The Constitution of California was written in both Spanish (left) and English (right) in 1849.

The Spanish language is the most commonly spoken language in California after the English language, spoken by 28.18 percent (10,434,308) of the population (in 2021).[1] Californian Spanish (español californiano) is a set of varieties of Spanish spoken in California,[2][3][4][5] including the historical variety known as Californio Spanish (español californio).[6][7][8]

Spanish was first introduced to California in 1542 and has since become deeply entwined with California's cultural landscape and history.[9][10][11] Spanish was the official administrative language in California through the Spanish and Mexican periods until 1848, when Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States following the U.S. Conquest of California. Early American governments in California protected the rights of Spanish speakers in the 1849 Constitution of California, but those constitutional protections were removed in 1879.[12]

Demographics

As of 2010, 28.46% (9,696,638) of California residents age 5 and older spoke Spanish at home as a primary language. California has the second highest concentration of Spanish speakers in the United States. Hispanic students are the largest student demographic in public schools in California, making up the majority of student populations in nearly 40% of school districts.[13] 21% of school students in California speak Spanish as their primary language.[14]

Hispanic Californians make up the largest demographic group in California, accounting for nearly 40% of the population,[15] or approximately 15,574,882 people.[16]

History

Spanish era

The name of California and its ruler Queen Calafia, originate in Las Sergas de Esplandián, a 1510 Spanish chivalric epic written by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.

The name of California has its origin in the Spanish epic Las sergas de Esplandián ("The Adventures of Esplandián"), written by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.[17] In Las sergas de Esplandián, California is described as being an island kingdom of warrior women ruled by a queen known as Califia.[18] The name was applied to the modern region of the Californias in the 1530's, initially just referring to Baja California (which is today part of Mexico), but later expanded to cover Alta California (today's U.S. state of California).[19]

The spoken history of the Spanish language in California began in 1542, when the first expeditions of the Spanish Empire came to Alta California.[9] While Spanish expeditions continued throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, permanent Spanish colonization was only solidified following the Portolá expedition in 1769–70, which ultimately led to the founding of Spanish settlements across California, such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego. Expedition leader Gaspar de Portolá published his account of the voyage in Estracto de Noticias del Puerto de Monterrey, as did Spanish cartographer Miguel Costansó in his Diario Histórico de los Viages de Mar, y Tierra Hechos al Norte de la California, both published in 1770.

The creation of the Spanish missions in California led to the spread of the Spanish language into the lives of the Indigenous peoples of California which resided in the mission system. Franciscan missionaries served an important role in the proliferation of Spanish across communities in California, both through missionary-run education and through publishings of Franciscan padres, such as Francisco Palóu, who wrote various histories and essays on California, including his seminal Noticias de la Nueva California, written from 1767 to 1784.

Mexican era

The first book published in California: "Manifesto a la República Mejicana" by José Figueroa, 1835.

In 1834, Agustín V. Zamorano became the first publisher in the history of California, opening a print shop in Monterey, mainly serving as the official press of the Mexican government in California. In 1835, Zamorano published the first book in the history of California, "Manifesto a la República Mejicana", written by Governor José Figueroa. Previous literary pieces had been written in California, but had to be published elsewhere, such as Carlos Antonio Carrillo's 1831 "Exposición dirigida á la Cámara de Diputados del Congreso de la Unión". During the Mexican era, a number of the American and European immigrants settled in Alta California and acquired Mexican citizenship, in order to own land, often under the requirement that they learn to speak Spanish.[20]

Early American era

Californian women's suffrage pamphlet written by María de López in 1911.

Following the U.S. Conquest of California in 1847, the rights of Spanish speakers were initially guaranteed by the American interim government of California. The first Constitution of California, written in 1849 in both English and Spanish, guaranteed the official status of Spanish alongside English in government regulations and publications.[21] One of the first acts of the first California Legislature of 1850 was to appoint a State Translator, who would be responsible for translating all state laws, decrees, documents, and orders into Spanish.[22][23]

While Spanish initially continued to be used in schools and government following the Mexican Cession in 1848, the Anglophone American settlers migrating en masse to California during the California Gold Rush would eventually establish their language, culture, and law as dominant, displacing Spanish in the public sphere.[24] By 1855, California declared that English would be the only medium of instruction in its schools, as a way of ensuring the social and political dominance of Anglos.[25]

California's second constitutional convention in 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants (compared to a significant portion of the 1849 convention) and ultimately voted 46–39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.[21] Despite the displacement of Spanish from the public sphere, most of California continued to be home to Spanish-speaking communities through the 19th and 20th centuries into the modern day.[26]

Modern California

Bilingual sign where English and Spanish are displayed equally in size and font; the Colorado Desert in Southern California.
Bilingual sign where English is displayed more prominently than Spanish, in the San Joaquin Valley.

Spanish was the official administrative language of California through the Spanish and Mexican eras, until 1848. Following the U.S. Conquest of California and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the U.S Government initially guaranteed the rights of the Spanish-speaking citizens in the Mexican Cession.

The first Constitution of California (1849) was written in both English and Spanish at the Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849 and it enshrined the constitutional rights of Spanish speakers to use their language in government proceedings and mandated that all government documents be published in both English and Spanish.[27]

All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.

— Constitution of California, 1849, Art. XI Sec. 21.

By 1870, the English-speaking American population had become the majority in California. The revised 1879 constitution stripped the rights of Spanish speakers and the official status of Spanish.[28] Under the new constitution, all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, a clause that remained in effect until 1966.

The growth of the English-only movement in the 20th century led to the passage of 1986 California Proposition 63, which constitutionally enshrined English as the only official language in California and ended Spanish language instruction in schools.[29]

English is the official language of the State of California.

— Constitution of California, Art. 3, Sec. 6

The government of California has made efforts to expand its Spanish language capacity across a variety of agencies.[30] Spanish is widely spoken through the state and many local governments and special districts offer services and publications in both English and Spanish.

The Judiciary of California provides live Spanish language interpretation in all 52 counties of California, across the Superior Courts of California and the California Courts of Appeal, as well as the Supreme Court of California.[31]

Local governments

Coachella is an example of a city government that is officially bilingual in English and Spanish.[32]

The redistricting processes of 225 (out of 482) cities in California are required to be conducted in both English and Spanish.[33]

The city of Coachella is officially bilingual in English and Spanish, both in government publications and city council proceedings,[32] with 90% of residents speaking Spanish.[34] The city of Calexico is exploring becoming officially bilingual in English and Spanish.[35]

The city of Los Angeles mandates that all Los Angeles City Council meetings be served by a Spanish language interpreter.[36] LA council members regularly hold bilingual English/Spanish press conferences and often participate in Spanish language immersion courses in order to communicate directly with the high number of Spanish-speaking constituents.[36][37] The Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) requires that "high quality and inclusive community engagement must be conducted in English and Spanish",[38] while the LA Department of City Planning requires all city planning materials to be published in both English and Spanish.[39]

Bilingual English/Spanish Orange County public health notice.

The cities of San Jose,[40] Santa Ana,[41] San Bernardino,[42] Long Beach,[43] Chula Vista,[44] Ventura,[45] Santa Maria,[46] Merced,[47] Santa Barbara,[48] San Juan Capistrano,[49] Modesto,[50] Santa Monica,[51] Santa Rosa,[52] Fontana,[53] and Los Angeles mandate live Spanish-language interpretation at all city council sessions. There have been efforts to mandate live Spanish interpretation in government proceedings in Sacramento and Anaheim.[54][41] Other cities provide Spanish language interpretation services at city council meetings only upon request, such as Fresno and Murrieta.[55][56] Some cities have announced mandates for live Spanish language interpretation at all public meetings, but have failed to fulfill these mandates, such as Stockton.[57][58]

Orange County, Santa Barbara County, and San Diego County mandate that all public health notices, county board of supervisor meeting agendas, and emergency information be provided in Spanish.[59][60][61] Santa Clara County, San Mateo County,[62] Alameda County,[63] Fresno County,[64] San Benito County,[65] and the consolidated City & County of San Francisco provides Spanish language interpretation services at county board of supervisors meetings upon request.[66][67][68] There have been efforts to mandate live Spanish interpretation in government proceedings in Imperial County.[69]

Rip current warnings at Mission Beach in San Diego

The San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) mandates all public meetings must be staffed with bilingual English/Spanish staff, including English/Spanish court reporters, interpreters, and publications.[70] SANDAG also mandates all regional surveys be conducted in both English and Spanish.[70]

Police and public safety

The California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training has set standards for all law enforcement officers in California to meet a minimum fluency level in Spanish.[71]

The San Diego County Sheriff operates the only Spanish-language police academy in California, known as the Academia del Agualcil (Spanish for "Sheriff's Academy").[72][73]

Certified bilingual Spanish/English police officers are maintained by San Francisco PD,[74] Santa Rosa PD,[75] and the Sonoma County Sheriff's Department.[75]

Spanish language media

El Clamor Público was a Spanish language newspaper, founded in 1855 in LA.

Since the Covid 19 pandemic, Spanish language media has faced a crisis in California, with many local newspapers and radio stations closing and owners of Spanish newspapers shifting their resources towards English publications.[76]

News

La Opinión, based in Los Angeles, is the largest Spanish-language news publication in the United States.

Most major English-language newspapers in California offer Spanish-language editions, such as the San Diego Union-Tribune en Español and the Los Angeles Times en Español.[77][78] The San Francisco Chronicle does not publish a dedicated Spanish-language edition, but does publish select articles in Spanish,[79][80] as does its sister publication SFGATE.[81][82]

The San Jose Mercury News had published a Spanish-language edition from 1998 until 2005.[83] The San José Spotlight maintains a Spanish language edition.[84]

In 2014, The Orange County Register launched a Spanish language newspaper, Unidos en el Sur de California.[85] In 2015, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange launched a Spanish language newspaper.[86]

History

The Los Angeles Star/Estrella de Los Ángeles was the first newspaper in Southern California, publishing in Los Angeles in both Spanish and English, from 1851 to 1879. El Clamor Público was another Spanish language newspaper published out of Los Angeles from 1855 to 1859. La Sociedad was based in San Francisco, published in Spanish from 1869 to 1895.[87]

Television

Estrella TV, owned by Estrella Media, is a major Spanish language television broadcast network, based in Burbank, California. LATV is a minor Spanish-English bilingual broadcast network, based in Los Angeles.

Telemundo and Univision, the two largest Spanish news broadcasters in the United States, maintain local affiliates across California.

Spanish bilingual education

Escuela Popular, a Spanish-English dual immersion school in San Jose, established in 1986.

2016 California Proposition 58 reversed the prohibition on bilingual education, though there are still many barriers to the proliferation of Spanish bilingual education, including a shortage of teachers and lack of funding.[88][29][89] The government of California has since made efforts to promote Spanish language access and bilingual education, [90][91] as have private educational institutions in California.[92]

LéaLA - La Feria del Libro en Español y Festival Literario de Los Ángeles is an annual Spanish language book fair, held at LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes in Los Angeles.[93][94]

Primary and secondary education

A signification portion of school districts in California operate Spanish-English dual immersion schools, including Santa Ana USD,[95] San José USD,[96] San Francisco USD,[97] San Gabriel USD,[98] San Diego USD,[99] San Bernardino City USD,[100] Los Angeles USD,[101] Pasadena USD,[102] San Luis Obispo Coastal USD,[103] Capistrano USD,[104] Salinas City ESD,[105] San Leandro USD,[106] and Santa Monica-Malibu USD.[107]

Higher education

The Los Angeles Community College District operates select college programs with Spanish-language instruction.[108]

Spanish language arts and literature

Romualdo Tirado's De México a Los Ángeles (1929), performed at the Teatro México in Los Angeles.

Contemporary Californian authors that write in the Spanish language include Juan Felipe Herrera, Javier O. Huerta, Richard Rodriguez, Francisco Jiménez, Aurora Guerrero, Francisco Aragón, Alex Espinoza, Stephen D. Gutiérrez, Reyna Grande, Rubén Martínez, Ivan Argüelles, and Daniel Chacón.

Theatre

El Teatro Campesino is a historic Chicano theatre company based in San Juan Bautista, California, performing in both Spanish and English.

Usage in business

Many businesses in California promote the usage of Spanish by their employees, to better serve both California's Hispanic population and the larger Spanish-speaking world.[109][110] California has legal protections against Spanish language discrimination in the workplace.[111]

Linguistic features

Californian Spanish has a wide variety of linguistic intonations.[4] It is noted for the prevalence of code-switching and its notable influence from English loanwords, known as anglicisms.[112][4]

The Spanish of Southern California exhibits morphosyntactic traits that are characterized by Spanish morphological structures that are applied to borrowed words and syntactic structures.[113]

Dialects

Spanish language signs at a May Day march in Los Angeles, in 2006.
Spanish sign at a 2017 protest in support of DACA in San Francisco

Californian Spanish encompasses a number of linguistic varieties, including:

  • Los Angeles Vernacular Spanish (español vernáculo de Los Angeles), abbreviated as LAVS, is a Southern Californian variety originating in the Greater Los Angeles area, which is primarily based in rural accents of Mexican Spanish, though with unique traits of its own.[114][115] Characteristics of LAVS include:[114][115]
  • Bay Area Spanish (español de la Área de la Bahía) is a Northern Californian variety originating in the Bay Area.[116][117] Also based in Mexican Spanish dialects, and notably influenced by Chicano English, Bay Area Spanish is noted for its features resulting from the California Vowel Shift, most notable having a more compressed vowel space than other Mexican Spanish dialects, owing to the high degree of Spanish-English bilingualism in the Bay Area, which has resulted in speakers transferring articulatory phonetics from one language to another, producing a similar modulation of the vowel space in both Spanish and English.[116][117]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "American Community Survey: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  2. ↑ Valdés, Guadalupe; Fishman, Joshua A.; Chávez, Rebecca; Pérez, William (2006). "Chapter 3: The Spanish Language in California". Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California. Multilingual Matters. pp. 24–53. doi:10.21832/9781853598999-005. ISBN 9781853598999. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  3. ↑ Gubitosi, Patricia (2010). "Passive Expressions As Isogloss Between New Mexican And Californian Spanish Dialect Areas". Spanish of the U.S. Southwest. Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft. doi:10.31819/9783865278692-013. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 Cardenas, Daniel N. (June 1970). "Dominant Spanish Dialects Spoken in the United States". Education Resources Information Center of the U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  5. ↑ Moreno de Alba, José G.; Perissinotto, Giorgio P. (2010). "Observaciones sobre el español en Santa Barbara, California". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. 36 (1): 171–201. doi:10.24201/nrfh.v36i1.671. JSTOR 40300754.
  6. 1 2 Covadonga Lamar Prieto (6 June 2014). "Rasgos Característicos del Español Californio (Features of Historical Californian Spanish or Californio Spanish)". Cuadernos de la Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina (ALFAL). doi:10.31819/9783865278692-013. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  7. 1 2 Covadonga Lamar Prieto (September 2014). "The (Pre)History of Literary Spanglish: Testimonies of the Californio Dialect". Hispania. 97 (3). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  8. 1 2 Covadonga Lamar Prieto (2023). "El español californio en la correspondencia personal (1853-1897) (Californio Spanish in personal correspondence (1853-1897))". Cuadernos de la Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina (ALFAL). 15 (1). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  9. 1 2 The Linguistic Isolation of Hispanic Students in California’s Public Schools - Spanish Speakers in California: A Historical Overview (Bernard R. Gifford and Guadalupe Valdés)
  10. ↑ Zócalo Public Square - Is California Losing Its Ability to Hablar Español?
  11. ↑ "Spanish is deeply intertwined in our society" - SFgate - 10.4 million people speak Spanish in California–here's how you can learn, too
  12. ↑ Covadonga Lamar Prieto (2014). "The Silencing of the Californios: Tracing the Beginnings of Linguistic Repression in 19th Century California". University of California, Los Angeles - Department of Spanish & Portuguese. 2 (1). Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  13. ↑ California School Board Association - Latino Students in California’s K-12 Public Schools
  14. ↑ Public Policy Institute of California - California’s English Learner Students
  15. ↑ "California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. 2011. Archived from the original on November 9, 2000. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  16. ↑ "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin: 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2019.
  17. ↑ Gudde, Erwin G.; Bright, William (2010) [2004]. California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-520-26619-3.
  18. ↑ Putnam, Ruth (1917). Herbert Ingram Priestley (ed.). California: the name. Berkeley: University of California.
  19. ↑ Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. pp. 11–17.
  20. ↑ California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation (1988). "A History of Mexican Americans in California". Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. National Park Service. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  21. 1 2 Guadalupe Valdés et al., Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California (Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2006), 28–29.
  22. ↑ Martin, Daniel W. (2006). Henke's California Law Guide (8th ed.). Newark: Matthew Bender & Co. pp. 45–46. ISBN 08205-7595-X.
  23. ↑ Winchester, J. (1850). The Statutes of California Passed At The First Session of the Legislature. San Jose: California State Printer. p. 51.
  24. ↑ Lozano, Rosina (2018). An American language : the history of Spanish in the United States. Oakland, California. ISBN 978-0-520-29706-7. OCLC 1005690403.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ↑ Garcia, Ofelia (2015). "Racializing the Language Practices of U.S. Latinos: Impact on Their Education". In Cobas, Jose; Duany, Jorge; Feagin, Joe (eds.). How the United States Racializes Latinos. Routledge. pp. 102–105.
  26. ↑ Lipski, John M. (2010). "The impact of the Mexican Revolution on Spanish in the United States" (PDF).
  27. ↑ English and Spanish Share a Long History in California - Los Angeles Daily News (Andrew Edwards, 18 July 2010)
  28. ↑ Spanish Language Rights in California: Debates over the 1879 Constitution
  29. 1 2 Time - The Complicated History Behind California's Vote on Bilingual Education
  30. ↑ Sacramento Bee - California wants Spanish speakers for these state government job
  31. ↑ Court of California - Court Interpreters
  32. 1 2 Business View Magazine - Coachella, California: Poised for Growth
  33. ↑ Secretary of State of California - Language Requirements for City Redistricting
  34. ↑ NBC Palm Springs - Breaking Down Language Barriers in Coachella City Council Meetings
  35. ↑ Calexico Chronicle - Idea to Make Calexico Meetings ‘Officially’ Bilingual Raises Ire
  36. 1 2 Public CEO - In Los Angeles City Hall, Español is in the Air
  37. ↑ Los Angeles Daily News - Translation at LA City Council committee meetings still lacking, members say
  38. ↑ LADOT Departamento de Transporte de Los Ángeles Glosario Bilingüe de Términos de Transporte
  39. ↑ American Planning Association - Language Access: Inclusive Planning in Los Angeles
  40. ↑ San José Spotlight - San Jose lags on language translation services
  41. 1 2 Voice of OC - Lost in Translation: OC Cities Shut Out Non-English Speakers From Online Public Meeting Broadcasts
  42. ↑ San Bernardino Sun - San Bernardino makes council meetings more accessible to Spanish speakers
  43. ↑ Long Beach Post - City announces Spanish translation services will be automatic at City Council meetings
  44. ↑ The San Diego Union-Tribune - A familiar voice: Chula Vista expands efforts to make meetings accessible to Spanish speakers
  45. ↑ VC Star - Spanish translation program set for Ventura City Council meeting
  46. ↑ Santa Maria Times - Santa Maria City Council opts against in-person translators, continues status quo for meetings
  47. ↑ Merced Sun-Star - Want to address Merced County’s elected leaders in public? Better speak English
  48. ↑ City of Santa Barbara - Real Time Translation and Audio Assistance at City Council Meetings
  49. ↑ City of San Juan Capistrano - Special Meeting: September 4, 2018
  50. ↑ ABC10 - Modesto launches real-time interpretation for City Council meetings
  51. ↑ Culver City Observer - Santa Monica Backing Spanish Language Translation Plan for City Info and Meetings
  52. ↑ The Press Democrat - Santa Rosa equity plan identifies improvements in recruitment, workplace culture
  53. ↑ Fontana Herald News - City of Fontana will now provide translation services at community meetings
  54. ↑ KCRA - Language access gap: Sacramento City Council members push for services in more languages
  55. ↑ Fresnoland - Want to impact Fresno city government? Here’s how to make public comments.
  56. ↑ City of Murrieta - News Flash: Civic Engage
  57. ↑ Kron4 - Spanish speakers left out of Stockton town hall due to language barrier
  58. ↑ Stocktonia - More Than Words: Lack of translation services and trust leave out voices in Stockton
  59. ↑ County of Orange - Orange County to Provide Public Health Notices, Meeting Agendas in Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese & Korean
  60. ↑ The Santa Barbara Independent - Announcing Real-Time Spanish Interpretation of Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors Meetings
  61. ↑ KPBS - San Diego County Launches Spanish-Language Emergency App, Website
  62. ↑ County of San Mateo - Language Access Policy: Internal Guidelines
  63. ↑ County of Alameda Board of Supervisors - Special Meeting: November 23, 2021
  64. ↑ Fresnoland - Fresno County Board of Supervisors (3/14/23)
  65. ↑ County of San Benito - Title VI Report, Final Report
  66. ↑ San Francisco Board of Supervisors - Agenda: November 29, 2022
  67. ↑ County of Santa Clara - Language Interpretation Services
  68. ↑ County of San Mateo - Language Access Policy: Internal Guidelines
  69. ↑ ACLU of San Diego & Imperial Counties - ACLUF-SDIC Letter to Imperial County Board of Supervisors Regarding Concerns About Language Access During Public Meetings
  70. 1 2 SANDAG - Language Access Program
  71. ↑ CallTheCops - California POST to require Spanish language fluency to be a certified police officer.
  72. ↑ San Diego County Sheriff - Academia de Alguacil (Sheriff's Spanish Academy)
  73. ↑ San Diego County News Center - County Residents Graduate from First Spanish Language Sheriff’s Academy
  74. ↑ San Francisco Board of Supervisors: Legislative Analyst Report - Bilingual Police Services
  75. 1 2 Petaluma Argus Courier - Sheriff’s Office trails Santa Rosa police in recruiting, training Spanish-speaking deputies
  76. ↑ Hispanic LA - Crisis en los medios en español de California
  77. ↑ The San Diego Union-Tribune en Español
  78. ↑ Los Angeles Times en Español
  79. ↑ San Francisco Chronicle - Los trabajadores indocumentados del Área de la Bahía son los que necesitan más ayuda, y los que reciben menos
  80. ↑ San Francisco Chronicle - Tras ensuciar el Mundial femenino, Luis Rubiales pasa a ser un paria en el fútbol español
  81. ↑ SFGATE - La Taqueria de San Francisco me recuerda a los ensayos con la banda de mi infancia en la Misión
  82. ↑ SFGATE - La abuela de los Warriors, Juan Toscano-Anderson, compró Taqueria La Mejor en 1998. Ahora sirve el mejor burrito de Oakland.
  83. ↑ Los Angeles Times - Mercury News to Stop Printing Spanish Paper
  84. ↑ San José Spotlight en Español
  85. ↑ OC Register - Register owner launches new Spanish-language paper
  86. ↑ Orange County Catholic - Diocese of Orange Launches New Spanish-Language Newspaper
  87. ↑ "La Sociedad (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1869-1895". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  88. ↑ Los Angeles Times -How second- and third-generation Latinos are reclaiming the Spanish language
  89. ↑ NPR - After Nearly 2 Decades, Californians Revisit Ban On Bilingual Education
  90. ↑ KSBW - $1.78 million grant uplifts California Spanish-speaking students
  91. ↑ San Diego Union Tribune - California wants most students to be bilingual by 2040. Here’s why.
  92. ↑ VC Star - California Lutheran University staff create more Spanish-language options
  93. ↑ LéaLA - La Feria del Libro en Español y Festival Literario de Los Ángeles
  94. ↑ NBC Los Angeles - NBC4 and Telemundo 52 Support Spanish-Language Book Fair to Promote Children's Literacy
  95. ↑ Santa Ana Unified School District - Santa Ana Unified School District Provides Dual Language Programs and Options
  96. ↑ San José Unified School District - Two-Way Bilingual Immersion (TWBI)
  97. ↑ San Francisco Unified School District - Spanish Dual Language Immersion
  98. ↑ San Gabriel Unified School District - Dual Language Immersion (DLI) Programs
  99. ↑ San Diego Unified School District - Dual Language Programs
  100. ↑ San Bernarduno City Unified School District - Language Program Options
  101. ↑ Los Angeles Unified School District - Dual Language Education
  102. ↑ Pasadena Unified School District - DUAL LANGUAGE IMMERSION PROGRAM (DLIP)
  103. ↑ San Luis Obispo Coastal School District - Bilingual Education
  104. ↑ Capistrano Unified School District - Language Immersion Programs
  105. ↑ Salinas City Elementary School District - Emergent Bilingual Programs
  106. ↑ San Leandro Unified School District - Dual Language Immersion Programs
  107. ↑ Santa Monica Unified School District - Spanish Immersion Program
  108. ↑ Beverly Press - LACCD offering Spanish-language classes
  109. ↑ San Mateo Daily Journal - Will Spanish Overtake English as the Most Spoken Language of California?
  110. ↑ Jane Rosenthal - Should you learn to speak Spanish if you live in California
  111. ↑ The Hill - What’s wrong with speaking Spanish at work? Nada
  112. ↑ Lope Blanch, Juan M. (Winter 1989). "Anglicismos en el español de California". Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos. 13 (2): 261–267. JSTOR 27762650. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  113. ↑ Morphosyntactic preferences in the Spanish of Southern California (Daniel N. Cárdenas, 16 Jun 2015; Word, Volume 33, Issue 1-2: Spanish in the Western Hemisphere, In Contact With English, Portuguese, and the Amerindian Languages)
  114. 1 2 3 Covadonga Lamar Prieto (July 2016). "Sobre cómo enseñar la historia del español de California a hablantes de herencia por medio de Siri: metodología y procedimientos". Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research. 5 (2): 107–114. doi:10.7821/naer.2016.7.192. hdl:10045/60965. S2CID 56289945.
  115. 1 2 Parodi, Claudia; Guerrero, Armando (May 2016). "Los Angeles Vernacular Spanish: An analytical approach to its indicators, markers, and stereotypes". Spanish Language and Sociolinguistic Analysis. John Benjamins. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  116. 1 2 Davidson, Justin (2016). "Corpus of Bay Area Spanish". University of California, Berkeley - Department of Spanish & Portuguese.
  117. 1 2 Helms, Annie (22 February 2022). "Bay Area Spanish: regional sound change in contact languages" (PDF). Open Journal of Romance Linguistics. 8 (2). Retrieved 8 September 2023.

Bibliography

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