally strangled with a tire iron.
• James Michael Macabe (12): Disappeared and found on February 3, 1980, in Los Angeles County; raped, beaten, and fatally strangled with his own T-shirt.
• Ronald Craig Gatlin (18): Disappeared on March 14, 1980, and found on March 15, 1980, in Los Angeles County; sodomised with an ice pick and fatally strangled.
• Glenn Norman Barker (14): Disappeared on March 21, 1980, and found on March 23, 1980, in Los Angeles County; raped, beaten, assaulted with an ice pick, burned with a lit cigarette, and fatally strangled.
• Russell Duane Rugh (15): Disappeared on March 21, 1980, and found on March 23, 1980, in San Diego County; strangled to death with ligature and assaulted.
• Harry Todd Turner (15): Disappeared on March 25, 1980, and found on March 26, 1980, in Los Angeles County; sodomised, bit, beaten, bludgeoned, and fatally strangled with his own T-shirt.
• Steven John Wood (16): Disappeared and found on April 4, 1980, in Los Angeles County; strangled to death with ligature.
• Darin Lee Kendrick (19): Disappeared on April 29, 1980, and found on May 1, 1980, in Los Angeles County; forced to drink hydrochloric acid and fatally stabbed in the ear with an ice pick by accomplice Vernon Butts after being chemically poisoned by Bonin.
• Lawrence Eugene Sharp (17): Disappeared on May 10, 1980, and found on May 18, 1980, in Los Angeles County; beaten and killed by strangulation.
• Sean Paige King (14): Disappeared on May 19, 1980, and found on May 20, 1980, in San Bernardino County; raped and killed by strangulation.
• Steven Jay Wells (18): Disappeared on June 2, 1980, and found on June 3, 1980, in Orange County; raped, beaten, and fatally strangled with his own T-shirt.

Footnotes

• In nine murders; those of Lundgren, Shelton, Grabs, Hyden, Murillo, Wirostek, Kendrick, Wells and the John Doe whose skeletal remains had been found in Kern County on November 30, 1979,^[192] Bonin was assisted by his primary accomplice, Vernon Butts, a factory worker who had been 21-years-old when he committed his first murder with Bonin. According to Bonin, Butts had been an extremely active accomplice.^[349][350]
• Bonin was assisted by 19-year-old Gregory Miley in the February 3 murders of Miranda and Macabe. Miley then returned to his native Houston in the spring of 1980 to live with his stepfather. He was arrested on August 22.^[132]
• James Munro, Bonin's lodger and coworker, assisted Bonin in the murder of Steven Wells. The day after Bonin's arrest, Munro fled to his native Michigan, where he was arrested on July 31.^[279]
• Through questioning Bonin's neighbor, Everett Fraser, police discovered that 17-year-old William Pugh,^[351] who had informed police he suspected Bonin of being the Freeway Killer, actually knew Bonin much better than he had initially divulged. Police later learned Pugh – a juvenile delinquent with a lengthy criminal record^[225] – had willingly accompanied Bonin in the murder of Harry Todd Turner. As a direct result of this knowledge, first-degree murder charges against 20-year-old acquaintance of Bonin's Eric Marten Wijnaendts – brought in December 1980 – were dropped in January 1981,^[352] with the county prosecutor citing insufficient evidence as the cause.^{[353][n 22]}
• Bonin was not brought to trial for the murders of Mark Shelton, Robert Wirostek,^[284] John Kilpatrick, Michael McDonald, or the John Doe whose body was found in November 1979^[197] because police did not find sufficient evidence upon any of the victims' bodies which could conclusively link Bonin alone to the crimes. Police did charge Bonin and Butts with the murder of the John Doe,^[355] and those of Mark Shelton and Robert Wirostek (alongside that of Darin Kendrick) in October and November 1980. Bonin was formally charged with these murders at a pretrial hearing held on January 2, 1981.^[356]
• Shelton had been linked to the manhunt for the Freeway Killer upon the discovery of his body in August 1979,^[357] as had Darin Kendrick and the unidentified victim whose location was reported to police by Butts. Wirostek, who vanished en route to his job on September 17, 1979, was not confirmed as a Freeway Killer victim until his body was formally identified in July 1980.
• Two months after all charges had been filed against each defendant, Butts committed suicide, rendering his recorded testimony in these three cases inadmissible as evidence. The charges against Bonin in relation to Shelton, Wirostek and the John Doe were therefore dropped in accordance with Penal Code section 995 in early 1981. Nonetheless, sufficient physical evidence was still present in the case of Darin Kendrick – a murder for which Bonin was subsequently convicted.
• Neither Bonin nor any of his accomplices were ever charged with the murders of John Kilpatrick or Michael McDonald, although Bonin confessed to their killings to David López.^[302]
• Bonin was charged with, but subsequently cleared of, the murders of Sean King and Thomas Lundgren at his Los Angeles County trial. He is known to have confessed to the murder of King, and led police to his body; he emphatically denied Lundgren's murder in the series of interviews granted to David López between December 1980 and January 1981, although Bonin stated in these interviews he had killed 21 victims.^[358]

Film

• The film Freeway Killer was released by Image Entertainment in 2010. This film is directly based upon the murders committed by Bonin and his accomplices. The film cast Scott Anthony Leet as William Bonin and Dusty Sorg as Vernon Butts.

Bibliography

• Bonin, William (1991). Doing Time: Stories from the Mind of a Death Row Prisoner. Red Bluff, Calif.: Eagle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-879027-04-6. OCLC 84045749.
• McDougal, Dennis (1991). Angel of Darkness: The True Story of Randy Kraft and the Most Heinous Murder Spree of the Century. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-708-85342-9.
• Rosewood, Jack (2015). William Bonin: The True Story of the Freeway Killer. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-5196-3119-0.
• Pelto, Vonda; Butler, Michael (2022). Without Redemption: Creation & Deeds of Freeway Killer Bill Bonin, His Five Accomplices & How One Who Escaped Justice. Barnes & Noble Press. ISBN 979-8-8231-2054-8.

Television

• History Channel original documentary series Infamous Murders analyzed the case in an episode in 2001 ^[379]
• The Investigation Discovery channel has broadcast a documentary pertaining to Bonin. This 45-minute episode – entitled The Freeway Killer – was first broadcast in May 2014.^[380]
• The documentary series World's Most Evil Killers has featured an episode focusing upon the Freeway Killer murders. This episode was first broadcast in January 2021.^[381]
• The six-part ABC News TV series City of Angels, City of Death examined his case from the perspective of lead detective Robert Souza in November 2021^[382]
• David McVicker told his story in an episode of A&E Networks series I Survived A Serial Killer in February 2022.^[383]