COVID-19 vaccine clinical research uses clinical research to establish the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines. These characteristics include efficacy, effectiveness, and safety. As of November 2022, 40 vaccines are authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use:[1][2]

As of June 2022, 353 vaccine candidates are in various stages of development, with 135 in clinical research, including 38 in phase I trials, 32 in phase I–II trials, 39 in phase III trials, and 9 in phase IV development.[1]

Formulation

A wide variety of technologies are being used to formulate vaccines against COVID-19. The development and deployment of mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines has been outstandingly rapid and can be described as revolutionary. However, global vaccine equity against COVID-19 has not been achieved. Conventional vaccine manufacturing approaches using whole inactivated virus (WIV), protein-based subunit vaccines, and virus-like particles (VLPs) may offer advantages in the development of vaccines for use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and in addressing vaccine access gaps.[6]

Many vaccine candidates use adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity, as part of the delivery system or as an accompanying immune stimulant.[8][9] Vaccine adjuvant formulations using aluminum salts or "alum" may be particularly effective for technologies using inactivated COVID-19 virus and for recombinant protein-based or vector-based vaccines.[6][10]

Status

Clinical trials

The clinical trial process typically consists of three phases, each following the success of the prior phase. Trials are doubly blind in that neither the researcher nor the subject know whether they receive the vaccine or a placebo. Each phase involves randomly-selected subjects who are randomly assigned to serve either as recipients are controls:

  • Phase I trials test primarily for safety and preliminary dosing in healthy subjects. Dozens of subjects.
  • Phase II trials evaluate immunogenicity, dose levels (efficacy based on biomarkers) and adverse effects.[11][12] Hundreds of subjects. Sometimes Phase I and II trials are combined.[12]
  • Phase III trials typically involve more participants at multiple sites, include a control group, and test effectiveness of the vaccine to prevent the disease (an "interventional" or "pivotal" trial), while monitoring for adverse effects at the selected dose.[11][12] Safety, efficacy, and clinical endpoints may vary, including the definition of side effects, infection or amount of transmission, and whether the vaccine prevents moderate or severe infection.[13][14][15]

A clinical trial design in progress may adopt an "adaptive design". If accumulating data provide insights about the treatment, the endpoints or other aspects or the trial can be adjusted.[16][17] Adaptive designs may shorten trial durations and use fewer subjects, possibly expediting decisions, avoiding duplication of research efforts, and enhancing coordination of design changes.[16][18]

Vaccine candidates in human trials

The table below shows various vaccine candidates and the phases which they had completed per the references. Current phases are also shown along with other details.

COVID-19 candidate vaccines in Phase I–III trials
COVID‑19 vaccine candidates in Phase I–III trials[19][20][21]
()
Vaccine candidates,
developers, and sponsors		 Country of origin Type (technology) Current phase (participants)
design		 Completed phase[lower-alpha 1] (participants)
Immune response		 Pending authorization
Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine (VAT00008, Vidprevtyn)
Sanofi Pasteur, GSK		 France, United Kingdom Subunit (SARS-CoV-2 S adjuvanted recombinant protein) Phase III (37,430)[22][23]
A Parallel-group, Phase III, Multi-stage, Modified Double-blind, Multi-armed Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Two SARS-CoV-2 Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein Vaccines (Monovalent and Bivalent) for Prevention Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.
May 2021 – Mar 2023, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, India (3,000), Japan, Kenya,[24] Mexico,[25] Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Uganda, United States		 Phase I–II (1,160)
Phase I-IIa (440): Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine Formulations (With or Without Adjuvant) in Healthy Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.[26]
Phase IIb (720): Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine With AS03 Adjuvant in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.[27]
Sep 2020 – Apr 2022, United States
Emergency (5)
Nanocovax[34]
Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC		 Vietnam Subunit (SARS‑CoV‑2 recombinant spike protein with aluminum adjuvant)[35][36] Phase III (13,000)[37][38]
Adaptive, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Jun 2021 – Jul 2022, Vietnam		 Phase I–II (620)[39]
Phase I (60): Open label, dose escalation.
Phase II (560): Randomization, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, Vietnam
Emergency (1)
UB-612
United Biomedical,Inc, Vaxxinity, DASA		 Brazil, Taiwan, United States Subunit (Multitope peptide based S1-RBD-protein based vaccine) Phase III (18,320)[41][42]
Phase IIb/III (7,320): Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Dose-Response.
Phase III (11,000)
Jan 2021 – Mar 2023, Taiwan (phase 2b/3), India (phase 3)[43]		 Phase I–II (3,910)[44]
Phase 1 (60): Open-label study
Phase IIa (3,850): Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blind Study.
Sep 2020 – Jan 2021, Taiwan
Emergency (1)
SCB-2019[46][47]
Clover Biopharmaceuticals,[48][49] Dynavax Technologies,[50] CEPI		 China Subunit (spike protein trimeric subunit with combined CpG 1018 and aluminium adjuvant) Phase III (30,300)
Phase II/III (30,000): Randomized, double-blind, controlled.
Phase III (300): Double-blind, randomized, controlled.[51]
Mar 2021 – Oct 2022, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Germany, Nepal, Panama, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine		 Phase I–II (950)
Phase I (150): Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, First-in-human.
Phase II (800): Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled.[52]
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, Australia (phase 1), China (phase 2)
Emergency (1)
S-268019
Shionogi		 Japan Subunit Phase III (54,915)[53][54]
Phase II/III: Open-label.
Phase III: Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over.
Oct 2021 – Dec 2022, Japan (3,100), Vietnam		 Phase I–II (300)[55]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group.
Dec 2020 – Aug 2021, Japan
West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine
Jiangsu Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, West China Hospital (WestVac Biopharma), Sichuan University		 China Subunit (recombinant with Sf9 cell) Phase III (40,000)[56]
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021 – Feb 2022, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia,[57] Mexico, Nepal, the Philippines (5,000)[58]		 Phase I–II (5,128)[59][60][61]
Phase I (168): Single-center, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind.
Phase IIa (960):Single-center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled.
Phase IIb (4,000):Single-center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled.
Aug 2020 – May 2021, China
DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT (DelNS1-nCoV-RBD LAIV)
Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University		 China, Hong Kong Replicating viral vector (flu-based-RBD) Phase III (40,000)[62]
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo controlled.
Oct 2021 – Apr 2022, the Philippines		 Phase I–II (895)[63][64]
Phase I (60+115=175)
Phase II (720)
Sep 2020 – Sep 2022, China (60), Hong Kong (115)
Versamune-CoV-2FC
Farmacore Biotechnology, PDS Biotechnology Corporation, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto		 Brazil, United States Subunit Phase III (30,000)[65]
Double-blind, randomized controlled.
Aug–Dec 2021, Brazil		 Phase I–II (360)[66][67][68]
Double-blind, randomized controlled.
Mar–Aug 2021, Brazil
Walvax COVID-19 vaccine (ARCoV)[69]
PLA Academy of Military Science, Walvax Biotech,[70] Suzhou Abogen Biosciences		 China RNA Phase III (28,000)[71]
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled
May–Nov 2021, China,[72] Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey		 Phase I–II (908)
Phase I (168)
Phase II (420)
Phase I/II (320)[73]
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, China[74]
V-01
Livzon Mabpharm, Inc.		 China Subunit (SARS-CoV-2 recombinant fusion protein) Phase III (22,500)[75]
Global, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Aug 2021–Mar 2023, the Philippines		 Phase I (1,060)[76][77]
Phase I (180): Single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled.
Phase II (880): Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled.
Feb–May 2021, China
ARCT-154 (VBC-COV19-154 in Vietnam)[78][79][80]
Arcturus Therapeutics, Vinbiocare		 United States, Vietnam RNA Phase III (20,600)
Phase IIIa (600): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Phase IIIb (20,000): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.[81][82]
Oct-Dec 2021, Vietnam		 Phase I–II (400)
Phase I (100): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Phase II (300): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Aug-Oct 2021, Vietnam[83]
ReCOV
Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co Ltd		 China Subunit (Recombinant two-component spike and RBD protein (CHO cell)) Phase II–III (20,301)[84]
Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2021–Dec 2022, China, New Zealand, the Philippines		 Phase I (160)[85]
First-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding.
Jun–Dec 2021, New Zealand
BriLife (IIBR-100)[86]
The Israel Institute for Biological Research		 Israel Vesicular stomatitis vector (recombinant) Phase III (20,000)[87]
Randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled.
Sept – Dec 2021, Israel		 Phase I–II (1,040)[88]
Randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation.
Oct 2020 – May 2021, Israel
Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech COVID-19 vaccine
Zhongyianke Biotech, Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech, Academy of Military Medical Sciences		 China Subunit (Recombinant) Phase III (14,600)[89]
International multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Sep 2021–?, China		 Phase I–II (696)[90]
Phase I (216): Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind.
Phase II (480): Single-center, randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled.[91]
Oct 2020 – Jul 2021, China
GX-19 (GX-19N)[92][93][94]
Genexine consortium,[95][96] International Vaccine Institute		 South Korea DNA Phase II–III (14,000)[97]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Oct 2021 – Oct 2022, Indonesia, Seoul		 Phase I–II (410)
Phase I-II (170+210+30): Multi-center, some open-labeled, some double-blinded, single arm, randomized, placebo-controlled
Jun 2020 – Jul 2021, Seoul
GRAd-COV2[98][99]
ReiThera, Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases		 Italy Adenovirus vector (modified gorilla adenovirus vector, GRAd) Phase III (10,300)[100][101]
Randomized, stratified, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar–Oct 2021, Italy		 Phase I (90)[102]
Subjects (two groups: 18–55 and 65–85 years old) randomly receiving one of three escalating doses of GRAd-COV2 or a placebo, then monitored over a 24-week period. 93% of subjects who received GRAd-COV2 developed anti-bodies.
Aug–Dec 2020, Rome
Inovio COVID-19 Vaccine (INO-4800)[103][104]
Inovio, CEPI, Korea National Institute of Health, International Vaccine Institute		 South Korea, United States DNA vaccine (plasmid delivered by electroporation) Phase III (7,517)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.[105]
Nov 2020 – Jan 2023, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the Philippines, United States[lower-alpha 2]		 Phase I–II (920)
Phase Ia (120): Open-label trial.
Phase Ib-IIa (160): Dose-Ranging Trial.[106]
Phase II (640): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-finding.[107]
April 2020 – Feb 2022, China (phase II), South Korea (phase Ib-IIa), United States
DS-5670[108]
Daiichi Sankyo[109]		 Japan RNA Phase II–III (5,028)[110]
Randomized, Active-comparator, Observer-blind.
Dec 2021 – Jul 2023, Japan		 Phase I–II (152)[111]
A Phase 1/2 Study to Assess the Safety, Immunogenicity and Recommended Dose of DS-5670a (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Japanese Healthy Adults and Elderly Subjects.
Mar 2021 – Jul 2022, Japan
GBP510
SK Bioscience Co. Ltd., GSK		 South Korea, United Kingdom Subunit (Recombinant protein nanoparticle with adjuvanted with AS03) Phase III (4,000)[112]
Randomized, active-controlled, observer-blind, parallel-group, multi-center.[113]
Aug 2021-Mar 2022, South Korea		 Phase I–II (580)[114][115]
Phase I-II (260-320): Placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blinded, dose-finding.
Jan–Aug 2021, South Korea
HGC019[116]
Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, HDT Biotech Corporation[117]		 India, United States RNA Phase II–III (4,400)[118]
A prospective, multicentre, randomized, active-controlled (with COVISHIELD), observer-blind study to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adults.
Phase II (400)
Phase III (4,000)
Sep 2021 – Sep 2022, India		 Phase I–II (620)[119][120][121]
Randomized, phase I/II, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, parallel-group, crossover, multi-centre study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adult subjects.
Phase I (120) open-label study in healthy 18-70 year-olds.
Phase II (500) observer-blind study in healthy 18-75 year-olds.
Apr 2021 – Oct 2021, India
KD-414
KM Biologics Co		 Japan Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase II–III (2,000)[122]
Multicenter, open-label, non-randomized.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2023, Japan		 Phase I–II (210)[123]
Randomized, double blind, placebo control, parallel group.[124]
Mar 2021 – Dec 2022, Japan
LYB001
Yantai Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd[125]		 China Virus-like particle[126] Phase II–III (1,900)[127]
Phase II: Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled
Phase III: Single-armed, open-label expanded.
Jan 2022 – Mar 2023, Laos		 Phase I (100)[128]
Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2021 – Feb 2022, Laos
AKS-452
Akston Biosciences, University Medical Center Groningen		 Netherlands Subunit Phase II–III (1,600)[129]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-centre, adaptive, seamless bridging.
Oct 2021–Dec 2022, India		 Phase I–II (112)[130]
Non-randomized, Single-center, open-label, combinatorial.
Apr–Sep 2021, Netherlands
AG0302-COVID‑19[131][132]
AnGes Inc.,[133] AMED		 Japan DNA vaccine (plasmid) Phase II–III (500)
Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled[134]
Nov 2020 – Apr 2021, Japan		 Phase I–II (30)
Randomized/non-randomized, single-center, two doses
Jun–Nov 2020, Osaka
202-CoV
Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Walvax Biotech		 China Subunit (Spike protein (CHO cell) 202-CoV with CpG / alum adjuvant) Phase II (1,056)[135]
Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled.
July–Dec 2021, China		 Phase I (144)[136]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled.
July–Dec 2021, China
Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine
Vaxart		 United States Viral vector Phase II (896)[137]
Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2022, United States		 Phase I (83)[138][139]
Phase Ia (35): Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, first-in-Human.
Phase Ib (48): Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Sep 2020 – Aug 2021, United States
PTX-COVID19-B[140]
Providence Therapeutics		 Canada RNA Phase II (890)[141]
Randomized, double-dummy, observer-blind.
Aug 2021–Feb 2022, Canada		 Phase I (60)[140]
First-in-Human, Observer-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo Controlled.[142]
Jan–May 2021, Canada
Unnamed
Ningbo Rong’an Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.		 China Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase II (600)[143]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2022, China		 Phase I (150)[144]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Aug – Oct 2021, China
Unnamed
Tsinghua University, Tianjin Medical University,[145] Walvax Biotech		 China Viral vector Phase II (360)[146]
Jul–Nov 2021, China		 Phase I (60)[147]
May–Jun 2021, China
INNA-051
Ena Respiratory		 Australia Viral vector Phase II (423)[148]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar  – Dec 2022, Australia		 Phase I (124)[149]
Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled.
Jun – Oct 2021, Australia
mRNA-1283
Moderna		 United States RNA Phase II (420)[150]
Randomized, stratified, observer-blind.
Dec 2021 – Jan 2023, United States		 Phase I (106)[151]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-ranging study.
Mar 2021 – Apr 2022, United States
Unnamed
Ihsan Gursel, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey		 Turkey Virus-like particle Phase II (330)[152]
Randomized, parallel dose assigned, double blind, multi center.
Jun – Sep 2021, Turkey		 Phase I (36)[153]
double-blinded, randomised, placebo controlled.
Mar – May 2021, Turkey
COH04S1
GeoVax, City of Hope Medical Center		 United States Viral vector Phase II (240)[154]
Multi-center, observer-blinded, EUA vaccine-controlled, randomized.
Aug 2021 – Jun 2023, California		 Phase I (129)[155]
Dose Escalation Study.
Dec 2020 – Nov 2022, California
ABNCoV2
Bavarian Nordic.[156] Radboud University Nijmegen		 Denmark, Netherlands Virus-like particle Phase II (210)[157][158]
Single center, sequential dose-escalation, open labelled trial.
Aug–Dec 2021, Germany		 Phase I (42)[159]
Single center, sequential dose-escalation, open labelled trial.
Mar–Dec 2021, Netherlands
SCB-2020S
Clover Biopharmaceuticals[160]		 China Subunit Phase I–II (150)[161]
Randomized, controlled, observer-blind.
Aug 2021 – Apr 2022, Australia		 Preclinical
SCTV01C
Sinocelltech		 China Subunit Phase I–II (1,712)[162][163][164]
540+420+752=1,712: multicenter, randomized, double-blinded trial.
Aug 2021 – Jun 2023, China		 Preclinical
NDV-HXP-S (ButanVac, COVIVAC, HXP-GPOVac, Patria)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals,[165] Butantan Institute, Laboratorio Avimex, National Council of Science and Technology, Mahidol University, University of Texas at Austin		 Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, United States, Vietnam Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vector (expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, with or without the adjuvant CpG 1018)/Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I–II (12,750)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind.
Mar 2021 – May 2022; Brazil (5,394), Mexico (Phase I: 90, Phase II: 396),[166] Thailand (460),[167] United States (Phase I: 35),[168] Vietnam (495)[169][170]		 Preclinical
Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
Stemirna Therapeutics Co. Ltd.		 China RNA Phase I–II (880)[171][172]
Phase I (240): Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Phase I/II (640): Open-label.
Mar 2021–Feb 2022, China (phase I), Lao (phase I/II)		 Preclinical
ARCT-021[173][174]
Arcturus Therapeutics, Duke–NUS Medical School		 United States, Singapore RNA Phase I–II (798)
Phase I/II (92): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled
Phase II (600): Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multiregional, multicenter trial in healthy adults to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity.[175]
Phase IIa (106): Open label extension trial to assess the safety and long-term immunogenicity by giving single-dose vaccine to the participants from the parent study that received placebo or were seronegative at screening.[176]
Aug 2020 – Apr 2022, Singapore, United States (phase IIa)		 Preclinical
Unnamed
PT Bio Farma		 Indonesia Subunit Phase I–II (780)[177]
Observer-Blind, Randomized, Controlled.
Oct 2021 – Jan 2022, Indonesia		 Preclinical
VBI-2902[178]
Variation Biotechnologies		 United States Virus-like particle Phase I (141)[179]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-escalation, placebo-controlled
Mar 2021 – Nov 2022, Canada		 Preclinical
ICC Vaccine[180]
Novavax		 United States Subunit Phase I–II (640)[181]
Randomized, observer-blinded.
Sep 2021 – Mar 2022, Australia		 Preclinical
EuCorVac-19[182]
EuBiologics Co		 South Korea Subunit (spike protein using the recombinant protein technology and with an adjuvant) Phase I–II (280)
Dose-exploration, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled
Feb 2021 – Mar 2022, the Philipppines (phase II), South Korea (phase I/II)		 Preclinical
PHH-1V
Hipra[183]		 Spain Subunit Phase I–II (286)[184][185]
Phase I/IIa (30): Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation.
Phase IIb (256): Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded.
Aug–Dec 2021, Spain (phase I/IIa), Vietnam (phase IIb)		 Preclinical
RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP
SpyBiotech		 United Kingdom Virus-like particle Phase I–II (280)[186]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.
Aug 2020 – ?, Australia		 Preclinical
AV-COVID-19
AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., Ministry of Health (Indonesia)		 United States, Indonesia Dendritic cell vaccine (autologous dendritic cells previously loaded ex vivo with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with or without GM-CSF) Phase I–II (202)[187][188]
Adaptive.
Dec 2020 – Feb 2022, Indonesia (phase I), United States (phase I/II)		 Preclinical
COVID-eVax
Takis Biotech		 Italy DNA Phase I–II (160)[189]
Multicenter, open label.
Phase I: First-in-human, dose escalation.
Phase II: single arm or two arms, randomized, dose expansion.
Feb–Sep 2021, Italy		 Preclinical
BBV154[190]
Bharat Biotech[191]		 India Adenovirus vector (intranasal) Phase I–II (375)[190][192]
Phase I (175): Randomized, double-blinded, multicenter.
Phase II (200): Randomized, double blind, multicenter.[193]
Mar 2021–?, India		 Preclinical
VB10.2129 and VB10.2210
Nykode Therapeutics[194][195]		 Norway DNA Phase I–II (160)[196][197]
Open Label, Dose Escalation.
Oct 2021–Jun 2022, Norway		 Preclinical
ChulaCov19
Chulalongkorn University		 Thailand RNA Phase I–II (72)[198]
Phase 1 (72): single-center, dose-escalation, first in human study in 2 age groups: 18-55 years-old and 56-75 years-old.
Phase 2: Multi-center, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity in healthy adults between 18-75 years old.
May-September 2021, Thailand		 Preclinical
COVID‑19/aAPC[199]
Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[200]		 China Lentiviral vector (with minigene modifying aAPCs) Phase I (100)[199]
Single group, open-label study to evaluate safety and immunity.
Feb 2020 – Jul 2023, Shenzhen		 Preclinical
LV-SMENP-DC[201]
Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[200]		 China Lentiviral vector (with minigene modifying DCs) Phase I–II (100)[201]
Single-group, open label, multi-center study to evaluate safety and efficacy.
Mar 2020 – Jul 2023, Shenzhen		 Preclinical
ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine (hAd5)
ImmunityBio		 United States Viral vector Phase I–II (540)[202][203][204][205][206]
Phase 1/2 Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Subcutaneously- and Orally- Administered Supplemental Spike & Nucleocapsid-targeted COVID-19 Vaccine to Enhance T Cell Based Immunogenicity in Participants Who Have Already Received Prime + Boost Vaccines Authorized For Emergency Use.
Oct 2020  – Sep 2021, South Africa, United States		 Preclinical
COVAC[207]
VIDO (University of Saskatchewan)		 Canada Subunit (spike protein + SWE adjuvant) Phase I (120)[207]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-escalation.[208][209]
Feb 2021 – Apr 2023, Brazil Halifax		 Preclinical
COVI-VAC (CDX-005)[210]
Codagenix Inc.		 United States Attenuated Phase I (48)[211]
First-in-human, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, United Kingdom		 Preclinical
CoV2 SAM (LNP)
GSK		 United Kingdom RNA Phase I (40)[212]
Open-label, dose escalation, non-randomized
Feb–Jun 2021, United States		 Preclinical
COVIGEN[213]
Bionet Asia, Technovalia, University of Sydney		 Australia, Thailand DNA Phase I (150)[214]
Double-blind, dose-ranging, randomised, placebo-controlled.
Feb 2021 – Jun 2022, Australia, Thailand		 Preclinical
MV-014-212[215]
Meissa Vaccine Inc.		 United States Attenuated Phase I (130)[216]
Randomized, double-blinded, multicenter.
Mar 2021 – Oct 2022, United States		 Preclinical
KBP-201
Kentucky Bioprocessing		 United States Subunit Phase I–II (180)[217]
First-in-human, observer-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group
Dec 2020 – May 2022, United States		 Preclinical
AdCLD-CoV19
Cellid Co		 South Korea Viral vector Phase I–II (150)[218]
Phase I: Dose Escalation, Single Center, Open.
Phase IIa: Multicenter, Randomized, Open.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2021, South Korea		 Preclinical
AdimrSC-2f
Adimmune Corporation		 Taiwan Subunit (Recombinant RBD +/− Aluminium) Phase I–II (310)[219][220]
Phase I (70): Randomized, single center, open-label, dose-finding.
Phase I/II (240): Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, dose-finding.
Aug 2020–Sep 2022, Indonesia (phase I/II), Taiwan (phase I)		 Preclinical
GLS-5310
GeneOne Life Science Inc.		 South Korea DNA Phase I–II (345)[221]
Multicenter, Randomized, Combined Phase I Dose-escalation and Phase IIa Double-blind.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2022, South Korea		 Preclinical
Covigenix VAX-001
Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc.		 Canada DNA Phase I–II (72)[222]
Placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind, dose ranging adaptive.
Mar–Aug 2021, Canada		 Preclinical
NBP2001
SK Bioscience Co. Ltd.		 South Korea Subunit (Recombinant protein with adjuvanted with alum) Phase I (50)[223]
Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation.
Dec 2020 – Apr 2021, South Korea		 Preclinical
CoVAC-1
University of Tübingen		 Germany Subunit (Peptide) Phase I–II (104)[224][225]
Phase I (36): Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation.
Phase I/II (68): B-pVAC-SARS-CoV-2: Phase I/II Multicenter Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of Multi-peptide Vaccination to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Adults With Bcell/ Antibody Deficiency.
Nov 2020 – Feb 2022, Germany		 Preclinical
bacTRL-Spike
Symvivo		 Canada DNA Phase I (24)[226]
Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Nov 2020 – Feb 2022, Australia		 Preclinical
ChAdV68-S (SAM-LNP-S)
NIAID, Gritstone Oncology		 United States Viral vector Phase I (150)[227]
Open-label, dose and age escalation, parallel design.
Mar 2021 – Sep 2022, United States		 Preclinical
SpFN COVID-19 vaccine
United States Army Medical Research and Development Command		 United States Subunit Phase I (72)[228]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Apr 2021 – Oct 2022, United States		 Preclinical
MVA-SARS-2-S (MVA-SARS-2-ST)
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf		 Germany Viral vector Phase I–II (270)[229][230]
Phase I (30): Open, Single-center.
Phase Ib/IIa (240): Multi-center, Randomized Controlled.
Oct 2020 – Mar 2022, Germany		 Preclinical
Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 vaccine
Kocak Farma		 Turkey Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I (38)[231]
Phase 1 Study for the Determination of Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Strengths of Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine, Given Twice Intramuscularly to Healthy Volunteers, in a Placebo Controlled Study Design.
Mar–Jun 2021, Turkey		 Preclinical
CoV2-OGEN1
Syneos Health, US Specialty Formulations		 United States Subunit Phase I (45)[232]
First-In-Human
Jun–Dec 2021, New Zealand		 Preclinical
CoVepiT
OSE Immunotherapeutics		 France Subunit Phase I (48)[233][234]
Randomized, open label.
Apr–Sept 2021, France		 Preclinical
HDT-301[235] (QTP104)
HDT Biotech Corporation, Senai Cimatec, Quartis[236]		 Brazil, South Korea, United States RNA Phase I (189)[237][238]
Phase I (90+63+36): Randomized, open-label, dose-escalation.
Aug 2021–Jul 2023, Brazil, South Korea, United States		 Preclinical
SC-Ad6-1
Tetherex Pharmaceuticals		 United States Viral vector Phase I (40)[239]
First-In-Human, Open-label, Single Ascending Dose and Multidose.
Jun–Dec 2021, Australia		 Preclinical
Unnamed
Osman ERGANIS, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey		 Turkey Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I (50)[240]
Phase I Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of the Protective Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine Developed Against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Participants, Administered as Two Injections Subcutaneously in Two Different Dosages.
Apr–Oct 2021, Turkey		 Preclinical
EXG-5003
Elixirgen Therapeutics, Fujita Health University		 Japan, United States RNA Phase I–II (60)[241]
First in Human, randomized, placebo-controlled.
Apr 2021 – Jan 2023, Japan		 Preclinical
IVX-411
Icosavax, Seqirus Inc.		 United States Virus-like particle Phase I–II (168)[242][243]
Phase I/II (84): Randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021–2022, Australia		 Preclinical
QazCoVac-P[244]
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems		 Kazakhstan Subunit Phase I–II (244)[245]
Phase I: Randomized, blind, placebo-controlled.
Phase II: Randomized, open phase.
Jun – Dec 2021, Kazakhstan		 Preclinical
LNP-nCOV saRNA-02
MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit		 Uganda RNA Phase I (42)[246]
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid (saRNA) Vaccine, in SARS-CoV-2 Seronegative and Seropositive Uganda Population.
Sep 2021 – Jun 2022, Uganda		 Preclinical
Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1[247]
Baiya Phytopharm Co Ltd.		 Thailand Plant-based Subunit (RBD-Fc + adjuvant) Phase I (96)[248]
Randomized, open-label, dose-finding.
Sep–Dec 2021, Thailand		 Preclinical
CVXGA1
CyanVac LLC		 United States Viral vector Phase I (80)[249]
Open-label
July–Dec 2021, United States		 Preclinical
Unnamed
St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera of Russia at the Federal Medical Biological Agency		 Russia Subunit (Recombinant) Phase I–II (200)[250][251]
Jul–Aug 2021, Russia		 Preclinical
LVRNA009
Liverna Therapeutics Inc.		 China RNA Phase I (24)[252]
July–Nov 2021, China		 Preclinical
ARCT-165
Arcturus Therapeutics		 United States RNA Phase I–II (72)[253]
Randomized, observer-blind.
Aug 2021–Mar 2023, Singapore, United States		 Preclinical
BCD-250
Biocad		 Russia Viral vector Phase I–II (160)[254]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive, seamless phase I/II.
Aug 2021–Aug 2022, Russia		 Preclinical
COVID-19-EDV
EnGeneIC		 Australia Viral vector Phase I (18)[255]
Open label, non-randomised, dose escalation.
Aug 2021–Jan 2022, Australia		 Preclinical
COVIDITY
Scancell		 United Kingdom DNA[256] Phase I (40)[257]
Open-label, two-arm.
Sep 2021–Apr 2022, South Africa		 Preclinical
SII Vaccine
Novavax		 United States Subunit Phase I–II (240)[258]
randomized, observer-blinded, open-label.
Oct–Nov 2021, Australia		 Preclinical
EG-COVID
Eyegene		 South Korea mRNA Phase I–II (120)[259][260][261]
Phase I/IIa: Multi-center, Open-label.
Feb 2022–May 2023, South Korea		 Preclinical
PIKA COVID-19 vaccine
Yisheng Biopharma		 China Subunit Phase I (45)[262]
Open-label, dose-escalation.
Sep–Nov 2021, New Zealand		 Preclinical
Ad5-triCoV/Mac
McMaster University, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)		 Canada Viral vector Phase I (30)[263]
Open-label.
Nov 2021–Jun 2023, Canada		 Preclinical
Unnamed
University of Hong Kong, Immuno Cure 3 Limited		 Hong Kong DNA Phase I (30)[264]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation.
Nov 2021–Jun 2022, Hong Kong		 Preclinical
MigVax-101
Oravax Medical[265][266][267]		 Israel Virus-like particle Phase I
Oct 2021–?, South Africa		 Preclinical
IN-B009
HK inno.N[268]		 South Korea Subunit (Recombinant protein) Phase I (40)[269]
Open-label, dose-escalation.
Sep 2021–Feb 2023, South Korea		 Preclinical
naNO-COVID
Emergex Vaccines		 United Kingdom Subunit Phase I (26)[270]
Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled, dose-finding.
Nov 2021–Sep 2022, Switzerland		 Preclinical
Betuvax-CoV-2
Human Stem Cells Institute		 Russia Subunit Phase I–II (170)[271][272]
Sep 2021–?, Russia		 Preclinical
Covi Vax[273]
National Research Centre		 Egypt Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 Phase I (72)[274]
Randomized, open-labeled
Nov 2021–Feb 2023, Egypt		 Preclinical
VLPCOV-01
VLP Therapeutics		 United States mRNA Phase I (45)[275]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, first-in-human.
Aug 2021–Jan 2023, Japan		 Preclinical
GRT-R910
Gritstone Oncology		 United States mRNA Phase I (120)[276]
A Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Reactogenicity of a Self-Amplifying mRNA Prophylactic Vaccine Boost Against SARS-CoV-2 in Previously Vaccinated Healthy Elderly Adults.
Sep 2021–Nov 2022, United Kingdom		 Preclinical
Unnamed
DreamTec Limited		 Hong Kong Subunit Phase I (30)[277]
Development of a COVID19 Oral Vaccine Consisting of Bacillus Subtilis Spores Expressing and Displaying the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein of SARS-COV2.
Apr–Dec 2021, Hong Kong		 Preclinical
Almansour-001
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ICON plc		 Ireland, Saudi Arabia DNA Phase I (30)[278]
Single center, randomized, observer blind, dosage finding.
Feb–Jul 2022, Ireland, Saudi Arabia		 Preclinical
Unnamed
North's Academy of Medical Science Medical biology institute		 North Korea Subunit (spike protein with Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) Phase I–II (?)[279]
Jul 2020, North Korea		 Preclinical
Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine
Vaccine and Biological Production Company No. 1 (Vabiotech)		 Vietnam Subunit Preclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I trial.[280]		 ?
INO-4802
Inovio		 United States DNA Preclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I/II trials.[281]		 ?
Bangavax (Bancovid)[282][283]
Globe Biotech Ltd. of Bangladesh		 Bangladesh RNA Preclinical
Awaiting for approval from Bangladesh government to conduct the first clinical trial.[284]		 ?
Unnamed
Indian Immunologicals, Griffith University[285]		 Australia, India Attenuated Preclinical ?
EPV-CoV-19[286]
EpiVax		 United States Subunit (T cell epitope-based protein) Preclinical ?
Unnamed
Intravacc[287]		 Netherlands Subunit Preclinical ?
CureVac–GSK COVID-19 vaccine[288]
CureVac, GSK		 Germany, United Kingdom RNA Preclinical ?
DYAI-100[289] Sorrento Therapeutics, Dyadic International, Inc.[290] United States Subunit Preclinical ?
Unnamed[291]
Ministry of Health (Malaysia), Malaysia Institute of Medical Research Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia		 Malaysia RNA Preclinical ?
CureVac COVID-19 vaccine (CVnCoV)
CureVac, CEPI		 Germany RNA (unmodified RNA)[292] Terminated (44,433)[293][294][295][296][297]
Phase 2b/3 (39,693): Multicenter efficacy and safety trial in adults.
Phase 3 (2,360+180+1,200+1,000=4,740): Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, some observer-blinded, some open-labeled.
Nov 2020 – Jun 2022, Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Spain[298]		 Phase I–II (944)[299][300]
Phase I (284): Partially blind, controlled, dose-escalation to evaluate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity.
Phase IIa (660):Partially observer-blind, multicenter, controlled, dose-confirmation.
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, Belgium (phase I), Germany (phase I), Panama (phase IIa), Peru (phase IIa)
Emergency (2)
CORVax12
OncoSec Medical, Providence Health & Services		 United States DNA Terminated (36)[303]
Open-label, non-randomized, parallel assignment study to evaluate the safety of prime & boost doses with/without the combination of electroporated IL-12p70 plasmid in 2 age groups: 18-50 years-old and > 50 years-old.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2021, United States		 Preclinical
Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine (MRT5500)[304]
Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio		 France, United States RNA Terminated (415)[305]
Interventional, randomized, parallel-group, sequential study consisting of a sentinel cohort followed by the full enrollment cohort. The sentinel cohort is an open-label, step-wise, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety of 3 dose levels with 2 vaccinations. The full enrollment cohort is a quadruple-blinded study of safety and immunogenicity in 2 age groups, with half receiving a single injection, and the other half receiving 2 injections.
Mar 2021 – Sep 2021, Honduras, United States, Australia		 Preclinical
AdCOVID
Altimmune Inc.		 United States Viral vector Terminated (180)[306][307]
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, first-in-Human.
Feb 2021 – Feb 2022, United States		 Preclinical
LNP-nCoVsaRNA[308]
MRC clinical trials unit at Imperial College London		 United Kingdom RNA Terminated (105)
Randomized trial, with dose escalation study (15) and expanded safety study (at least 200)
Jun 2020 – Jul 2021, United Kingdom		 ?
TMV-083
Institut Pasteur		 France Viral vector Terminated (90)[309]
Randomized, Placebo-controlled.
Aug 2020 – Jun 2021, Belgium, France		 ?
SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp/V451[310][311]
UQ, Syneos Health, CEPI, Seqirus		 Australia Subunit (molecular clamp stabilized spike protein with MF59) Terminated (120)
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging.
False positive HIV test found among participants.
Jul–Oct 2020, Brisbane		 ?
V590[312] and V591/MV-SARS-CoV-2[313] Merck & Co. (Themis BIOscience), Institut Pasteur, University of Pittsburgh's Center for Vaccine Research (CVR), CEPI United States, France Vesicular stomatitis virus vector[314] / Measles virus vector[315] Terminated
In phase I, immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines.[316]
  1. ↑ Latest Phase with published results.
  2. ↑ Phase I–IIa in South Korea in parallel with Phase II–III in the US

Homologous prime-boost vaccination

In July 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a joint statement reporting that a booster dose is not necessary for those who have been fully vaccinated.[317]

In August 2021, the FDA and the CDC authorized the use of an additional mRNA vaccine dose for immunocompromised individuals.[318][319] The authorization was extended to cover other specific groups in September 2021.[320][321][322]

In October 2021, the FDA and the CDC authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses.[323][324]

Heterologous prime-boost vaccination

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines heterologous prime-boost immunization as the "administration of two different vectors or delivery systems expressing the same or overlapping antigenic inserts."[325] A heterologous scheme can sometimes be more immunogenic than some homologous schemes.[326]

In October 2021, the FDA and the CDC authorized the use of either homologous or heterologous vaccine booster doses.[323][324]

Some experts believe that heterologous prime-boost vaccination courses can boost immunity, and several studies have begun to examine this effect.[327] Despite the absence of clinical data on the efficacy and safety of such heterologous combinations, Canada and several European countries have recommended a heterologous second dose for people who have received the first dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.[328]

In February 2021, the Oxford Vaccine Group launched the Com-COV vaccine trial to investigate heterologous prime-boost courses of different COVID-19 vaccines.[329] As of June 2021, the group is conducting two phase II studies: Com-COV and Com-COV2.[330]

In Com-COV, the two heterologous combinations of the Oxford–AstraZeneca and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines were compared with the two homologous combinations of the same vaccines, with an interval of 28 or 84 days between doses.[331][332]

In Com-COV2, the first dose is the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine or the Pfizer vaccine, and the second dose is the Moderna vaccine, the Novavax vaccine, or a homologous vaccine equal to the first dose, with an interval of 56 or 84 days between doses.[333]

A study in the UK is evaluating annual heterologous boosters by randomly combining the following vaccines: Oxford–AstraZeneca, Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna, Novavax, VLA2001, CureVac, and Janssen.[334]

On 16 December, WHO recommendations on heterologous vaccinations suggested a general trend of increased immunogenicity when one of the doses is of an mRNA vaccine, particularly as the last dose. The immunogenicity of a homologous mRNA course is roughly equivalent to a heterologous scheme involving a vector vaccine and an mRNA vaccine. However, the WHO has emphasized the need to address many evidence gaps in heterologous regimens, including duration of protection, optimal interval between doses, influence of fractional dosing, effectiveness against variants and long-term safety.[335]

Heterologous second dose regimes in clinical trial
First dose Second dose Schedules Current phase (participants), periods and locations
Oxford–AstraZeneca
Pfizer–BioNTech		 Oxford–AstraZeneca
Pfizer–BioNTech		 Days 0 and 28
Days 0 and 84		 Phase II (820)[331]
Feb–Aug 2021, United Kingdom
Sputnik Light Oxford–AstraZeneca
Moderna
Sinopharm BIBP		 Phase II (121)[336]
Feb–Aug 2021, Argentina
Oxford–AstraZeneca
Pfizer–BioNTech		 Oxford–AstraZeneca
Pfizer–BioNTech
Moderna
Novavax		 Days 0 and 56–84 Phase II (1,050)[333]
Mar 2021 – Sep 2022, United Kingdom
Convidecia ZF2001 Days 0 and 28
Days 0 and 56		 Phase IV (120)[337]
Apr–Dec 2021, China
Oxford–AstraZeneca Pfizer–BioNTech Days 0 and 28 Phase II (676)[338]
Apr 2021 – Apr 2022, Spain
Oxford–AstraZeneca
Pfizer–BioNTech
Moderna		 Pfizer–BioNTech
Moderna		 Days 0 and 28
Days 0 and 112		 Phase II (1,200)[339]
May 2021 – Mar 2023, Canada
Pfizer–BioNTech
Moderna		 Pfizer–BioNTech
Moderna		 Days 0 and 42 Phase II (400)[340]
May 2021 – Jan 2022, France
Oxford–AstraZeneca Pfizer–BioNTech Days 0 and 28
Days 0 and 21–49		 Phase II (3,000)[341]
May–Dec 2021, Austria
Janssen Pfizer–BioNTech
Janssen
Moderna		 Days 0 and 84 Phase II (432)[342]
Jun 2021 – Sep 2022, Netherlands
Heterologous booster dose regimes in clinical trial
Initial course Booster dose Interval Current phase (participants), periods and locations
CoronaVac (2 doses) CoronaVac
Pfizer–BioNTech
Oxford–AstraZeneca		 19 weeks or more Phase IV (2,017,878)[343][344]
Aug–Nov 2021, Chile

Efficacy

Cumulative incidence curves for symptomatic COVID-19 infections after the first dose of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine (tozinameran) or placebo in a double-blind clinical trial (red: placebo; blue: tozinameran)[345]

Vaccine efficacy is the reduction in risk of getting the disease by vaccinated participants in a controlled trial compared with the risk of getting the disease by unvaccinated participants.[346] An efficacy of 0% means that the vaccine does not work (identical to placebo). An efficacy of 50% means that there are half as many cases of infection as in unvaccinated individuals.

COVID-19 vaccine efficacy may be adversely affected if the arm is held improperly or squeezed so the vaccine is injected subcutaneously instead of into the muscle.[347][348] The CDC guidance is to not repeat doses that are administered subcutaneously.[349]

It is not straightforward to compare the efficacies of the different vaccines because the trials were run with different populations, geographies, and variants of the virus.[350] In the case of COVID-19 prior to the advent of the delta variant, it was thought that a vaccine efficacy of 67% may be enough to slow the pandemic, but the current vaccines do not confer sterilizing immunity,[351] which is necessary to prevent transmission. Vaccine efficacy reflects disease prevention, a poor indicator of transmissibility of SARS‑CoV‑2 since asymptomatic people can be highly infectious.[352] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) set a cutoff of 50% as the efficacy required to approve a COVID-19 vaccine, with the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval being greater than 30%.[353][354][355] Aiming for a realistic population vaccination coverage rate of 75%, and depending on the actual basic reproduction number, the necessary effectiveness of a COVID-19 vaccine is expected to need to be at least 70% to prevent an epidemic and at least 80% to extinguish it without further measures, such as social distancing.[356]

The observed substantial efficacy of certain mRNA vaccines even after partial (1-dose) immunization[357][345] indicates a non-linear dose-efficacy relation already seen in the phase I-II study.[358] It suggests that personalization of the vaccine dose (regular dose to the elderly, reduced dose to the healthy young,[359] additional booster dose to the immunosuppressed[360]) might allow accelerating vaccination campaigns in settings of limited supplies, thereby shortening the pandemic, as predicted by pandemic modeling.[361]

Ranges below are 95% confidence intervals unless indicated otherwise, and all values are for all participants regardless of age, according to the references for each of the trials. By definition, the accuracy of the estimates without an associated confidence interval is unknown publicly. Efficacy against severe COVID-19 is the most important, since hospitalizations and deaths are a public health burden whose prevention is a priority.[362] Authorized and approved vaccines have shown the following efficacies:

COVID-19 vaccine efficacy
()
Vaccine Efficacy by severity of COVID-19 Trial location Refs
Mild or moderate[upper-alpha 1] Severe without hospitalization or death[upper-alpha 2] Severe with hospitalization or death[upper-alpha 3]
Oxford–AstraZeneca 81% (60–91%)[upper-alpha 4] 100% (97.5% CI, 72–100%) 100%[upper-alpha 5] Multinational [363]
74% (68–82%)[upper-alpha 6] 100%[upper-alpha 5] 100%[upper-alpha 5] United States [364]
Pfizer–BioNTech 95% (90–98%)[upper-alpha 7] 66% (−125 to 96%)[upper-alpha 8][upper-alpha 7] Multinational [365]
95% (90–98%)[upper-alpha 7] Not reported Not reported United States [366]
Janssen 66% (55–75%)[upper-alpha 9][upper-alpha 10] 85% (54–97%)[upper-alpha 10] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 10][upper-alpha 11] Multinational [367]
72% (58–82%)[upper-alpha 9][upper-alpha 10] 86% (−9 to 100%)[upper-alpha 8][upper-alpha 10] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 10][upper-alpha 11] United States
68% (49–81%)[upper-alpha 9][upper-alpha 10] 88% (8–100%)[upper-alpha 8][upper-alpha 10] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 10][upper-alpha 11] Brazil
64% (41–79%)[upper-alpha 9][upper-alpha 10] 82% (46–95%)[upper-alpha 10] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 10][upper-alpha 11] South Africa
Moderna 94% (89–97%)[upper-alpha 12] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 13] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 13] United States [369]
Sinopharm BIBP 78% (65–86%) 100%[upper-alpha 5] 100%[upper-alpha 5] Multinational [370]
79% (66–88%) Not reported 79% (26–94%)[upper-alpha 8] Multinational [371]
Sputnik V 92% (86–95%) 100% (94–100%) 100%[upper-alpha 5] Russia [372]
CoronaVac 51% (36–62%)[upper-alpha 14] 84% (58–94%)[upper-alpha 14] 100% (56–100%)[upper-alpha 14] Brazil [373][374][375]
84% (65–92%) 100%[upper-alpha 5] 100% (20–100%)[upper-alpha 8] Turkey [376]
Covaxin 78% (65–86%) 93% (57–100%) India [377][378]
Sputnik Light 79%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Not reported Russia [379]
Convidecia 66%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 14] 91%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 14] Not reported Multinational [380]
Sinopharm WIBP 73% (58–82%) 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 15] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 15] Multinational [381]
Abdala 92% (86–96%) Not reported Not reported Cuba [382][383]
Soberana 02 71% (59–79%) 63%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Cuba [384]
67% (59–79%) 97%[upper-alpha 5] 95%[upper-alpha 5] Iran [385][386]
Soberana 02 and Soberana Plus 92% (87–96%) 100%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Cuba [384]
Novavax 90% (75–95%) 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 15] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 15] United Kingdom [387][388][389]
60% (20–80%)[upper-alpha 8] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 15] 100%[upper-alpha 5][upper-alpha 15] South Africa
90% (83–95%) Not reported Not reported United States
Not reported Not reported Mexico
CureVac 48%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Not reported Multinational [390]
ZyCoV-D 67%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Not reported India [391]
EpiVacCorona 79%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Not reported Russia [392]
ZF2001 82%[upper-alpha 5] Not reported Not reported Multinational [393]
SCB-2019 67% (54–77%) Not reported Not reported Multinational [394]
CoVLP 71% (59–80%) Not reported Not reported Multinational [395]
Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine 58% (27–77%) Not reported Not reported Multinational [396]
  1. ↑ Mild symptoms: fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, sore throat, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, anosmia, ageusia, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, conjunctivitis, skin rash, chills, dizziness. Moderate symptoms: mild pneumonia.
  2. ↑ Severe symptoms without hospitalization or death for an individual, are any one of the following severe respiratory symptoms measured at rest on any time during the course of observation (on top of having either pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, dyspnea, hypoxia, persistent chest pain, anorexia, confusion, fever above 38 °C (100 °F)), that however were not persistent/severe enough to cause hospitalization or death: Any respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/minute, heart rate ≥125 beats/minute, oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤93% on room air at sea level, or partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) <300 mmHg.
  3. ↑ Severe symptoms causing hospitalization or death, are those requiring treatment at hospitals or results in deaths: dyspnea, hypoxia, persistent chest pain, anorexia, confusion, fever above 38 °C (100 °F), respiratory failure, kidney failure, multiorgan dysfunction, sepsis, shock.
  4. ↑ With twelve weeks or more between doses. For an interval of less than six weeks, the trial found an efficacy 55% (33–70%).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 A confidence interval was not provided, so it is not possible to know the accuracy of this measurement.
  6. ↑ With a four-week interval between doses. Efficacy is "at preventing symptomatic COVID-19".
  7. 1 2 3 COVID-19 symptoms observed in the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine trials, were only counted as such for vaccinated individuals if they began more than seven days after their second dose, and required presence of a positive RT-PCR test result. Mild/moderate cases required at least one of the following symptoms and a positive test during, or within 4 days before or after, the symptomatic period: fever; new or increased cough; new or increased shortness of breath; chills; new or increased muscle pain; new loss of taste or smell; sore throat; diarrhoea; or vomiting. Severe cases additionally required at least one of the following symptoms: clinical signs at rest indicative of severe systemic illness (RR ≥30 breaths per minute, HR ≥125 beats per minute, SpO2 ≤93% on room air at sea level, or PaO2/FiO2<300mm Hg); respiratory failure (defined as needing high-flow oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, or ECMO); evidence of shock (SBP <90 mm Hg, DBP <60 mm Hg, or requiring vasopressors); significant acute renal, hepatic, or neurologic dysfunction; admission to an ICU; death.[365][366]
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 This measurement is not accurate enough to support the high efficacy because the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval is lower than the minimum of 30%.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Moderate cases.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Efficacy reported 28 days post-vaccination for the Janssen single shot vaccine. A lower efficacy was found for the vaccinated individuals 14 days post-vaccination.[367]
  11. 1 2 3 4 No hospitalizations or deaths were detected 28 days post-vaccination for 19,630 vaccinated individuals in the trials, compared with 16 hospitalizations reported in the placebo group of 19,691 individuals (incidence rate 5.2 per 1000 person-years)[367] and seven COVID-19 related deaths for the same placebo group.[368]
  12. ↑ Mild/Moderate COVID-19 symptoms observed in the Moderna vaccine trials, were only counted as such for vaccinated individuals if they began more than 14 days after their second dose, and required presence of a positive RT-PCR test result along with at least two systemic symptoms (fever above 38ºC, chills, myalgia, headache, sore throat, new olfactory and taste disorder) or just one respiratory symptom (cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, or clinical or radiographical evidence of pneumonia).[369]
  13. 1 2 Severe COVID-19 symptoms observed in the Moderna vaccine trials, were defined as symptoms having met the criteria for mild/moderate symptoms plus any of the following observations: Clinical signs indicative of severe systemic illness, respiratory rate ≥30 per minute, heart rate ≥125 beats per minute, SpO2 ≤93% on room air at sea level or PaO2/FIO2 <300 mm Hg; or respiratory failure or ARDS, (defined as needing high-flow oxygen, non-invasive or mechanical ventilation, or ECMO), evidence of shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, diastolic BP <60 mmHg or requiring vasopressors); or significant acute renal, hepatic, or neurologic dysfunction; or admission to an intensive care unit or death. No severe cases were detected for vaccinated individuals in the trials, compared with thirty in the placebo group (incidence rate 9.1 per 1000 person-years).[369]
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 These Phase III data have not been published or peer reviewed.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 No cases detected in trial.

Effectiveness

Death rates for unvaccinated Americans substantially exceed those who were vaccinated, with bivalent boosters further reducing the death rate.[397]

Evidence from vaccine use during the pandemic shows vaccination can reduce infection and is most effective at preventing severe COVID-19 symptoms and death, but is less good at preventing mild COVID-19. Efficacy wanes over time but can be maintained with boosters.[398] In 2021, the CDC reported that unvaccinated people were 10 times more likely to be hospitalized and 11 times more likely to die than fully vaccinated people.[399][400]

The CDC reported that vaccine effectiveness fell from 91% against Alpha to 66% against Delta.[401] One expert stated that "those who are infected following vaccination are still not getting sick and not dying like was happening before vaccination."[402] By late August 2021, the Delta variant accounted for 99 percent of U.S. cases and was found to double the risk of severe illness and hospitalization for those not yet vaccinated.[403]

In November 2021, a study by the ECDC estimated that 470,000 lives over the age of 60 had been saved since the start of the vaccination roll-out in the European region.[404]

On 10 December 2021, the UK Health Security Agency reported that early data indicated a 20- to 40-fold reduction in neutralizing activity for Omicron by sera from Pfizer 2-dose vaccinees relative to earlier strains. After a booster dose (usually with an mRNA vaccine),[405] vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease was at 70%–75%, and the effectiveness against severe disease was expected to be higher.[406]

According to early December 2021 CDC data, "unvaccinated adults were about 97 times more likely to die from COVID-19 than fully vaccinated people who had received boosters".[407]

A meta-analysis looking into COVID-19 vaccine differences in immunosuppressed individuals found that people with a weakened immune system are less able to produce neutralizing antibodies. For example, organ transplant recipients need three vaccines to achieve seroconversion.[408] A study on the serologic response to mRNA vaccines among patients with lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma found that one-quarter of patients did not produce measurable antibodies, varying by cancer type.[409]

In February 2023, a systematic review in The Lancet said that the protection afforded by infection was comparable to that from vaccination, albeit with an increased risk of severe illness and death from the disease of an initial infection.[410]

A January 2024 study by the CDC found that staying up to date on the vaccines could reduce the risk of strokes, blood clots and heart attacks related to COVID-19 in people aged 65 years or older or with a condition that makes them more vulnerable to said conditions.[411][412]

Studies

Real-world studies of vaccine effectiveness measure the extent to which a certain vaccine prevents infection, symptoms, hospitalization and death for the vaccinated individuals in a large population under routine conditions.[413]

  • In Israel, among the 715,425 individuals vaccinated by the mRNA vaccines from 20 December 2020, to 28 January 2021, starting seven days after the second shot, only 317 people (0.04%) displayed mild/moderate COVID-19 symptoms and only 16 people (0.002%) were hospitalized.[414]
  • CDC reported that under real-world conditions, mRNA vaccine effectiveness was 90% against infections regardless of symptom status; while effectiveness of partial immunization was 80%.[415]
  • In the UK, 15,121 health care workers from 104 hospitals who had tested negative for antibodies prior to the study, were followed by RT-PCR tests twice a week from 7 December 2020 to 5 February 2021, a study compared the positive results for the 90.7% vaccinated share of their cohort with the 9.3% unvaccinated share, and found that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine reduced all infections (including asymptomatic), by 72% (58–86%) three weeks after the first dose and 86% (76–97%) one week after the second dose, while Alpha was dominant.[416]
  • In Israel a study conducted from 17 January to 6 March 2021, found that Pfizer/BioNTech reduced asymptomatic Alpha infections by 94% and symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 97%.[417]
  • A study on the Queensland Population having only ever been exposed to the Omicron strain of COVID-19 found vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic hospitalizations to be 70% in the general population and similar for First Nations peoples.[418]
  • A study among pre-surgical patients across the Mayo Clinic system in the United States, showed that mRNA vaccines were 80% protective against asymptomatic infections.[419]
  • A UK study found that a single dose of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is about 73% (27–90%) effective in people aged 70 and older.[420]
  • A study finds that nearly all teenagers admitted to intensive care units because of COVID-19 were unvaccinated.[421]

Pregnancy and fertility

Studies have not observed a correlation between COVID vaccination and fertility.[422][423]

A UK study found COVID vaccination is safe for pregnant women and is associated with a 15% decrease in the odds of stillbirth. Vaccination is recommended for pregnant women because pregnancy increases the risk of severe COVID. Researchers at St George's, University of London, and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists investigated 23 published studies and trials involving 117,552 vaccinated pregnant women. There was no increased risk of complications during pregnancy. Almost all pregnant women admitted to UK hospitals with COVID were unvaccinated.[424][425]

A US study of 46,079 pregnancies concluded that COVID vaccination is safe and does not raise the risk of preterm birth or small size babies.[426]

()
Vaccine Initial effectiveness by severity of COVID-19 Study location Refs
Asymptomatic Symptomatic Hospitalization Death
Oxford–AstraZeneca 70% (69–71%) Not reported 87% (85–88%) 90% (88–92%) Brazil [427]
Not reported 89% (78–94%)[lower-roman 1] Not reported Not reported England [429]
Not reported Not reported Not reported 89%[lower-roman 2] Argentina [430]
72% (69–74%) Not reported Not reported 88% (79–94%) Hungary [431]
Pfizer–BioNTech 92% (91–92%) 97% (97–97%) 98% (97–98%) 97% (96–97%) Israel [432]
92% (88–95%) 94% (87–98%) 87% (55–100%) 97%[lower-roman 2] Israel [433][434]
83% (83–84%) Not reported Not reported 91% (89–92%) Hungary [431]
Not reported 78% (77–79%) 98% (96–99%) 96% (95–97%) Uruguay [435]
85% (74–96%) Not reported Not reported England [436]
90% (68–97%) Not reported 100%[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 3] United States [437]
Moderna 89% (87–90%) Not reported Not reported 94% (91–96%) Hungary [431]
90% (68–97%) Not reported 100%[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 3] United States [437]
Sinopharm BIBP Not reported Not reported Not reported 84%[lower-roman 2] Argentina [430]
69% (67–70%) Not reported Not reported 88% (86–89%) Hungary [431]
50% (49–52%) Not reported Not reported 94% (91–96%) Peru [438]
Sputnik V Not reported 98%[lower-roman 2] Not reported Not reported Russia [439][440]
Not reported 98%[lower-roman 2] 100%[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 3] 100%[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 3] United Arab Emirates [441]
Not reported Not reported Not reported 93%[lower-roman 2] Argentina [430]
86% (84–87%) Not reported Not reported 98% (96–99%) Hungary [431]
CoronaVac 54% (53–55%) Not reported 73% (72–74%) 74% (73–75%) Brazil [427]
Not reported 66% (65–67%) 88% (87–88%) 86% (85–88%) Chile [442][443]
Not reported 60% (59–61%) 91% (89–93%) 95% (93–96%) Uruguay [435]
Not reported 94%[lower-roman 2] 96%[lower-roman 2] 98%[lower-roman 2] Indonesia [444][445]
Not reported 80%[lower-roman 2] 86%[lower-roman 2] 95%[lower-roman 2] Brazil [446][447]
Sputnik Light 79% (75–82%)[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 4] Not reported 88% (80–92%)[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 4] 85% (75–91%)[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 4] Argentina [448]
  1. ↑ Data collected while the Alpha variant was already dominant.[428]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 A confidence interval was not provided, so it is not possible to know the accuracy of this measurement.
  3. 1 2 3 4 No cases detected in study.
  4. 1 2 3 Participants aged 60 to 79.
()
Initial course Booster dose Initial effectiveness by severity of COVID-19 Study location Refs
Asymptomatic Symptomatic Hospitalization Death
CoronaVac CoronaVac Not reported 80%[upper-roman 1] 88%[upper-roman 1] Not reported Chile [449]
Pfizer–BioNTech Not reported 90%[upper-roman 1] 87%[upper-roman 1] Not reported Chile [449]
Oxford–AstraZeneca Not reported 93%[upper-roman 1] 96%[upper-roman 1] Not reported Chile [449]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A confidence interval was not provided, so it is not possible to know the accuracy of this measurement.

Variants

The interplay between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its human hosts was initially natural but is now being altered by the prompt availability of vaccines.[450] The potential emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant that is moderately or fully resistant to the antibody response elicited by the COVID-19 vaccines may necessitate modification of the vaccines.[451] The emergence of vaccine-resistant variants is more likely in a highly vaccinated population with uncontrolled transmission.[452] Trials indicate many vaccines developed for the initial strain have lower efficacy for some variants against symptomatic COVID-19.[453] As of February 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration believed that all FDA authorized vaccines remained effective in protecting against circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2.[451]

Alpha (lineage B.1.1.7)

Limited evidence from various preliminary studies reviewed by the WHO indicated retained efficacy/effectiveness against disease from Alpha with the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, Pfizer–BioNTech and Novavax, with no data for other vaccines yet. Relevant to how vaccines can end the pandemic by preventing asymptomatic infection, they have also indicated retained antibody neutralization against Alpha with most of the widely distributed vaccines (Sputnik V, Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna, CoronaVac, Sinopharm BIBP, Covaxin), minimal to moderate reduction with the Oxford–AstraZeneca and no data for other vaccines yet.[454]

In December 2020, a new SARS‑CoV‑2 variant, the Alpha variant or lineage B.1.1.7, was identified in the UK.[455]

Early results suggest protection to the variant from the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines.[456][457]

One study indicated that the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine had an efficacy of 42–89% against Alpha, versus 71–91% against other variants.[458]

Preliminary data from a clinical trial indicates that the Novavax vaccine is ~96% effective for symptoms against the original variant and ~86% against Alpha.[459]

Beta (lineage B.1.351)

Limited evidence from various preliminary studies reviewed by the WHO have indicated reduced efficacy/effectiveness against disease from Beta with the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (possibly substantial), Novavax (moderate), Pfizer–BioNTech and Janssen (minimal), with no data for other vaccines yet. Relevant to how vaccines can end the pandemic by preventing asymptomatic infection, they have also indicated possibly reduced antibody neutralization against Beta with most of the widely distributed vaccines (Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, Janssen, Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna, Novavax; minimal to substantial reduction) except CoronaVac and Sinopharm BIBP (minimal to modest reduction), with no data for other vaccines yet.[454]

Moderna has launched a trial of a vaccine to tackle the Beta variant or lineage B.1.351.[460] On 17 February 2021, Pfizer announced neutralization activity was reduced by two-thirds for this variant, while stating that no claims about the efficacy of the vaccine in preventing illness for this variant could yet be made.[461] Decreased neutralizing activity of sera from patients vaccinated with the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines against Beta was later confirmed by several studies.[457][462] On 1 April 2021, an update on a Pfizer/BioNTech South African vaccine trial stated that the vaccine was 100% effective so far (i.e., vaccinated participants saw no cases), with six of nine infections in the placebo control group being the Beta variant.[463]

In January 2021, Johnson & Johnson, which held trials for its Janssen vaccine in South Africa, reported the level of protection against moderate to severe COVID-19 infection was 72% in the United States and 57% in South Africa.[464][465][466]

On 6 February 2021, the Financial Times reported that provisional trial data from a study undertaken by South Africa's University of the Witwatersrand in conjunction with Oxford University demonstrated reduced efficacy of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine against the variant.[467] The study found that in a sample size of 2,000 the AZD1222 vaccine afforded only "minimal protection" in all but the most severe cases of COVID-19.[468] On 7 February 2021, the Minister for Health for South Africa suspended the planned deployment of about a million doses of the vaccine whilst they examine the data and await advice on how to proceed.[468][469]

In a study reported in March[470] and May 2021,[471] the efficacy of the Novavax vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) was tested in a preliminary randomized, placebo-controlled study involving 2684 participants who were negative for COVID at baseline testing. Beta was the predominant variant to occur, with post-hoc analysis indicating a vaccine efficacy of Novavax against Beta of 51.0% for HIV-negative participants.[6][471]

Gamma (lineage P.1)

Limited evidence from various preliminary studies reviewed by the WHO have indicated likely retained efficacy/effectiveness against disease from Gamma with CoronaVac and Sinopharm BIBP, with no data for other vaccines yet. Relevant to how vaccines can end the pandemic by preventing asymptomatic infection, they have also indicated retained antibody neutralization against Gamma with Oxford–AstraZeneca and CoronaVac (no to minimal reduction) and slightly reduced neutralization with Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna (minimal to moderate reduction), with no data for other vaccines yet.[454]

The Gamma variant or lineage P.1 variant (also known as 20J/501Y.V3), initially identified in Brazil, seems to partially escape vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine.[462]

Delta (lineage B.1.617.2)

Limited evidence from various preliminary studies reviewed by the WHO have indicated likely retained efficacy/effectiveness against disease from Delta with the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine and Pfizer–BioNTech, with no data for other vaccines yet. Relevant to how vaccines can end the pandemic by preventing asymptomatic infection, they have also indicated reduced antibody neutralization against Delta with single-dose Oxford–AstraZeneca (substantial reduction), Pfizer–BioNTech and Covaxin (modest to moderate reduction), with no data for other vaccines yet.[454]

In October 2020, a new variant was discovered in India, which was named lineage B.1.617. There were very few detections until January 2021, but by April it had spread to at least 20 countries in all continents except Antarctica and South America.[472][473][474] Mutations present in the spike protein in the B.1.617 lineage are associated with reduced antibody neutralization in laboratory experiments.[475][476] The variant has frequently been referred to as a 'Double mutant', even though in this respect it is not unusual.[477] the latter two of which may cause it to easily avoid antibodies.[478] In an update on 15 April 2021, PHE designated lineage B.1.617 as a 'Variant under investigation', VUI-21APR-01.[479] On 6 May 2021, Public Health England escalated lineage B.1.617.2 from a Variant Under Investigation to a Variant of Concern based on an assessment of transmissibility being at least equivalent to the Alpha variant.[480]

Omicron (lineage BA.2 and BA.2.12.2)

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness was studied in adults without immunocompromising conditions in 10 US states between December 18, 2021 – June 10, 2022, when Omicron was prevalent. 3 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was 69% against COVID-19–associated hospitalization 7–119 days after the third vaccine dose and 52% against COVID-19–associated hospitalization more than 4 months after the 3rd dose. Among adults aged ≥50 years, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19–associated hospitalization ≥120 days after receipt of dose 3 was only 32%, increasing to 66% ≥7 days after the fourth dose.[481]

Effect of neutralizing antibodies

One study found that the in vitro concentration (titer) of neutralizing antibodies elicited by a COVID-19 vaccine is a strong correlate of immune protection. The relationship between protection and neutralizing activity is nonlinear. A neutralization as low as 3% (95% CI, 1–13%) of the level of convalescence results in 50% efficacy against severe disease, with 20% (14–28%) resulting in 50% efficacy against detectable infection. Protection against infection quickly decays, leaving individuals susceptible to mild infections, while protection against severe disease is largely retained and much more durable. The observed half-life of neutralizing titers was 65 days for mRNA vaccines (Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna) during the first 4 months, increasing to 108 days over 8 months. Greater initial efficacy against infection likely results in a higher level of protection against serious disease in the long term (beyond 10 years, as seen in other vaccines such as smallpox, measles, mumps, and rubella), although the authors acknowledge that their simulations consider only protection from neutralizing antibodies and ignore other immune protection mechanisms, such as cell-mediated immunity, which may be more durable. This observation also applies to efficacy against variants and is particularly significant for vaccines with a lower initial efficacy; for example, a 5-fold reduction in neutralization would indicate a reduction in initial efficacy from 95% to 77% against a specific variant, and from a lower efficacy of 70% to 32% against that variant. For the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, the observed efficacy is below the predicted 95% confidence interval. It is higher for Sputnik V and the convalescent response, and is within the predicted interval for the other vaccines evaluated (Pfizer–BioNTech, Moderna, Janssen, CoronaVac, Covaxin, Novavax).[482]

Side effects

All vaccines, including COVID-19 ones, can have minor side effects related to the mild trauma associated with the introduction of a foreign substance into the body.[483][484] These include soreness, redness, rash, and inflammation at the injection site. Other common side effects include fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and arthralgia (joint pain) which generally resolve within a few days.[485]

Serious adverse events that follow the administration of vaccines are of high interest to the public.[486] It is important to recognize that the occurrence of an adverse event following vaccination does not necessarily mean that the vaccine caused the adverse event; the health problem may have been unrelated. Reporting of all adverse events, careful followup and statistical analysis of occurrences are required to determine whether or not a specific health problem is more likely to occur after a vaccine is administered.[487][488][489]

More serious side effects are very rare. Before COVID-19 vaccines such as Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech were authorized for use in the general population, they had to pass phase III studies involving tens of thousands of people. Any serious side effects that did not appear during that testing are likely to occur less often than ~1 in 10,000 cases. It is important that Phase III trials be diverse, to ensure that safety results apply broadly. It is possible that side effects may affect a population that was not adequately represented during the initial testing. Pregnant women, immunocompromised people, and children are usually excluded from initial studies because they may be at higher risk. Further studies may be done to ensure their safety before vaccines are authorized for use in such populations. Subsequent examinations of the use of COVID vaccines in pregnant people and in children have shown similar outcomes to the general population and do not suggest greater risk for these groups.[489]

References

  1. 1 2 "COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Refresh URL to update)". vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  2. ↑ "Approved Vaccines". COVID 19 Vaccine Tracker, McGill University. 12 July 2021.
  3. ↑ Biswas S (20 August 2021). "Zydus Cadila: India approves world's first DNA Covid vaccine". BBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  4. ↑ "FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). 23 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  5. ↑ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines for Children Down to 6 Months of Age". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). 17 June 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME (January 2022). "Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines". Annual Review of Medicine. 73 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212. PMID 34637324. S2CID 238747462.
  7. ↑ Shihua T, Jinyu L, Wei X, Wen W, Difan F, Yushuo Z (9 June 2021). "China's Sixth Covid-19 Vaccine Is Approved for Emergency Use". Yicai Global. Retrieved 5 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  8. ↑ Le TT, Cramer JP, Chen R, Mayhew S (October 2020). "Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 19 (10): 667–668. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8. PMID 32887942. S2CID 221503034.
  9. ↑ Wang ZB, Xu J (March 2020). "Better Adjuvants for Better Vaccines: Progress in Adjuvant Delivery Systems, Modifications, and Adjuvant-Antigen Codelivery". Vaccines. 8 (1): 128. doi:10.3390/vaccines8010128. PMC 7157724. PMID 32183209.
  10. ↑ Wang J, Peng Y, Xu H, Cui Z, Williams RO (August 2020). "The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation". AAPS PharmSciTech. 21 (6): 225. doi:10.1208/s12249-020-01744-7. PMC 7405756. PMID 32761294.
  11. 1 2 "Vaccine Safety – Vaccines". US Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  12. 1 2 3 "The drug development process". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  13. ↑ Cohen J (June 2020). "Pandemic vaccines are about to face the real test". Science. 368 (6497): 1295–1296. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1295C. doi:10.1126/science.368.6497.1295. PMID 32554572.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  14. ↑ "How flu vaccine effectiveness and efficacy are measured". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  15. ↑ "Principles of epidemiology, Section 8: Concepts of disease occurrence". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  16. 1 2 Pallmann P, Bedding AW, Choodari-Oskooei B, Dimairo M, Flight L, Hampson LV, et al. (February 2018). "Adaptive designs in clinical trials: why use them, and how to run and report them". BMC Medicine. 16 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1017-7. PMC 5830330. PMID 29490655.
  17. ↑ "Adaptive designs for clinical trials of drugs and biologics: Guidance for industry" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "An international randomised trial of candidate vaccines against COVID-19: Outline of Solidarity vaccine trial" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). 9 April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  19. ↑ "COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Refresh URL to update)". vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  20. ↑ "COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Choose vaccines tab, apply filters to view select data)". Milken Institute. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  21. ↑ "Draft landscape of COVID 19 candidate vaccines". World Health Organization (WHO). 10 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  22. ↑ "Study of Monovalent and Bivalent Recombinant Protein Vaccines Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older (VAT00008)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 27 May 2021. NCT04904549. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  23. ↑ "Safety and efficacy of Monovalent and Bivalent Recombinant Protein Vaccines against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older". ctri.nic.in. Clinical Trials Registry India. CTRI/2021/06/034442. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  24. ↑ "Study of Recombinant Protein Vaccine with Adjuvant against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older". pactr.samrc.ac.za. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  25. ↑ "Tarjeta del participante del estudio VAT00008: ejemplo central para adaptación a nivel de país" [VAT00008 Study Participant Card: Central Example for Country-Level Adaptation] (PDF). incmnsz.mx. Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Health Sciences and Nutrition. 15 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "Study of Recombinant Protein Vaccine Formulations Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults 18 Years of Age and Older". ClinicalTrials.gov. 3 September 2020. NCT04537208. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  27. ↑ "Study of Recombinant Protein Vaccine With Adjuvant Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older (VAT00002)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 21 February 2021. NCT04762680. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  28. ↑ "Sanofi and GSK confirm agreement with European Union to supply up to 300 million doses of adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine". GSK (Press release). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  29. ↑ https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/public-health-threats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatments-vaccines/vaccines-covid-19/covid-19-vaccines-under-evaluation
  30. ↑ "Sanofi and GSK sign agreements with the Government of Canada to supply up to 72 million doses of adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine". GSK (Press release). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  31. ↑ "U.S. Likely to Get Sanofi Vaccine First If It Succeeds". Bloomberg.com. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  32. ↑ "Coronavirus vaccine: UK signs deal with GSK and Sanofi". BBC News Online. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  33. 1 2 "Status of COVID-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL/PQ evaluation process". World Health Organization (WHO).
  34. ↑ "VN starts injection of homegrown COVID-19 vaccine in first-stage human trial". Viet Nam News. 17 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  35. ↑ "Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines". World Health Organization (WHO). 26 February 2021.
  36. ↑ "How much does first Made-in Vietnam COVID-19 vaccine cost?". Voice of Vietnam. 11 December 2020.
  37. ↑ "Local Nanocovax vaccine's phase 3 trial to begin next week". vietnamnet.vn. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  38. ↑ "Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of Nanocovax Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 11 June 2021. NCT04922788. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  39. ↑ Le C, Thu A (26 February 2021). "Vietnam enters second phase of Covid-19 vaccine trials". VnExpress.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  40. ↑ Onishi T (15 June 2021). "Vietnam homegrown COVID vaccine heads for full approval by year-end". Nikkei Asia.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  41. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate UB-612 COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescent, Younger and Elderly Adult Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 February 2021. NCT04773067. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  42. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of UB-612 COVID-19 Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 24 December 2020. NCT04683224. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  43. ↑ Liao, George (27 June 2021). "Taiwan's second domestic COVID vaccine's midterm performance in phase II trials inferior to local competitor: experts". Taiwan News. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  44. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of UB-612 COVID-19 Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 11 September 2020. NCT04545749. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  45. ↑ Strong, Matthew (30 June 2021). "Taiwan's United Biomedical applies for COVID vaccine EUA". Taiwan News.
  46. ↑ "SCB-2019 as COVID-19 Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 May 2020. NCT04405908. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  47. ↑ "Clover Biopharmaceuticals starts Phase I Covid-19 vaccine trial". Clinical Trials Arena. 20 June 2020. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  48. ↑ "About Us". Clover Biopharmaceuticals. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  49. ↑ "A Controlled Phase 2/3 Study of Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Trimeric S-protein Vaccine (SCB-2019) for the Prevention of COVID-19 (SCB-2019)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 17 December 2020. NCT04672395. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  50. ↑ "Clover Biopharmaceuticals and Dynavax Announce First Participants Dosed in SPECTRA, a Global Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial for Adjuvanted S-Trimer COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate". Dynavax. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  51. ↑ "A Study of Safety and Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 (SCB-2019) Vaccine in Adults With Chronic Immune-Mediated Diseases". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 August 2021. NCT05012787. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  52. ↑ "Immunogenicity and Safety Study of Adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 (SCB-2019) Vaccine in Adults in China". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 July 2021. NCT04954131. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  53. ↑ "A Phase 2/3 Study of S-268019". jrct.niph.go.jp. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  54. ↑ "A Phase 3 Study of S-268019 for the Prevention of COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 January 2022. NCT05212948. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  55. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intranasal RSV Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Adults". jrct.niph.go.jp. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  56. ↑ "A Global Phase III Clinical Trial of Recombinant COVID- 19 Vaccine (Sf9 Cells)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 27 May 2021. NCT04904471. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  57. ↑ "A global phase III clinical trial of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells) in adults aged 18 years and older". chictr.org.cn. 12 May 2021. ChiCTR2100046272. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  58. ↑ "A global multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells), for the prevention of COVID-19 in adults aged 18 years and older". registry.healthresearch.ph. PHRR210712-003704.
  59. ↑ "Phase I Trial of a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Sf9 Cell)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 August 2020. NCT04530656. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  60. ↑ "A Phase II Clinical Trial of Recombinant Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Vaccine (Sf9 Cells)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 23 November 2020. NCT04640402. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  61. ↑ "Phase IIb Clinical Trial of Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Vaccine (Sf9 Cells)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 22 January 2021. NCT04718467. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  62. ↑ "A Phase III Clinical Trial of Influenza Virus Vector COVID- 19 Vaccine for Intranasal Spray (DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1)". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  63. ↑ "A Phase I Clinical Trial of Influenza virus Vector COVID-19 Vaccine for intranasal Spray (DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1)". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  64. ↑ "A Phase II Clinical Trial of Influenza virus Vector COVID-19 Vaccine for intranasal Spray (DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1)". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  65. ↑ "Entenda ponto a ponto a Versamune, vacina contra a Covid-19 financiada pelo governo federal". G1 Globo. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  66. ↑ "Vacina Versamune: o que se sabe sobre imunizante anunciado pelo governo federal". BBC News Brazil. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  67. ↑ "Vacina Versamune: o que se sabe sobre imunizante anunciado pelo governo federal". BBC News Brazil. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  68. ↑ "Randomized Controlled-trial to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Vaccine for Prevention of Covid-19 in Adults Previously Immunized". clinicaltrials.gov. 23 August 2021. NCT05016934. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  69. ↑ "A Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerance and preliminary immunogenicity of different doses of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in population aged 18–59 years and 60 years and above". Chinese Clinical Trial Register. 24 June 2020. ChiCTR2000034112. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  70. ↑ "Company introduction". Walvax Biotechnology. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  71. ↑ "A Phase III Clinical Study to Evaluate the Protective Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccine Candidate in Population Aged 18 Years and Above". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  72. ↑ "A Global, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase III Clinical Study to Evaluate the Protective Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Population Aged 18 Years and Older". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  73. ↑ "A Phase I/II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Healthy Population Aged 60 Years and Older". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  74. ↑ "A Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of different doses of a novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine in population aged 18-59 years". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  75. ↑ "Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Protein Vaccine (V-01) Phase III (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 27 October 2021. NCT05096845. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  76. ↑ "评价重组新型冠状病毒融合蛋白疫苗在健康人群免疫原性和安全性随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的II期临床试验". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  77. ↑ "评价重组新型冠状病毒融合蛋白疫苗在健康人群安全性和免疫原性随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的I期临床试验". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  78. ↑ "Arcturus Therapeutics Collaborates with Vingroup to Establish Manufacturing Facility in Vietnam for Arcturus' Investigational mRNA Vaccines for COVID-19". Business Wire. 2 August 2021.
  79. ↑ "Arcturus Allows Vietnam's Vingroup to Make Covid Vaccines". Bloomberg. 2 August 2021.
  80. ↑ "Vingroup collaborates with Arcturus Therapeutics to establish a manufacturing facility in Vietnam for Arcturus' mRNA Covid-19 vaccine". Yahoo! Finance. 2 August 2021.
  81. ↑ "Arcturus to start clinical trial of COVID-19 vaccine in Vietnam". Reuters. 2 August 2021.
  82. ↑ "Arcturus Therapeutics lines up Phase 1/2/3 trial for next-generation mRNA COVID-19 vaccine". Biopharma Reporter. 2 August 2021.
  83. ↑ "The ARCT-154 Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccine Efficacy Study (ARCT-154-01) (ARCT-154-01)". United States National Library of Medicine. 19 August 2021. NCT05012943. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  84. ↑ "Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity Study of the Recombinant Two-component COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell) (ReCOV)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 20 October 2021. NCT05084989. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  85. ↑ "Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity Study of ReCOV". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 March 2021. NCT04818801. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  86. ↑ "A Phase I/II Randomized, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity and Potential Efficacy of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine (IIBR-100) in Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 1 November 2020. NCT04608305.
  87. ↑ "Phase 2b Dose-confirmatory Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity and Potential Efficacy of an VSV-ΔG SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BRILIFE001)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 29 July 2021. NCT04990466. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  88. ↑ "As Israel goes vaccine-wild, will the homegrown version lose its shot?". The Times of Israel. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  89. ↑ "Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant protein subunit vaccine (CHO cells) against COVID-19 in adults: an international multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. 5 September 2021. ChiCTR2100050849. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  90. ↑ "Phase I Trial of a Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cell)". ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine. 19 November 2020. NCT04636333. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  91. ↑ "Immunogenicity and Safety of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (CHO Cells)". ClinicalTrials.gov. United States National Library of Medicine. 24 March 2021. NCT04813562. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  92. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Study of GX-19, a COVID-19 Preventive DNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 24 June 2020. NCT04445389. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  93. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Study of GX-19N, a COVID-19 Preventive DNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 20 January 2021. NCT04715997. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  94. ↑ "S. Korea's Genexine begins human trial of coronavirus vaccine". Reuters. 19 June 2020. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  95. ↑ "Genexine consortium's Covid-19 vaccine acquires approval for clinical trails in Korea". 11 June 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  96. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of GX-19N, a COVID-19 Preventive DNA Vaccine in Elderly Individuals". ClinicalTrials.gov. 7 June 2021. NCT04915989. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  97. ↑ "Evaluation of Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of GX-19N in Healthy Individuals Who Have Received COVID-19 Vaccines". ClinicalTrials.gov. 5 October 2021. NCT05067946. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  98. ↑ "GRAd-COV2 Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 27 August 2020. NCT04528641.
  99. ↑ "ReiThera Announces its GRAd-COV2 COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate is Well Tolerated and Induces Clear Immune Responses in Healthy Subjects Aged 18–55 Years". ReiThera Srl. Yahoo! Finance. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  100. ↑ "Study of GRAd-COV2 for the Prevention of COVID-19 in Adults (COVITAR)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 10 March 2021. NCT04791423. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  101. ↑ "ReiThera's COVID-19 vaccine candidate enters Phase 2/3 clinical study". ReiThera. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  102. ↑ "New ReiThera vaccine safe, response peak at 4 wks". ANSA. 5 January 2021.
  103. ↑ "Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 7 April 2020. NCT04336410. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  104. ↑ "IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO's COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea". International Vaccine Institute. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  105. ↑ "Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Healthy Seronegative Adults at High Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure". ClinicalTrials.gov. 24 November 2020. NCT04642638. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  106. ↑ "Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 Followed by Electroporation in Healthy Volunteers for COVID19". United States National Library of Medincine. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  107. ↑ "A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Doses of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine INO-4800 Administered Intradermally Followed by Electroporation in Healthy Adult and Elderly Volunteers". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  108. ↑ "Daiichi Sankyo Initiates Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial for mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Japan" (PDF) (Press release). Daiichi Sankyo. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  109. ↑ "Daiichi takes mRNA COVID-19 vaccine into clinic as Japanese R&D belatedly fires up". Fierce Biotech. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  110. ↑ "既承認SARS-CoV-2 ワクチンの初回接種完了者を対象としたDS-5670a による追加免疫効果を検討する第I/II/III 相、無作為化、実薬対照、評価者盲検試験". jrct.niph.go.jp. 28 December 2021. jRCT2071210106. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  111. ↑ "Study of DS-5670a (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Japanese Healthy Adults and Elderly Subjects". ClinicalTrials.gov. 29 March 2021. NCT04821674. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  112. ↑ "SK Bioscience Submitted Phase 3 IND for COVID-19 Vaccine". SK Bioscience.
  113. ↑ "A Phase III Study to Assess the Immunogenicity and Safety of SK SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Nanoparticle Vaccine Adjuvanted With AS03 (GBP510) in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older". ClinicalTrials.gov. 17 August 2021. NCT05007951. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  114. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Study of SARS-CoV-2 Nanoparticle Vaccine (GBP510) Adjuvanted With or Without AS03 (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 11 February 2021. NCT04750343. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  115. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Study of SARS-CoV-2 Nanoparticle Vaccine (GBP510) Adjuvanted With Aluminum Hydroxide (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 February 2021. NCT04742738. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  116. ↑ "Indigenous mRNA vaccine candidate supported by DBT gets Drug Controller nod to initiate Human clinical trials" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  117. ↑ "mRNA Vaccines – HGC019". Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  118. ↑ "Safety and immunogenicity study of an mRNA based vaccine (HGCO19) for COVID19 in healthy adult participants". ctri.nic.in. Clinical Trials Registry India. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  119. ↑ Raghavan P (15 December 2020). "Pune-based Gennova to begin human trials of its Covid vaccine 'soon'". The Indian Express.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  120. ↑ "Safety and immunogenicity study of mRNA based vaccine (HGCO19) against COVID-19 in healthy adult participants". ctri.nic.in. Clinical Trials Registry India. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  121. ↑ "Safety and immunogenicity study of mRNA based vaccine (HGCO19) against COVID-19 in healthy adult participants". Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register. 4 August 2021. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021.
  122. ↑ "18歳以上の健康な日本人を対象に、COVID-19に対するワクチン（KD-414）を2回接種した際の免疫原性及び安全性を確認する多施設共同非盲検非対照試験。". jrct.niph.go.jp. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  123. ↑ "Japan's KM Biologics begins clinical trial of COVID-19 vaccine candidate". Reuters. 22 March 2021.
  124. ↑ "20歳以上65歳未満の健康成人、及び65歳以上の健康な高齢者を対象に、COVID-19に対するワクチン（KD-414）の安全性及び免疫原性を検討するための、プラセボを対照とする多施設共同二重盲検ランダム化並行群間比較試験". jrct.niph.go.jp. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  125. ↑ "Phase Ⅱ and Ⅲ Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB001". ClinicalTrials.gov. 30 November 2021. NCT05137444. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  126. ↑ "A Phase Ⅰ Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB001". ClinicalTrials.gov. 18 November 2021. NCT05125926. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  127. ↑ "Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB001 against COVID-19 in healthy adults: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled phase II trial and a single-armed, open-label expanded safety phase III trial". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  128. ↑ "Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB001 in healthy adults: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled phase I trial". chictr.org.cn. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  129. ↑ "A study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of Anti-COVID-19 AKS-452 vaccine for SARS-Сov-2 infection in Indian healthy subjects". ctri.nic.in. 11 October 2021. CTRI/2021/10/037269. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  130. ↑ "Anti-COVID19 AKS-452 – ACT Study (ACT)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 23 December 2020. NCT04681092. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  131. ↑ "Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0301-COVID19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 9 July 2020. NCT04463472. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  132. ↑ "Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0302-COVID19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 August 2020. NCT04527081. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  133. ↑ "About AnGes – Introduction". AnGes, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  134. ↑ "Phase II / III Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0302-COVID19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 7 December 2020. NCT04655625. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  135. ↑ "Phase II Clinical Trial of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine (CHO Cell)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 4 August 2021. NCT04990544. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  136. ↑ "Phase I Clinical Trial of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Vaccine (CHO Cell)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 4 July 2021. NCT04982068. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  137. ↑ "A Ph 2 Trial With an Oral Tableted COVID-19 Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 5 October 2021. NCT05067933. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  138. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of an Oral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (VXA-CoV2-1) for Prevention of COVID-19 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 24 September 2020. NCT04563702. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  139. ↑ "Ph 1b: Safety & Immunogenicity of Ad5 Based Oral Norovirus Vaccine (VXA-NVV-104)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 22 April 2021. NCT04854746. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  140. 1 2 "Made-in-Canada coronavirus vaccine starts human clinical trials". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 January 2021.
  141. ↑ "PTX-COVID19-B, an mRNA Humoral Vaccine, Intended for Prevention of COVID-19 in a General Population. This Study is Designed to Demonstrate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of PTX-COVID19-B in Comparison to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 4 January 2022. NCT05175742. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  142. ↑ "PTX-COVID19-B, an mRNA Humoral Vaccine, is Intended for Prevention of COVID-19 in a General Population. This Study is Designed to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of PTX-COVID19-B Vaccine in Healthy Seronegative Adults Aged 18-64". ClinicalTrials.gov. 21 February 2021. NCT04765436. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  143. ↑ "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial of immunogenicity, immunopersistence, and safety of graded Novel Coronavirus inactivated vaccine (Vero cells) in healthy persons aged 18 years and older". chictr.org.cn. 29 September 2021. ChiCTR2100050024. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  144. ↑ "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Novel Coronavirus inactivated vaccine (Vero cells) in healthy individuals 18 years of age and older". chictr.org.cn. 16 August 2021. ChiCTR2100050024. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  145. ↑ "Another Chinese adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccine ready for human trials". Xinhua. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  146. ↑ "A Phase II Clinical Trial of the Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector)". chictr.org.cn. 2 August 2021. ChiCTR2100049530. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  147. ↑ "Phase I Clinical Trial of the Candidate Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector)". chictr.org.cn. 23 May 2021. ChiCTR2100046612. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  148. ↑ "INNA-051 intranasal safety and tolerability study". clinicaltrials.gov. 12 November 2021. NCT05118763. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  149. ↑ "INNA-051 intranasal safety and tolerability study". anzctr.org.au. 21 April 2021. ACTRN12621000607875p. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  150. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA-1283 COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters". ClinicalTrials.gov. 30 November 2021. NCT05137236. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  151. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1283 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines in Healthy Adults Between 18 Years and 55 Years of Age to Prevent COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 24 March 2021. NCT04813796. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  152. ↑ "Study of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 15 July 2021. NCT04962893. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  153. ↑ "Study of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine in Healthy Adults (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 March 2021. NCT04818281. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  154. ↑ "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (COH04S1) Versus Emergency Use Authorization SARS-COV-2 Vaccine for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Patients With Blood Cancer". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 July 2021. NCT04977024. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  155. ↑ "A Synthetic MVA-based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, COH04S1, for the Prevention of COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 20 November 2020. NCT04639466. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  156. ↑ "Bavarian Nordic reports encouraging preclinical data for COVID-19 vaccine candidate ahead of first-in-human trial". Bavarian Nordic. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  157. ↑ "Bavarian Nordic Initiates Phase 2 Clinical Trial of COVID-19 Booster Vaccine". Bavarian Nordic. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  158. ↑ "ABNCoV2 Vaccine in SARS-CoV-2 Seronegative and Seropositive Adult Subjects". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 October 2021. NCT05077267. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  159. ↑ "Safety and Tolerability of ABNCoV2 (COUGH-1)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 9 April 2021. NCT04839146. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  160. ↑ "Clover Announces Positive Preclinical Data for Second-Generation Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Demonstrating Broad Neutralization Against Variants of Concern". Clover Biopharmaceutical. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  161. ↑ "Immunogenicity and Safety of Adjuvanted SCB-2020S Vaccines in Adults". United States National Library of Medicine. 6 July 2021. NCT04950751. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  162. ↑ "The Safety and Efficacy of SCTV01C in Population Aged ≥18 Years Previously Vaccinated With Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine.Healthy Population Aged ≥18 Years Previously Vaccinated With Adenovirus Vectored or mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine". United States National Library of Medicine. 14 September 2021. NCT05043311. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  163. ↑ "The Safety and Efficacy of SCTV01C in Population Aged ≥18 Years Previously Vaccinated With Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine.Healthy Population Aged ≥18 Years Previously Vaccinated With Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine". United States National Library of Medicine. 14 September 2021. NCT05043285. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  164. ↑ "Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of SCTV01C in Healthy Population Aged ≥18 Years Previously Unvaccinated". United States National Library of Medicine. 8 December 2021. NCT05148091. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  165. ↑ "A Phase 1/2 Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine COVIVAC". ClinicalTrials.gov. 5 April 2021. NCT04830800. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  166. ↑ "A Live Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus-vectored COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 1 Study". ClinicalTrials.gov. 25 January 2022. NCT05205746. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  167. ↑ "Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of NDV-HXP-S Vaccine in Thailand". ClinicalTrials.gov. 21 February 2021. NCT04764422. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  168. ↑ "A Live Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus-vectored COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 1 Study". ClinicalTrials.gov. 6 January 2022. NCT05181709. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  169. ↑ "Vaccine COVID-19 "made in Vietnam" COVIVAC thử nghiệm giai đoạn 2". VTV. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  170. ↑ Zimmer C (5 April 2021). "Researchers Are Hatching a Low-Cost Coronavirus Vaccine". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  171. ↑ "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of mRNACOVID-19 vaccine in healthy susceptible populations aged 18 years and older people". Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  172. ↑ "A Phase I/II Clinical Trial in Healthy People Aged 18 Years and Above". ClinicalTrials.gov. 3 December 2021. NCT05144139. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  173. ↑ "CTI and Arcturus Therapeutics Announce Initiation of Dosing of COVID-19 STARR mRNA Vaccine Candidate, LUNAR-COV19 (ARCT-021) in a Phase 1/2 study". UK BioIndustry Association. 13 August 2020. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  174. ↑ "Ascending Dose Study of Investigational SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine ARCT-021 in Healthy Adult Subjects". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  175. ↑ "A Trial Evaluating the Safety and Effects of an RNA Vaccine ARCT-021 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 16 December 2020. NCT04668339. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  176. ↑ "Open Label Extension Study to Assess the Safety and Long-Term Immunogenicity of ARCT-021". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 January 2021. NCT04728347. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  177. ↑ "Phase I/II of the Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine in Healthy Populations". ClinicalTrials.gov. 5 October 2021. NCT05067894. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  178. ↑ "VBI Vaccines Announces Initiation of Enrollment in Adaptive Phase 1/2 Study of Prophylactic COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, VBI-2902". VBI Vaccines (Press release). 9 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  179. ↑ "Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of the COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates VBI-2902a and VBI-2905a". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 February 2021. NCT04773665. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  180. ↑ "Novavax Announces Positive Preclinical Data for Combination Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate". Novavax. 10 May 2021.
  181. ↑ "Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Influenza and COVID-19 Combination Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 July 2021. NCT04961541. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  182. ↑ "Safety, Tolerance and Immunogenicity of EuCorVac-19 for the Prevention of COVID-19 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 5 March 2021. NCT04783311. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  183. ↑ Limon R (12 August 2021). "First Spanish Covid-19 vaccine approved for human clinical trial". El Pais. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  184. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Recombinant Protein RBD Candidate Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in Adult Healthy Volunteers (COVID-19)". clinicaltrials.gov. 16 August 2021. NCT05007509. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  185. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Protein RBD Fusion Dimer Vaccine Against the Virus That Cause COVID-19, Known as Severe Acute Respiratoy Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)". clinicaltrials.gov. 2 December 2021. NCT05142514. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  186. ↑ "Trial registered on ANZCTR". anzctr.org.au. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  187. ↑ "Phase I-II Trial of Dendritic Cell Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19 in Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 13 May 2020. NCT04386252. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  188. ↑ "Dendritic Cell Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 December 2020. NCT04685603. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  189. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-eVax, a Candidate Plasmid DNA Vaccine for COVID-19, in Healthy Adult Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 9 March 2021. NCT04788459. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  190. 1 2 "Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV154) for COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 12 February 2021. NCT04751682. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021.
  191. ↑ "Intranasal Vaccine For Covid-19". Bharat Biotech. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  192. ↑ Gaurav K (13 August 2021). "First nasal vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech gets nod for Phase 2/3 trial". Hindustan Times.
  193. ↑ "Intranasal COVID-19 vaccine Phase 2 study in Healthy volunteers". ctri.nic.in. Clinical Trials Registry India. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  194. ↑ "Vaccibody reports promising preclinical data with a second-generation COVID-19 vaccine and announces its infectious disease strategy" (PDF). vaccibody.com. 10 December 2020.
  195. ↑ "Vaccibody reports promising preclinical data with a second-generation COVID-19 vaccine and announces its infectious disease strategy" (PDF). vaccibody.com. 10 December 2020.
  196. ↑ "Vaccibody to initiate a phase 1/2 trial to evaluate two second-generation SARS CoV-2 virus DNA vaccine candidates to address emerging variants of concern" (PDF). vaccibody.com. 29 June 2021.
  197. ↑ "A Phase 1/2, Dose Escalation Study to Determine Safety and Immunogenicity of Two COVID 19 Vaccines VB10.2129 (RBD Candidate) and VB10.2210 (T Cell Candidate) in Healthy Adult Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 6 October 2021. NCT05069623. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  198. ↑ "ChulaCov19 mRNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 September 2020. NCT04566276. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  199. 1 2 "Safety and Immunity of Covid-19 aAPC Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 9 March 2020. NCT04299724. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  200. 1 2 "About Us". Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  201. 1 2 "Immunity and Safety of Covid-19 Synthetic Minigene Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 February 2020. NCT04276896. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  202. ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccination Using a 2nd Generation (E1/E2B/E3-Deleted) Adenoviral Platform in Healthy South African Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 January 2021. NCT04710303. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  203. ↑ "COVID-19 Oral and Subcutaneous Vaccination Using a 2nd Generation (E1/E2B/E3-Deleted) Adenovirus Platform in Healthy Volunteers in USA". ClinicalTrials.gov. 1 February 2021. NCT04732468. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  204. ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccination Using a 2nd Generation (E1/E2B/E3-Deleted) Adenoviral-COVID-19 in Normal Healthy Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 October 2020. NCT04591717. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  205. ↑ "COVID-19 Subcutaneously and Orally Administered Supplemental Vaccine Boost to Enhance T Cell Protection in Those Who Have Already Received EUA S-Based Vaccines". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 April 2021. NCT04845191. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  206. ↑ "COVID-19 Supplemental Vaccine Boost to Enhance T Cell Protection in Those Who Have Already Received EUA S-Based Vaccines". ClinicalTrials.gov. 13 April 2021. NCT04843722. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  207. 1 2 "VIDO COVID-19 vaccine moves to Phase 1 clinical testing". globalnews.ca. 10 February 2021.
  208. ↑ "A Clinical Trial of COVAC-2 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 January 2021. NCT04702178. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  209. ↑ "A Clinical Trial of COVAC-1 in Generally Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 December 2021. NCT05155982. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  210. ↑ "Serum Institute starts manufacturing Codagenix's nasal COVID-19 vaccine". mint. 22 September 2020.
  211. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of COVI-VAC, a Live Attenuated Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 6 November 2020. NCT04619628.
  212. ↑ "A Study of the Safety of and Immune Response to Varying Doses of a Vaccine Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 17 February 2021. NCT04758962.
  213. ↑ "COVALIA study update: first healthy volunteers dosed in needle-free SARS-CoV2 DNA vaccine phase 1 trial". Bionet Asia. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  214. ↑ "The Safety and Immunogenicity of a DNA-based Vaccine (COVIGEN) in Healthy Volunteers (COVALIA)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 February 2021. NCT04742842.
  215. ↑ "Meissa Announces IND Clearance for Phase 1 Study of Intranasal Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate for COVID-19". Business Wire. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  216. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intranasal RSV Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 15 March 2021. NCT04798001. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  217. ↑ "KBP-201 COVID-19 Vaccine Trial in Healthy Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 16 July 2020. NCT04473690. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  218. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Study of AdCLD-CoV19: A COVID-19 Preventive Vaccine in Healthy Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 December 2020. NCT04666012. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  219. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 (AdimrSC-2f) Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 21 August 2020. NCT04522089. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  220. ↑ "Dose-finding Study for AdimrSC-2f Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 3 November 2021. NCT05104489. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  221. ↑ "GLS-5310 Vaccine for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 17 December 2020. NCT04673149. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  222. ↑ "A Clinical Trial of a Plasmid DNA Vaccine for COVID-19 [Covigenix VAX-001] in Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 October 2020. NCT04591184. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  223. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (NBP2001) in Healthy Adults (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 18 February 2021. NCT04760743. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  224. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of Multi-peptide Vaccination to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Adults (pVAC)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 September 2020. NCT04546841. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  225. ↑ "B-pVAC-SARS-CoV-2: Study to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Adults With Bcell/ Antibody Deficiency (B-pVAC)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 July 2020. NCT04954469. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  226. ↑ "Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of bacTRL-Spike Vaccine for Prevention of COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 6 April 2020. NCT04334980. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  227. ↑ "Chimpanzee Adenovirus and Self-Amplifying mRNA Prime-Boost Prophylactic Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 1 March 2021. NCT04776317. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  228. ↑ "SARS-COV-2-Spike-Ferritin-Nanoparticle (SpFN) Vaccine With ALFQ Adjuvant for Prevention of COVID-19 in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 5 March 2021. NCT04784767. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  229. ↑ "Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Candidate Vaccine MVA-SARS-2-S Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 29 September 2020. NCT04569383. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  230. ↑ "Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Candidate Vaccine MVA-SARS-2-ST Against COVID-19 (MVA-SARS-2-ST)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 20 May 2021. NCT04895449. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  231. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of the Inactivated Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to Placebo". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 April 2021. NCT04838080. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  232. ↑ "First-In-Human Study Of Orally Administered CoV2-OGEN1 In Healthy Subjects". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 May 2021. NCT04893512. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  233. ↑ "OSE Immunotherapeutics Receives Authorization for Phase 1 Clinical Trial of its Multi-Target Multi-Variant COVID-19 Vaccine". BioSpace. 1 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  234. ↑ "To Evaluate the Safety, and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19, in Healthy Adults (COVEPIT 3)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 13 May 2021. NCT04885361. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  235. ↑ "HDT Bio Receives Notice to Proceed from FDA for US Phase 1 Clinical Trial of RNA COVID-19 Vaccine". HDT Bio. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  236. ↑ "HDT Bio Partner Quratis Doses First Healthy Volunteers in Phase 1 Trial of HDT Bio's RNA COVID-19 Vaccine in South Korea". HDT Bio. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  237. ↑ "Phase 1 Study to Assess Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the HDT-301 Vaccine Against COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 April 2021. NCT04844268. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  238. ↑ "Safety And Immunogenicity Of HDT-301 Targeting A SARS-CoV-2 Variant Spike Protein". ClinicalTrials.gov. 24 November 2021. NCT05132907. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  239. ↑ "A Phase 1, First-In-Human Study of the Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine SC-Ad6-1 in Healthy Volunteers". ClinicalTrials.gov. 9 April 2021. NCT04839042. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  240. ↑ "Study of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine in Healthy Adults (COVID-19)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 29 April 2021. NCT04866069. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  241. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of EXG-5003". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 April 2021. NCT04863131. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  242. ↑ "Icosavax Initiates Phase 1/2 Trial of COVID-19 VLP Vaccine Candidate". Icosavax. 8 June 2021.
  243. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccine (IVX-411) in Healthy Adults". Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  244. ↑ "НАЧАТЫ КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СУБЪЕДИНИЧНОЙ ВАКЦИНЫ ПРОТИВ COVID-19, РАЗРАБОТАННОЙ УЧЁНЫМИ НИИПББ". Biosafty and Biotechnology Journal. 15 June 2021.
  245. ↑ "Reactogenicity, Safety and Immunogenicity of QazCoVac-P COVID-19 Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 18 June 2021. NCT04930003. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  246. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2, the Causative Agent of COVID-19 (COVAC-Uganda)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 22 June 2021. NCT04934111. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  247. ↑ Rujivanarom, Pratch (6 June 2021). "Local jabs yet to join Covid fight". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  248. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Reactogenicity of an RBD-Fc-based Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 7 July 2021. NCT04953078. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  249. ↑ "Phase 1 Intranasal Parainfluenza Virus Type 5-SARS CoV-2 S Vaccine in Healthy Adults (CVXGA1-001)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 8 July 2021. NCT04954287. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  250. ↑ "FMBA begins clinical trials of its coronavirus vaccine, press service says". Russian News Agency. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  251. ↑ "The Objectives of This Study Are Study the Immunogenicity, Safety and Tolerability of the Coronavirus Vaccine in Healthy Adult Volunteer Aged 18 to 60 Years". ClinicalTrials.gov. 14 December 2021. NCT05156723. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  252. ↑ "Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability and preliminary immunogenicity of the new coronavirus mRNA vaccine (LVRNA009) in Chinese people aged 18 years and over". chictr.org.cn. 31 July 2021. ChiCTR2100049349. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  253. ↑ "A Trial Evaluating the Safety and Immunogenicity of 3 COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccines in Healthy Adults". clinicaltrials.gov. 8 September 2021. NCT05037097. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  254. ↑ "Clinical Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Viral Vector AAV5 (Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 )-RBD (Receptor Binding Domain)-S Vaccine for the Prevention of Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) (COVER)". clinicaltrials.gov. 8 September 2021. NCT05037188. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  255. ↑ "A study of the safety of EDV nanocells packaged with spike-protein plasmid and glycolipid as a COVID-19 vaccine in healthy volunteers". 27 August 2021. ACTRN12621001159842. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  256. ↑ "COVIDITY". Scancell. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  257. ↑ "A First Time in Human Phase 1 Open-Label Study of the COVIDITY Vaccine Administered by Needle-free Injection". clinicaltrials.gov. 17 September 2021. NCT05047445. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  258. ↑ "Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of SII Vaccine Constructs Based on the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Variant in Adults". clinicaltrials.gov. 1 September 2021. NCT05029856. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  259. ↑ Chan-hyuk K (1 September 2021). "Eyegene wins approval for trial of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine". Korea Biomedical Review. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  260. ↑ "아이진, 부작용 줄인 코로나 mRNA 백신 개발한다". 한국경제TV. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  261. ↑ "Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Explore the Immunogenicity of EG-COVID in Healthy Adult Volunteers". clinicaltrials.gov. 12 January 2022. NCT05188469. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  262. ↑ "To Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of a PIKA-Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein Subunit Vaccine in Healthy Individuals". anzctr.org.au. 15 July 2021. ACTRN12621001009808. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  263. ↑ "Phase 1 Trial of ChAd68 and Ad5 Adenovirus COVID-19 Vaccines Delivered by Aerosol". clinicaltrials.gov. 26 October 2021. NCT05094609. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  264. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate Safety & Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine Delivered Intramuscularly Followed by Electroporation for COVID-19". clinicaltrials.gov. 1 November 2021. NCT05102643. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  265. ↑ Jaffe-Hoffman M (11 June 2021). "Israeli oral COVID-19 vaccine en route to clinical trials". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  266. ↑ Jaffe-Hoffman M (22 July 2021). "Israel to become first in world to test Oravax oral COVID-19 vaccine". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  267. ↑ "Oramed Announces Oravax's Oral COVID-19 Vaccine Has Received South African Approval to Initiate Phase 1 Trial". Cision PR News Wire. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  268. ↑ "inno.N, 코로나19 백신 후보물질 임상1상 신청". HK inno.N.
  269. ↑ "Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (IN-B009) in Healthy Adults (COVID-19)". clinicaltrials.gov. 9 November 2021. NCT05113849. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  270. ↑ "Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of a T-Cell Priming Peptide Vaccine Against Coronavirus (naNO-COVID)". clinicaltrials.gov. 9 November 2021. NCT05113862. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  271. ↑ "Russian health ministry approves clinical trials of Betuvax-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine". Russian News Agency. 27 September 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  272. ↑ "Private Russian company starts trials for new COVID-19 vaccine - TASS". Reuters. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  273. ↑ "Egypt announces clinical trials of its own COVID-19 vaccine". Associated Press News. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  274. ↑ "Evaluation of Inactivated Vaccine in Healthy Adults Against Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19)". clinicaltrials.gov. 22 November 2021. NCT05128721. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  275. ↑ "自己増殖型mRNAワクチンVLPCOV-01の第1相試験 並行群間、二重盲検、プラセボ対照ヒト初回投与試験（FIH試験）（COVID-19）" [Clinical research implementation plan / research outline disclosure system]. jrct.niph.go.jp. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  276. ↑ "Study of GRT-R910 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Boost Vaccine in Healthy Volunteers". clinicaltrials.gov. 8 December 2021. NCT05148962. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  277. ↑ "Development of a COVID19 Oral Vaccine Consisting of Bacillus Subtilis Spores Expressing and Displaying the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein of SARS-COV2". chictr.org.cn. 28 November 2021. ChiCTR2100053747. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  278. ↑ "Phase-I Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Prophylactic pDNA Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults". clinicaltrials.gov. 29 December 2021. NCT05171946. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  279. ↑ "신형코로나비루스후보왁찐을 새로 개발". North's State Commission of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021.
  280. ↑ "Dự kiến cuối quý 3-2021, Việt Nam sẽ có vaccine phòng Covid-19 đầu tiên". Nhân Dân. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  281. ↑ "INOVIO's Pan-COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate (INO-4802) Induces Broad Immunity Against Major Viral Variants in Preclinical Studies". Inovio Pharmaceutical. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  282. ↑ "Bangavax Vaccine: Permission sought for clinical trial". The Daily Star. 18 January 2021.
  283. ↑ "Bangladesh joins global COVID-19 vaccine race with Bongavax set for clinical trial". Arab News. 8 January 2021.
  284. ↑ "Bangavax first buzzed with hope, then fizzled". bdnews24. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  285. ↑ "The vaccine is expected to provide long-lasting protection with a single dose administration with an anticipated safety profile similar to other licensed vaccines for active immunization" (PDF). Indian Immunologicals. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  286. ↑ Medeiros D (31 December 2020). "EpiVax and EpiVax Therapeutics Advance COVID-19 Vaccine Program, EPV-CoV-19". EpiVax.
  287. ↑ "Intravacc announces positive pre-clinical data for its SARS-CoV-2 nose spray vaccine". Intravacc. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  288. ↑ "Second-Generation COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, CV2CoV, Demonstrates High Immunogenicity Against Virus Variants in Preclinical Study". CureVac. 13 May 2021.
  289. ↑ "Sorrento and Dyadic Announce Binding Term Sheet to License Dyadic's Lead COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate "DYAI-100" and C1 Technology for Protein-Based Coronavirus Vaccines and Therapeutics". Sorrento Therapeutics. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  290. ↑ "Sorrento Announces Its Lead Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate – DYAI-100 – Elicits Strong Neutralizing Immune Responses in Vaccinated Animals Against SARS-CoV-2 and Multiple Major Variants of Concern". Sorrento Therapeutics. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  291. ↑ "Malaysian mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 under development, says Adham". The Edge. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  292. ↑ "COVID-19". CureVac. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  293. ↑ "A Study to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Adults for COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 3 December 2020. NCT04652102. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  294. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults in Germany for COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 December 2020. NCT04674189. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  295. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Elderly Adults Compared to Younger Adults for COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 9 April 2021. NCT04838847. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  296. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Adults With Co-morbidities for COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 April 2021. NCT04860258. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  297. ↑ "COVID-19: A Trial Studying the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV to Learn About the Immune Response, the Safety, and the Degree of Typical Vaccination Reactions When CVnCoV is Given at the Same Time as a Flu Vaccine Compared to When the Vaccines Are Separately Given in Adults 60 Years of Age and Older (CV-NCOV-011)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 19 April 2021. NCT04848467. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  298. ↑ "COVID-19: A Phase 2b/3, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Investigational SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine CVnCoV in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older". EU Clinical Trials Register. 19 November 2020. 2020-003998-22. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  299. ↑ "A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 26 June 2020. NCT04449276. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  300. ↑ "A Dose-Confirmation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults for COVID-19". ClinicalTrials.gov. 17 August 2020. NCT04515147. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  301. ↑ "EMA starts rolling review of CureVac's COVID-19 vaccine (CVnCoV)". European Medicines Agency (EMA) (Press release). 1 December 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  302. ↑ "CureVac seeks Covid-19 shot approval in Switzerland". Swissinfo. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  303. ↑ "CORVax12: SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein Plasmid DNA Vaccine Trial for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) (CORVax12)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 13 November 2020. NCT04627675. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  304. ↑ "Sanofi and Translate Bio initiate Phase 1/2 clinical trial of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidate" (Press release). Sanofi. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  305. ↑ "Study of mRNA Vaccine Formulation Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults 18 Years of Age and Older (VAW00001)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 15 March 2021. NCT04798027. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  306. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of AdCOVID in Healthy Adults (COVID-19 Vaccine Study)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 22 December 2020. NCT04679909. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  307. ↑ "Altimmune Announces Update On AdCOVID Phase 1 Clinical Trial". Altimmune. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  308. ↑ Ward D, McCormack S (22 May 2020). "Clinical trial to assess the safety of a coronavirus vaccine in healthy men and women". ISRCTN. doi:10.1186/ISRCTN17072692. ISRCTN17072692.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  309. ↑ "Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of the COVID-19 Vaccine (COVID-19-101)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 4 August 2020. NCT04497298. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  310. ↑ "A Study on the Safety, Tolerability and Immune Response of SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp (COVID-19) Vaccine in Healthy Adults". ClinicalTrials.gov. 3 August 2020. NCT04495933. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  311. ↑ "UQ-CSL V451 Vaccine". precisionvaccinations.com. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  312. ↑ "Dose Ranging Trial to Assess Safety and Immunogenicity of V590 (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Healthy Adults (V590-001)". 30 September 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  313. ↑ "A Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of V591 (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Healthy Participants (V591-001)". 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  314. ↑ "Participant Enrollment Begins for Phase I Trial of IAVI-Merck COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate". IAVI. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  315. ↑ "V591 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine". www.precisionvaccinations.com. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  316. ↑ "Merck Discontinues Development of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates; Continues Development of Two Investigational Therapeutic Candidates". Merck (Press release). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  317. ↑ "Joint CDC and FDA Statement on Vaccine Boosters". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  318. ↑ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Additional Vaccine Dose for Certain Immunocompromised Individuals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  319. ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccines for Moderately to Severely Immunocompromised People". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  320. ↑ "FDA Authorizes Booster Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Certain Populations". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  321. ↑ "Advisory committee recommends many be offered Covid vaccine boosters". Stat News. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  322. ↑ "C.D.C. Chief C.D.C. Chief Overrules Agency Panel and Endorses Pfizer Boosters for Frontline Workers". The New York Times. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  323. 1 2 "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Takes Additional Actions on the Use of a Booster Dose for COVID-19 Vaccines". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  324. 1 2 "CDC Expands Eligibility for COVID-19 Booster Shots". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 21 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  325. ↑ "WHO Technical Consultation: Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization in Ebola vaccine development and testing, licensure and use; 21 November 2014" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). Geneva. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  326. ↑ Lu S (June 2009). "Heterologous prime-boost vaccination". Current Opinion in Immunology. 21 (3): 346–351. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.016. PMC 3743086. PMID 19500964.
  327. ↑ Ledford H (February 2021). "Could mixing COVID vaccines boost immune response?". Nature. 590 (7846): 375–376. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..375L. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00315-5. PMID 33547431. S2CID 231946137.
  328. ↑ "Angela Merkel receives Moderna dose after first AstraZeneca shot". Al Jazeera. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  329. ↑ "Getting One Vaccine Is Good. How About Mix-and-Match?". The New York Times. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  330. ↑ "About". Com-COV. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  331. 1 2 Stuart A, Shaw R, Walker L (August 2021). "Comparing coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine schedule combinations". ISRCTN Registry. doi:10.1186/ISRCTN69254139. S2CID 242713503. ISRCTN69254139.
  332. ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity Report from the Com-COV Study – a Single-Blind Randomised Non-Inferiority Trial Comparing Heterologous And Homologous Prime-Boost Schedules with An Adenoviral Vectored and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine". June 2021. SSRN 3874014.
  333. 1 2 Vichos I, Snape M (12 March 2021). "Comparing COVID-19 vaccine schedule combinations – stage 2". ISRCTN Registry. doi:10.1186/ISRCTN27841311. S2CID 243068742. ISRCTN27841311. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  334. ↑ Faust S (June 2021). "Evaluating COVID-19 Vaccination Boosters". ISRCTN Registry. doi:10.1186/ISRCTN73765130. S2CID 240704676. ISRCTN73765130. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  335. ↑ Interim recommendations for heterologous COVID-19 vaccine schedules (Guidance). World Health Organization (WHO). 16 December 2021. WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/heterologous_schedules/2021.1. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  336. ↑ "Combination of the first component of Sputnik V vaccine (Sputnik Light vaccine) with vaccines by AstraZeneca, Sinopharm and Moderna demonstrates high safety profile during the study in Argentina's Buenos-Aires province" (Press release). Moscow: Russian Direct Investment Fund. 4 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  337. ↑ "Study on Sequential Immunization of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad5 Vector) and RBD-based Protein Subunit Vaccine". ClinicalTrials.gov. 6 April 2021. NCT04833101. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  338. ↑ "Vaccination With COMIRNATY in Subjects With a VAXZEVRIA First Dose (CombiVacS)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 27 April 2021. NCT04860739. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  339. ↑ "Mix and Match of the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Dose for Safety and Immunogenicity (MOSAIC)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 20 May 2021. NCT04894435. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  340. ↑ "Compare Immunological Efficacy of a Vaccine Regimen Combining Two Covid19 mRNA Vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) With That of a Homologous Vaccination of Each Covid19 mRNA Vaccine (ARNCOMBI)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 25 May 2021. NCT04900467. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  341. ↑ "Heterologous Vaccination With an Vaxzevria (ChAdOx1-S) Prime and a Comirnaty (BNT162b2) Boost Compared With Homolog Vaccination With Vaxzervria (Prime/Boost) or Comirnaty (Prime/Boost) (HeVacc)". ClinicalTrials.gov. 28 May 2021. NCT04907331. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  342. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT04927936 for "A Trial Among HealthCare Workers (HCW) Vaccinated With Janssen Vaccine: the SWITCH Trial (SWITCH)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  343. ↑ "Chile realiza primer estudio a nivel mundial sobre uso de dosis de refuerzo en vacunas inactivadas: Aumenta efectividad en prevención y hospitalización por COVID-19" [Chile conducts the first study worldwide on inactivated vaccine boosters: increased effectiveness against disease and hospitalization due to COVID-19] (Press release) (in Spanish). Ministry of Health of Chile. 7 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  344. ↑ "Elderly Chileans line up for booster jabs to reinforce CoronaVac vaccine". Reuters. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  345. 1 2 "FDA Briefing Document: Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 10 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  346. ↑ Zimmer C (20 November 2020). "2 Companies Say Their Vaccines Are 95% Effective. What Does That Mean? You might assume that 95 out of every 100 people vaccinated will be protected from Covid-19. But that's not how the math works". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  347. ↑ Odzer A (January 2021). "#DoNotSqueezeMyArm: Doctor Sounds Alarm on How to Properly Inject COVID-19 Vaccine".
  348. ↑ Ng JY (June 2021). "Inadvertent subcutaneous injection of COVID-19 vaccine". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 97 (1148): 400. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-139870. PMC 7886662. PMID 33589486.
  349. ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccine Administration Errors and Deviations" (PDF). CDC.
  350. ↑ Branswell H (2 February 2021). "Comparing three Covid-19 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna, J&J". Stat. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  351. ↑ "Bharat's Intranasal Covid-19 Vaccine Moves Forward". 16 August 2021.
  352. ↑ Randolph HE, Barreiro LB (May 2020). "Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19". Immunity. 52 (5): 737–741. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012. PMC 7236739. PMID 32433946.
  353. ↑ "The FDA's cutoff for Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness is 50 percent. What does that mean?". NBCNews.com. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  354. ↑ "EMA sets 50% efficacy goal – with flexibility – for COVID vaccines". Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society (RAPS). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  355. ↑ Krause P, Fleming TR, Longini I, Henao-Restrepo AM, Peto R (September 2020). "COVID-19 vaccine trials should seek worthwhile efficacy". Lancet. 396 (10253): 741–743. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31821-3. PMC 7832749. PMID 32861315.
  356. ↑ Bartsch SM, O'Shea KJ, Ferguson MC, Bottazzi ME, Wedlock PT, Strych U, et al. (October 2020). "Vaccine Efficacy Needed for a COVID-19 Coronavirus Vaccine to Prevent or Stop an Epidemic as the Sole Intervention". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 59 (4): 493–503. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.011. PMC 7361120. PMID 32778354.
  357. ↑ "FDA Briefing Document for mRNA 1273". Food and Drug Administration. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  358. ↑ Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, Jackson LA, Roberts PC, Makhene M, et al. (December 2020). "Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (25): 2427–2438. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028436. PMC 7556339. PMID 32991794.
  359. ↑ Hunziker P (24 July 2021). "Personalized-dose Covid-19 vaccination in a wave of virus Variants of Concern: Trading individual efficacy for societal benefit". Precision Nanomedicine. 4 (3): 805–20. doi:10.33218/001c.26101.
  360. ↑ Dooling K (13 August 2021). "Evidence to Recommendations Framework: Additional doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines as part of a primary series for immunocompromised" (PDF). CDC Advisory Board for Immunization Practices.
  361. ↑ Chen Z, Liu K, Liu X, Lou Y (February 2020). "Modelling epidemics with fractional-dose vaccination in response to limited vaccine supply". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 486: 110085. Bibcode:2020JThBi.48610085C. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110085. hdl:10397/94076. PMID 31758966. S2CID 208254350.
  362. ↑ Dean N, Madewell Z (5 March 2021). "Understanding the spectrum of vaccine efficacy measures". The BMJ Opinion. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  363. ↑ Voysey M, Costa Clemens SA, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. (March 2021). "Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials". Lancet. 397 (10277): 881–891. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00432-3. PMC 7894131. PMID 33617777.
  364. ↑ Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Hirsch I, Sproule S, Robb ML, Corey L, et al. (16 December 2021). "Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 Vaccine". New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (25): 2348–2360. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2105290.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  365. 1 2 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (19 February 2021). Assessment report: Comirnaty (PDF) (European public assessment report). Corr.1. European Medicines Agency (EMA). COVID-19 Case Definitions; tables 2, 5, 12, 13. EMA/707383/2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  366. 1 2 "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine – rna ingredient bnt-162b2 injection, suspension". DailyMed. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  367. 1 2 3 "Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine – ad26.cov2.s injection, suspension". DailyMed. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  368. ↑ "FDA Briefing Document: Janssen Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for the Prevention of COVID-19". US Food & Drug Administration (FDA). 26 February 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  369. 1 2 3 "Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine – cx-024414 injection, suspension". DailyMed. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  370. ↑ Al Kaabi N, Zhang Y, Xia S, Yang Y, Al Qahtani MM, Abdulrazzaq N, et al. (July 2021). "Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 326 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.8565. PMC 8156175. PMID 34037666.
  371. ↑ Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm (Guidance). World Health Organization. 7 May 2021.
  372. ↑ Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. (February 2021). "Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia". Lancet. 397 (10275): 671–681. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8. PMC 7852454. PMID 33545094.
  373. ↑ "Summary of Clinical Trial Data of Sinovac's COVID-19 Vaccine (CoronaVac)" (Press release). Sinovac Biotech. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  374. ↑ Palacios R, Batista AP, Albuquerque CS, Patiño EG, Santos Jd, Tilli Reis Pessoa Conde M, et al. (April 2021). "Efficacy and Safety of a COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals in Brazil: The PROFISCOV Study". SSRN 3822780.{{cite SSRN}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  375. ↑ Toscano C (29 April 2021). "Evidence Assessment: Sinovac/CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine" (PDF). World Health Organization.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  376. ↑ Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M, Güner HR, Azap A, Akhan S, et al. (July 2021). "Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey". Lancet. 398 (10296): 213–222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01429-X. PMC 8266301. PMID 34246358. S2CID 235770533.
  377. ↑ "WHO issues emergency use listing for eighth COVID-19 vaccine" (Press release). World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  378. ↑ Ella R, Reddy S, Blackwelder W, Potdar V, Yadav P, Sarangi V, et al. (December 2021). "Efficacy, safety, and lot-to-lot immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152): interim results of a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 3 trial". Lancet. 398 (10317): 2173–2184. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02000-6. PMC 8584828. PMID 34774196.
  379. ↑ "Single dose vaccine, Sputnik Light, authorized for use in Russia" (Press release). Russian Direct Investment Fund. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021. The single dose Sputnik Light vaccine demonstrated 79.4% efficacy according to analyzed data taken from 28 days after the injection was administered as part of Russia's mass vaccination program between 5 December 2020 and 15 April 2021.
  380. ↑ Peshimam G, Farooq U (8 February 2021). "CanSinoBIO's COVID-19 vaccine 65.7% effective in global trials, Pakistan official says". Reuters. Islamabad. Retrieved 5 March 2021. its single-dose regimen and normal refrigerator storage requirement could make it a favourable option for many countries
  381. ↑ Al Kaabi N, Zhang Y, Xia S, Yang Y, Al Qahtani MM, Abdulrazzaq N, et al. (July 2021). "Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 326 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.8565. PMC 8156175. PMID 34037666.
  382. ↑ "El candidato vacunal Abdala mostró una eficacia de un 92,28% en su esquema de tres dosis". BioCubaFarma (Press release). 21 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  383. ↑ "How was the efficacy of the Cuban COVID-19 vaccine candidates calculated?". OnCubaNews English. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  384. 1 2 Toledo-Romani ME, Garcia-Carmenate M, Silva CV, Baldoquin-Rodriguez W, Pérez MM, Gonzalez MC, et al. (February 2023). "Efficacy and safety of SOBERANA 02, a COVID-19 conjugate vaccine in heterologous three-dose combination". The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 18. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100423.
  385. ↑ Qahfarkhi TN (21 November 2021). "نتایج مطالعات ۶ واکسن ایرانی کرونا ارایه شد". ایرنا (in Persian). Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  386. ↑ Jabarpour AK (2 December 2021). "پاستوکووک ۹۶.۵ درصد از بستری و ابتلای شدید به کرونا پیشگیری می‌کند". IRNA (in Persian). Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  387. ↑ Wadman M, Cohen J (28 January 2021). "Novavax vaccine delivers 89% efficacy against COVID-19 in UK – but is less potent in South Africa". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abg8101.
  388. ↑ "Novavax Publishes Results of United Kingdom Phase 3 Clinical Trial in New England Journal of Medicine, Demonstrating High Levels of Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccine". Novavax Inc. (Press release). Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  389. ↑ "Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine Demonstrates 90% Overall Efficacy and 100% Protection Against Moderate and Severe Disease in PREVENT-19 Phase 3 Trial". Novavax Inc. (Press release). 14 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  390. ↑ "CureVac Final Data from Phase 2b/3 Trial of First-Generation COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, CVnCoV, Demonstrates Protection in Age Group of 18 to 60". CureVac (Press release). 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  391. ↑ "Zydus applies to the DCGI for EUA to launch ZyCoV-D, the world's first Plasmid DNA vaccine for COVID-19" (PDF). Cadila Healthcare (Press release). 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  392. ↑ "EpivacCorona vaccine's immunological efficacy proves to be 79% — newspaper". Russian News Agency. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  393. ↑ "China's Zhifei says unit's COVID shot shows 81.76% efficacy in late-stage trial". Reuters. 27 August 2021.
  394. ↑ "Clover's COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Demonstrates 79% Efficacy Against Delta in Global Phase 2/3 SPECTRA Trial Dominated by Variants of Concern and Interest". Clover Biopharmaceutical (Press release). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  395. ↑ "Medicago and GSK announce positive Phase 3 efficacy and safety results for adjuvanted plant-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate". Medicago (Press release). 7 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  396. ↑ "Sanofi and GSK to seek regulatory authorization for COVID-19 vaccine". Sanofi (Press release). 23 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  397. ↑ "Data on COVID-19 mortality by vaccination status". Our World in Data (CDC data). April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Data source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vaccine Breakthrough/Surveillance and Analytics Team.
  398. ↑ Yang Z, Jiang Y, Li F, Liu D, Lin T, Zhao Z, Wei C, Jin Q, Li X, Jia Y, Zhu F, Yang Z, Sha F, Feng Z, Tang J (February 2023). "Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the dose–response relationship with three major antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". The Lancet Microbe. 4 (4): e236–e246. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00390-1. ISSN 2666-5247. PMC 9974155. PMID 36868258.
  399. ↑ Holcombe M, Waldrop T (11 September 2021). "CDC study: Unvaccinated 11 times more likely to die from Covid-19". CNN. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  400. ↑ Scobie HM, Johnson AG, Suthar AB, Severson R, Alden NB, Balter S, et al. (September 2021). "Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status - 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-July 17, 2021" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (37): 1284–1290. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7037e1. PMC 8445374. PMID 34529637.
  401. ↑ Fowlkes A, Gaglani M, Groover K, Thiese MS, Tyner H, Ellingson K (August 2021). "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Frontline Workers Before and During B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Predominance - Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020-August 2021" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (34): 1167–1169. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7034e4. PMC 8389394. PMID 34437521.
  402. ↑ Schreiber M, Chayka K, Chayka K, Beyerstein L, Beyerstein L, Wilson J, et al. (1 July 2021). "The Delta Covid Variant's Urgent Message for America". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  403. ↑ "Among the unvaccinated, Delta variant more than doubles risk of hospitalization" Archived 8 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, 28 August 2021
  404. ↑ "WHO/ECDC: Nearly half a million lives saved by COVID-19 vaccination in less than a year". 25 November 2021.
  405. ↑ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) booster vaccine". NHS. Government Digital Service. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  406. ↑ SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 31 (PDF) (Briefing). Public Health England. 10 December 2021. pp. 3–5, 20–22. GOV-10645. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  407. ↑ Gore D (9 February 2022). "Latest CDC Data: Unvaccinated Adults 97 Times More Likely to Die from COVID-19 Than Boosted Adults". FactCheck.org. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  408. ↑ Lee AR, Wong SY, Chai LY, Lee SC, Lee MX, Muthiah MD, et al. (March 2022). "Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 376: e068632. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068632. PMC 8889026. PMID 35236664.
  409. ↑ Greenberger LM, Saltzman LA, Senefeld JW, Johnson PW, DeGennaro LJ, Nichols GL (August 2021). "Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies". Cancer Cell. 39 (8): 1031–1033. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.012. PMC 8295014. PMID 34331856.
  410. ↑ Stein C, Nassereldine H, Sorensen RJ, Amlag JO, Bisignano C, et al. (February 2023). "Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. 401 (10379): 833–842. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02465-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 9998097. PMID 36930674.
  411. ↑ Payne AB (2024). "Effectiveness of Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19–Related Thromboembolic Events Among Medicare Enrollees Aged ≥65 Years and Those with End Stage Renal Disease — United States, September 2022–March 2023". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 73. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7301a4. ISSN 0149-2195.
  412. ↑ Mole B (12 January 2024). "COVID shots protect against COVID-related strokes, heart attacks, study finds". Ars Technica. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  413. ↑ "What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?". Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (GAVI). 18 November 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  414. ↑ Tal A, Cohen E (29 January 2021). "Israel's health data suggests Pfizer and Moderna vaccines may be more effective than we thought". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  415. ↑ Thompson MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, Tyner HL, Yoon SK, Meece J, et al. (April 2021). "Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers - Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020-March 2021" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (13): 495–500. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3. PMC 8022879. PMID 33793460.
  416. ↑ Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, et al. (The SIREN Study Group) (February 2021). "Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in Healthcare Workers in England, Multicentre Prospective Cohort Study (the SIREN Study)". SSRN 3790399.
  417. ↑ "Real-World Evidence Confirms High Effectiveness of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine and Profound Public Health Impact of Vaccination One Year After Pandemic Declared". Pfizer. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  418. ↑ Smoll NR, Al Imam MH, Shulz C, Booy R, Khandaker G (3 July 2023). "The effectiveness of vaccination for preventing hospitalisation with COVID -19 in regional Queensland: a data linkage study". Medical Journal of Australia. 219 (4): 162–165. doi:10.5694/mja2.52019. PMID 37400415. S2CID 259323931.
  419. ↑ Tande AJ, Pollock BD, Shah ND, Farrugia G, Virk A, Swift M, et al. (January 2022). "Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Preprocedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 74 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab229. PMC 7989519. PMID 33704435.
  420. ↑ Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E, et al. (May 2021). "Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study". BMJ. 373: n1088. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1088. PMC 8116636. PMID 33985964.
  421. ↑ Ellis R. "Almost All Teens in ICU With COVID Were Unvaccinated: Study". WebMD.
  422. ↑ "COVID-19 vaccination does not reduce chances of conception, study suggests". National Institutes of Health. 20 January 2022.
  423. ↑ Wesselink A, Hatch E, Rothman K, Wang T, Willis M, Yland J, Crowe H, Geller R, Willis S, Perkins R, Regan A, Levinson J, Mikkelsen E, Wise L (20 January 2022). "A Prospective Cohort Study of COVID-19 Vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Fertility". American Journal of Epidemiology. 191 (8): 1383–1395. doi:10.1093/aje/kwac011. PMC 8807200. PMID 35051292.
  424. ↑ Sample I (10 May 2022). "Covid vaccines safe for pregnant women and cut stillbirth risk, says review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  425. ↑ Prasad S, Kalafat E, Blakeway H, Townsend R, o'Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Thangaratinam S, Le Doare K, Ladhani S, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA, Heath P, Khalil A (2022). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 2414. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.2414P. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30052-w. PMC 9090726. PMID 35538060. S2CID 248695866.
  426. ↑ Lipkind HS, Vazquez-Benitez G, DeSilva M, Vesco KK, Ackerman-Banks C, Zhu J, et al. (January 2022). "Receipt of COVID-19 Vaccine During Pregnancy and Preterm or Small-for-Gestational-Age at Birth - Eight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 15, 2020-July 22, 2021" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 71 (1): 26–30. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7101e1. PMC 8735559. PMID 34990445. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  427. 1 2 Cerqueira-Silva T, Oliveira VA, Boaventura VS, Pescarini JM, Júnior JB, Machado TM, et al. (February 2022). "Influence of age on the effectiveness and duration of protection of Vaxzevria and CoronaVac vaccines: A population-based study". Lancet Regional Health. Americas. 6: 100154. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100154. PMC 8692070. PMID 34957437. S2CID 237292831.
  428. ↑ COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report (week 21) (PDF) (Technical report). Public Health England. 27 May 2021. GOV-8481.
  429. ↑ COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report (week 20) (PDF) (Technical report). Public Health England. 20 May 2021. GOV-8401.
  430. 1 2 3 "Ministros de Salud de todo el país consensuaron redoblar esfuerzos para completar los esquemas de vacunación en mayores de 40 años" [Health ministers from all over the country agreed to redouble their efforts to complete vaccination schedules in people over 40 years of age] (in Spanish). Government of Argentina. Ministry of Health (Argentina). 1 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  431. 1 2 3 4 5 Vokó Z, Kiss Z, Surján G, Surján O, Barcza Z, Pályi B, et al. (25 November 2021). "Nationwide effectiveness of five SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in Hungary - The HUN-VE study". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Table 2. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.011. ISSN 1198-743X.
  432. ↑ Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, et al. (May 2021). "Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data". Lancet. 397 (10287): 1819–1829. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00947-8. PMC 8099315. PMID 33964222.
  433. ↑ Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, Miron O, Perchik S, Katz MA, et al. (April 2021). "BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (15): 1412–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2101765. PMC 7944975. PMID 33626250.
  434. ↑ "Real-World Evidence Confirms High Effectiveness of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine and Profound Public Health Impact of Vaccination One Year After Pandemic Declared". Pfizer. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  435. 1 2 "Tercer estudio de efectividad de vacunación anti SARS-CoV-2 en Uruguay al 30 de junio de 2021" [Third study of effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Uruguay as of June 30, 2021]. Ministerio de Salud Pública (in Spanish). 3 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  436. ↑ Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, et al. (May 2021). "COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study". The Lancet. 397 (10286): 1725–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00790-X. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8064668. PMID 33901423.
  437. 1 2 Thompson MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, Tyner HL, Yoon SK, Meece J, et al. (April 2021). "Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers – Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020 – March 2021" (PDF). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 70 (13): 495–500. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3. PMC 8022879. PMID 33793460.
  438. ↑ Silvia-Valencia J, Soto-Becerra P, Escobar-Agreda S, Fernández-Navarro M, Moscoso-Porras M, Solari L, et al. (22 July 2021). Efectividad de la vacuna BBIBP-CorV para prevenir infección y muerte en personal de salud [Effectiveness of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine to prevent infection and death in health personnel] (Technical report) (in Spanish). Ministry of Health of Peru. Tabla 4, figura 2.
  439. ↑ "Russia's Sputnik V vaccine 97.6% effective in real-world study". Reuters. Moscow. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  440. ↑ "Sputnik V demonstrates 97.6% efficacy according to analysis of data from 3.8 million vaccinated persons in Russia making it the most efficient COVID-19 vaccine in the world" (Press release). Moscow: Russian Direct Investment Fund. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  441. ↑ "Sputnik V has demonstrated 97.8% efficacy against COVID cases and 100% efficacy against severe cases of COVID in UAE" (Press release). Moscow: Russian Direct Investment Fund. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  442. ↑ Jara A, Undurraga EA, González C, Paredes F, Fontecilla T, Jara G, et al. (July 2021). "Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107715. PMC 8279092. PMID 34233097. S2CID 235766915.
  443. ↑ "Reporte COVID-19: Vacuna Coronavac Tiene Un 90,3% De Efectividad Para Prevenir El Ingreso a UCI" [COVID-19 report: CoronaVac vaccine is 90.3% effective in preventing admission to the ICU]. Ministerio de Salud – Gobierno de Chile (in Spanish). 17 May 2021.
  444. ↑ Aditya A. "China Sinovac Shot Seen Highly Effective in Real World Study". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  445. ↑ "Kajian Cepat Kemenkes : Vaksin Sinovac Efektif Cegah Kematian" [Ministry of Health Quick Study: Sinovac Vaccine Effectively Prevents Death]. Sehat Negeriku (in Indonesian). 12 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  446. ↑ "Mass vaccination creates healthy oasis in Brazilian city". Reuters. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  447. ↑ "Sinovac vaccine restores a Brazilian city to near normal". Associated Press. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  448. ↑ González S, Olszevicki S, Salazar M, Calabria A, Regairaz L, Marín L, et al. (1 October 2021). "Effectiveness of the first component of Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) on reduction of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infections, hospitalisations and mortality in patients aged 60-79: a retrospective cohort study in Argentina". EClinicalMedicine. 40. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101126. ISSN 2589-5370. PMC 8435263.
  449. 1 2 3 "Chile realiza primer estudio a nivel mundial sobre uso de dosis de refuerzo en vacunas inactivadas: Aumenta efectividad en prevención y hospitalización por COVID-19" [Chile conducts the first study worldwide on inactivated vaccine boosters: increased effectiveness against disease and hospitalization due to COVID-19] (Press release) (in Spanish). Ministry of Health of Chile. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  450. ↑ Burioni R, Topol EJ (August 2021). "Has SARS-CoV-2 reached peak fitness?". Nature Medicine. 27 (8): 1323–1324. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01421-7. PMID 34155413.
  451. 1 2 Office of the Commissioner (23 February 2021). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Policies to Guide Medical Product Developers Addressing Virus Variants". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  452. ↑ Rella SA, Kulikova YA, Dermitzakis ET, Kondrashov FA (July 2021). "Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15729. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3. PMC 8324827. PMID 34330988.
  453. ↑ Mahase E (March 2021). "Covid-19: Where are we on vaccines and variants?". BMJ. 372: n597. doi:10.1136/bmj.n597. PMID 33653708. S2CID 232093175.
  454. 1 2 3 4 Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 8 June 2021 (Situation report). World Health Organization (WHO). 8 June 2021. Table 3. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  455. ↑ "Inside the B.1.1.7 Coronavirus Variant". The New York Times. 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  456. ↑ Muik A, Wallisch AK, Sänger B, Swanson KA, Mühl J, Chen W, et al. (March 2021). "Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera". Science. 371 (6534): 1152–1153. Bibcode:2021Sci...371.1152M. doi:10.1126/science.abg6105. PMC 7971771. PMID 33514629.
  457. 1 2 Wang P, Nair MS, Liu L, Iketani S, Luo Y, Guo Y, et al. (May 2021). "Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7". Nature. 593 (7857): 130–135. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..130W. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2. PMID 33684923.
  458. ↑ Emary KR, Golubchik T, Aley PK, Ariani CV, Angus BJ, Bibi S, et al. (February 2021). "Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 (B.1.1.7)". SSRN 3779160.
  459. ↑ Mahase E (February 2021). "Covid-19: Novavax vaccine efficacy is 86% against UK variant and 60% against South African variant". BMJ. 372: n296. doi:10.1136/bmj.n296. PMID 33526412. S2CID 231730012.
  460. ↑ Kuchler H (25 January 2021). "Moderna develops new vaccine to tackle mutant Covid strain". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  461. ↑ "Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum – Preliminary Report". The New England Journal of Medicine. February 2021. doi:10.1056/nejmc2102017. PMID 33596352.
  462. 1 2 Hoffmann M, Arora P, Groß R, Seidel A, Hörnich BF, Hahn AS, et al. (April 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies". Cell. 184 (9): 2384–2393.e12. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.036. PMC 7980144. PMID 33794143.
  463. ↑ "Pfizer and BioNTech Confirm High Efficacy and No Serious Safety Concerns Through Up to Six Months Following Second Dose in Updated Topline Analysis of Landmark COVID-19 Vaccine Study". Pfizer (Press release). 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  464. ↑ "Janssen Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine: Interim Analysis of Phase 3 Clinical Data Released". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 29 January 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  465. ↑ Bekker L, Garrett N, Goga A, Fairall L, Reddy T, Yende-Zuma N, Kassanjee R, Collie S, Sanne I, Boulle A, Seocharan I, Engelbrecht I, Davies M, Champion J, Chen T, Bennett S, Mametja S, Semenya M, Moultrie H, de Oliveira T, Lessells RJ, Cohen C, Jassat W, Groome M, Von Gottberg A, Le Roux E, Khuto K, Barouch D, Mahomed H, Wolmarans M, Rousseau P, Bradshaw D, Mulder M, Opie J, Louw V, Jacobson B, Rowji P, Peter JG, Takalani A, Odhiambo J, Mayat F, Takuva S, Corey L, Gray GE, Brumskine W, Naicker N, Makhaza D, Naicker V, Naidoo L, Spooner E, van Nieuwenhuizen E, Mngadi K, Nchabeleng M, Innes JC, Gill K, Petrick FG, Barnabas S, Badal-Faesen S, Kassim S, Mahoney SH, Lazarus E, Nana A, Maboa RM, Kotze P, Lombaard J, Malan DR, Kotze S, Mohlala P, Ward A, Meintjes G, Urbach D, Patel F, Diacon A, Ahmed K, Grobbelaar C, Mda P, Dubula T, Luabeya A, Mamba MB, Burgess L, Dawson R (March 2022). "Effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in health-care workers in South Africa (the Sisonke study): results from a single-arm, open-label, phase 3B, implementation study". The Lancet. 399 (10330): 1141–1153. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00007-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8930006. PMID 35305740.
  466. ↑ Preiser W, Fish T (March 2022). "Sisonke: reaching several goals together". The Lancet. 399 (10330): 1095–1097. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00482-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8930005. PMID 35305727.
  467. ↑ Francis D, Andy B (6 February 2021). "Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID shot less effective against South African variant: study". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  468. 1 2 "Covid: South Africa halts AstraZeneca vaccine rollout over new variant". BBC News Online. 8 February 2021. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  469. ↑ Booth W, Johnson CY (7 February 2021). "South Africa suspends Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine rollout after researchers report 'minimal' protection against coronavirus variant". The Washington Post. London. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021. South Africa will suspend use of the coronavirus vaccine being developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca after researchers found it provided 'minimal protection' against mild to moderate coronavirus infections caused by the new variant first detected in that country.
  470. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT04533399 for "A Phase 2A/B, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 rS) With Matrix-M1 Adjuvant in South African Adult Subjects Living Without HIV; and Safety and Immunogenicity in Adults Living With HIV" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  471. 1 2 Shinde V, Bhikha S, Hoosain Z, Archary M, Bhorat Q, Fairlie L, et al. (May 2021). "Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant". The New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (20): 1899–1909. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103055. PMC 8091623. PMID 33951374. S2CID 233868860.
  472. ↑ "PANGO lineages". cov-lineages.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  473. ↑ Koshy J (8 April 2021). "Coronavirus | Indian 'double mutant' strain named B.1.617". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  474. ↑ "India's variant-fuelled second wave coincided with spike in infected flights landing in Canada". Toronto Sun. 10 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  475. ↑ Edara VV, Pinsky BA, Suthar MS, Lai L, Davis-Gardner ME, Floyd K, et al. (August 2021). "Infection and Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing-Antibody Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants". The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (7): 664–666. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2107799. PMC 8279090. PMID 34233096.
  476. ↑ Planas D, Veyer D, Baidaliuk A, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rajah MM, et al. (August 2021). "Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization". Nature. 596 (7871): 276–280. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..276P. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9. PMID 34237773. S2CID 235775860.
  477. ↑ Biswas S (25 March 2021). "'Double mutant': What are the risks of India's new Covid-19 variant". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  478. ↑ Haseltine WA (12 April 2021). "An Indian SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lands In California. More Danger Ahead?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  479. ↑ "Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK". Public Health England. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  480. ↑ "expert reaction to VUI-21APR-02/B.1.617.2 being classified by PHE as a variant of concern". Science Media Centre. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  481. ↑ Link-Gelles R, Levy ME, Gaglani M, Irving SA, Stockwell M, Dascomb K, et al. (July 2022). "Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Doses Among Immunocompetent Adults During Periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 Sublineages Predominated - VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021-June 2022" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 71 (29): 931–939. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7129e1. PMC 9310634. PMID 35862287. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  482. ↑ Khoury DS, Cromer D, Reynaldi A, Schlub TE, Wheatley AK, Juno JA, et al. (July 2021). "Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection". Nature Medicine. 27 (7): 1205–1211. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8. PMID 34002089. S2CID 234769053.
  483. ↑ Hervé C, Laupèze B, Del Giudice G, Didierlaurent AM, Tavares Da Silva F (24 September 2019). "The how's and what's of vaccine reactogenicity". npj Vaccines. 4 (1): 39. doi:10.1038/s41541-019-0132-6. PMC 6760227. PMID 31583123.
  484. ↑ Polania Gutierrez JJ, Munakomi S (January 2020). "Intramuscular Injection". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32310581. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  485. ↑ Background document on the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) against COVID-19 (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). February 2021. hdl:10665/339218. WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/mRNA-1273/background/2021.1. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  486. ↑ Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, Hoffman D, McClenathan B, Collins L, et al. (October 2021). "Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military". JAMA Cardiology. 6 (10): 1202–1206. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833. PMC 8243257. PMID 34185045.
  487. ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccination". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  488. ↑ "Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) Help". wonder.cdc.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  489. 1 2 Hogan MJ, Pardi N (January 2022). "mRNA Vaccines in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond". Annual Review of Medicine. 73 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-112725. PMID 34669432. S2CID 239050929.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.