Bolivian Spanish
Español boliviano
Pronunciation[espaˈɲol βoliˈβjano]
Native toBolivia
Native speakers
4.1 million (2014)[1]
4.5 million in Bolivia (2014)
Latin (Spanish alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
 Bolivia
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byAcademia Boliviana de la Lengua
Language codes
ISO 639-1es
ISO 639-2spa[2]
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
IETFes-BO

Bolivian Spanish (or Castilian) is the variety of Spanish spoken by the majority of the population in Bolivia, either as a mother tongue or as a second language. Within the Spanish of Bolivia there are different regional varieties. In the border areas, Bolivia shares dialectal features with the neighboring countries.

Throughout Bolivia the preservation of phonemic contrast between /ʝ/ and the lateral /ʎ/ (i.e. the absence of yeísmo) is the norm.[3][4] Aspiration of syllable-final /s/ is frequent in the lowlands, while in the highlands the sibilant /s/ tends to be preserved, realized either as a laminal or, frequently, an apical [s].[4][5] In highland dialects, the "trill" phoneme (orthographic ⟨rr⟩ or word-initial ⟨r⟩) is often assibilated, realized as a voiced apicoalveolar fricative,[5][6] or alveolar approximant, which pronunciation is similar to the sound of ⟨r⟩ ([ɹ]) in English. In highland Bolivian Spanish there is "intense reduction" of unstressed vowels in contact with /s/, often resulting in syllables with /s/ as their nucleus, e.g. pues ("well,...") pronounced [ps].[4][7]

Dialects

  Voseo widespread oral and written like the Rioplatense
  Voseo widespread oral
  Voseo pronominal and oral imperative widespread, in writing coexist the vos and tú
  Voseo pronoun imperative oral written, verbal voseo gaining ground due to the proximity to Argentina

Andean Spanish

Camba Spanish

This variety of Spanish is spoken on the Chaco-Beni plain and in the Santa Cruz valleys, a region that includes the departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, and Pando.[8] Spanish is spoken by almost the entire population of these regions, and—like Spanish throughout the Americas—has its basis in Andalusian Spanish and Canarian Spanish, but with influences of native languages such as Chiquitano, Chané and Guarani, as well as Old World languages including Portuguese and Arabic.[8] And although it is fairly uniform across regions and social classes, there are subtle geographical differences.

This dialect is characterized by the debuccalization ("aspiration") of final /s/. For example, the word pues is pronounced [pweh]. For the second-person-singular pronoun and verb forms, the use of "voseo" is dominant. The use of diminutive -ingo and the augmentative -ango is unique to this dialect. For example: chiquitingo ("very small") and grandango ("very large").

Loanwords from Chiquitano or from an extinct variety close to Chiquitano include bi 'genipa', masi 'squirrel', peni 'lizard', peta 'turtle, tortoise', jachi 'chicha leftover', jichi 'worm; jichi spirit', among many others.[9]

Chapaco Spanish

This dialect is spoken mainly in the valleys and the Gran Chaco of the department of Tarija, but also in the region of Villa Abecia and Camargo (in the department of Chuquisaca), in the province of Sud Chichas (capital Tupiza), and in the Chaco regions of Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz.

The second-person-singular voseo is in full use in Tupiza, in the west of Tarija, and in the rest of the aforementioned areas.

The Chapaco accent has an intonation similar to that of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumán in Argentina, as the territory where it was originally spoken is now located in the Río de la Plata Province of Tarija. This intonation appears throughout the Bolivian Chaco, Tupiza (Sud Chichas) and the Chuquisaca valleys of Camargo, Villa Abecia, Azurduy, Alcalá, etc.

Valluno Spanish

This variety is spoken in the departments of Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. It is somewhat similar to Andean Spanish but differs in intonation and the use of idiomatic expressions, due to the mixture of Spanish and Quechua spoken in the valleys of Bolivia.

Tuteo and voseo

Because many institutions and companies use "tú" and the "tuteante" verb forms for the familiar second-person singular, it is common to encounter the erroneous statement that "tuteo" rather than "voseo" is the usual form in the speech of Bolivia.

Similarities

This chart shows the similarities between the dialects of Spanish spoken in Bolivia and those spoken in its neighboring Spanish-speaking countries Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay, as well as Portuguese spoken in neighboring Brazil.

BoliviaArgentinaChilePeruParaguayBrazil
apricotdamascodamascodamascoalbaricoquedamascodamasco
avocadopaltapaltapaltapaltaaguacateabacate
bananaplátanobananaplátanoplátanobananabanana
bell pepperpimientomorrónpimientopimientolocotepimentão
bleachlavandinalavandinaclorolejíalavandinaágua sanitária
brasosténcorpiñososténsosténcorpiñosutiã
buttermantequillamantecamantequillamantequillamantecamanteiga
carautoautoautoautoautocarro
clothes hangerperchaperchacolgadorcolgadorperchacabide
clothespinpinzabrochepinzaganchopinzaprendedor
computercomputadoracomputadoracomputadorcomputadoracomputadoracomputador
corn on the cobchoclochoclochoclochoclochocloespiga de milho
gasolinegasolinanaftabencinagasolinanaftagasolina
grapefruitpomelopomelopomelotoronjapomelotoranja
green beanvainitachauchaporoto verdevainitachauchavagem
kitchen stovecocinacocinacocinacocinacocinafogão
pantiescalzónbombachacalzóncalzónbombachacalcinha
peaarvejaarvejaarvejaarvejaarvejaervilha
peachduraznoduraznoduraznoduraznoduraznopêssego
peanutmanímanímanímanímaníamendoim
popcornpipocaspochoclocabritaspop cornpororópipoca
skirtfaldapollerafaldafaldapollerasaia
sneakersteniszapatillaszapatillaszapatillaschampionestênis
soft drinkgaseosagaseosabebidagaseosagaseosarefrigerante
soysoyasojasoyasoyasojasoja
straw[upper-roman 1]bombillapajitabombillasorbetepajitacanudo
strawberryfrutillafrutillafrutillafresafrutillamorango
sweet potatocamotebatatacamotecamotebatatabatata doce
swimming poolpiscinapiletapiscinapiscinapiletapiscina
t-shirtpoleraremerapolerapoloremeracamiseta
washing machinelavadoralavarropaslavadoralavadoralavarropaslavadora
  1. ↑ Refers to the instrument used for drinking.

References

  1. ↑ Spanish → Bolivia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ "ISO 639-2 Language Code search". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  3. ↑ Canfield 1981:28
  4. 1 2 3 Lipski 1994:188
  5. 1 2 Canfield 1981:29
  6. ↑ Lipski 1994:189
  7. ↑ Canfield 1981:29–30
  8. 1 2 Coimbra Sanz
  9. ↑ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). "Contacto de lenguas en la Chiquitanía". Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas. 2 (2): 5–30. doi:10.18468/rbli.2019v2n2.p05-30.

Bibliography

  • Canfield, D. Lincoln (1981), Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • Coimbra Sanz, Germán (1992), El castellano de Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: Parva Editores
  • Lipski, John M. (1994), Latin American Spanish, London: Longman
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