| Costa Rican Spanish | |
|---|---|
| Español costarricense | |
| Pronunciation | [espaˈɲol kostariˈsense] |
| Native to | Costa Rica |
| Region | Central American Spanish |
Native speakers | 5,130,000 (2023)[1] |
Early forms | |
| Latin (Spanish alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Costa Rica |
| Regulated by | Academia Costarricense de la Lengua |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | es |
| ISO 639-2 | spa[2] |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | es-CR |
Costa Rican Spanish is the form of the Spanish language spoken in Costa Rica. It is one of the dialects of Central American Spanish. Nevertheless, because the country was more remote than its neighbors, the development of this variety of Spanish followed a distinct path.
Today, despite the relatively small size of the country, each province maintains unique characteristics in pronunciation and lexcion. For instance, the Guanacase province's variety bears similarity to that of Nicaragua, while the tú form can be found more toward the border with Panama.
Phonetics and Phonology
The distinguishing characteristics of Costa Rican phonetics include the following:
- Assibilation of the "double-R" phoneme in some speakers (spelled ⟨r⟩ word-initially and ⟨rr⟩ intervocalically), especially in rural areas, resulting in a voiced alveolar sibilant (/z/)—thus ropa [ˈʐopa] ("clothing"), carro [ˈkaʐo] ("car"). Assibilation also affects the sequence /tɾ/, giving it a sound that is similar to [tʃ].[3][4]
- The double-R phoneme and the single-R phoneme after a t, can also be realized as voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ] by the majority of speakers, with a sound similar to the /r/ of American English.[5] Thus ropa [ˈɹopa] ("clothing"), carro [ˈkaɹo] ("car") and cuatro ['kwatɹo] ("four"). Except before a consonant (this does not apply to all speakers) in which case is pronounced as a voiced alveolar trill [r] . Thus puerta [ˈpwerta] ("door"), guardar [ɡwarˈðaɹ] ("to save").
Note: This does not apply to the single-R phoneme which is typically pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] as in most varieties of Spanish.
- Velarization of word-final /n/ (before a pause or a vowel), i.e. pronunciation as the velar nasal [ŋ].[6][7]
- /ʝ/ can be lost in contact with the front vowels /e/ and /i/.[8][9]
- The Costa Rican dialect adopted the voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s] and the cluster [tl] (originally /tɬ/) represented by the respective digraphs ⟨tz⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ in loanwords of Nahuatl origin, for example quetzal and tlapalería [t͡ɬapaleˈɾia] ('hardware store'). Even words of Greek and Latin origin with ⟨tl⟩, such as Atlántico and atleta, are pronounced with /tl/: [aˈtlantiko], [aˈtleta] (compare [aðˈlantiko], [aðˈleta] in Spain and other dialects in Hispanic America[10]).
- Syllable-final /s/ is only infrequently aspirated, or pronounced as an [h], among middle-class speakers in central Costa Rica. It may be aspirated most often at the end of a word and before another word which begins in a vowel, but /s/ still occurs most of the time. Costa Rica's border regions with Nicaragua and Panama show higher rates of /s/-reduction.[11]
- The phoneme represented by ⟨j⟩, /x/, is typically just a weak aspiration, like [h]. In words like trabajo 'work' it can barely be heard.[12]
Second person singular pronouns
Usted
Usted is the predominant second person singular pronoun in Costa Rican Spanish. Young men have been leading a trend in addressing close friends and peers with usted, which is not typical of other Spanish dialects.[13] Some speakers use only usted in addressing others, never vos or tú. Others use both usted and vos, according to the situation.
Vos
Vos is a second person singular pronoun used by many speakers in certain relationships of familiarity or informal contexts. Voseo is widely used between friends, family, people of the same age, etc. It is also commonly used in the university context between students. Some adults use vos to address children or juveniles, but other adults address everyone regardless of age or status with usted. Costa Ricans tend to use usted with foreigners. Vos has become less popular in adults below the age of thirty, as of 2016.[13]
Tú
Tú is occasionally used in Costa Rican Spanish. However, due in part to the influence of Mexican television programming, Costa Ricans are familiar with tuteo, and some television viewers, especially children, have begun to use it in limited contexts. It used to be much rarer, and is often considered not really "Costa Rican." As of 2016, young adults use tú as infrequently as do older adults.[13]
Tiquismos
Costa Ricans are colloquially called "ticos" (based on the frequent use of the diminutive ending -ico following a /t/, as in momentico),[14] and thus colloquial expressions characteristic of Costa Rica are called tiquismos. Tiquismos and pachuquismos are used frequently in Costa Rica. The latter are expressions of popular street Spanish which can be considered vulgar and offensive if used in the wrong context. Many of these words, even when found in a standard Spanish dictionary, do not have the same meaning there as in Costa Rica. Learning colloquial expressions can be a guide to understanding the humor and character of the Costa Rican culture.[15][16]
Here are some examples of Costa Rican slang.
- Mae, ese chante es muy tuanis: "Dude, that house is pretty cool".
- Esta panta no me cuadra porque me chima las piernas: "I don’t like these shorts because they chafe my legs".
- ¡Qué taco me dio esa vara!: "That thing really scared me!"
References
- ↑ "Ethnologue". Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "ISO 639-2 Language Code search". Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
- ↑ Canfield (1981:39)
- ↑ Lipski (1994:222)
- ↑ Lipski (1994:222)
- ↑ Canfield (1981:39)
- ↑ Lipski (1994:222)
- ↑ Canfield (1981:39)
- ↑ Lipski (1994:222)
- ↑ Navarro Tomás (2004)
- ↑ Lipski, John M. (March 1985). "/s/ in Central American Spanish" (PDF). Hispania. 68 (1): 143–149. doi:10.2307/341630.
- ↑ Lipski (2008:143)
- 1 2 3 Michnowicz, Jim; Despain, J. Scott; Gorham, Rebecca (2016-08-15), Moyna, María Irene; Rivera-Mills, Susana (eds.), "The changing system of Costa Rican pronouns of address: Tuteo, voseo, and ustedeo", Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, vol. 10, pp. 243–266, doi:10.1075/ihll.10.12mic, ISBN 978-90-272-5809-0, retrieved 2022-05-07
- ↑ Canfield (1981:39)
- ↑ Howard (2010)
- ↑ Guide to Costa Rican Spanish (blog).
Bibliography
- Canfield, D. Lincoln (1981), Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-09262-1
- Howard, Christopher (2010), Christopher Howard's Official Guide to Costa Rican Spanish, Miami: Costa Rica Books, ISBN 978-1-881233-87-9
- Lipski, John M. (1994), Latin American Spanish, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-08761-3
- Lipski, John M. (2008). "Central American Spanish in the United States". Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 142–149. ISBN 9781589012134.
- Navarro Tomás, Tomás (2004). Manual de pronunciación española (24 ed.). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN 9788400070960.
External links
- Jergas de habla hispana (Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and colloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries, including Costa Rica).