The Honorable Sir

Charles K. Kao

GBM KBE FRS FREng
高錕
Kao in 2004
Born
Charles Kuen Kao

(1933-11-04)November 4, 1933
Shanghai, China[1]
DiedSeptember 23, 2018(2018-09-23) (aged 84)
Sha Tin, Hong Kong
CitizenshipUnited Kingdom[1]
United States
Alma materUniversity College London[2] (PhD 1965, issued by University of London[1])
Woolwich Polytechnic (BSc 1957 issued by University of London)
Known forFiber optics
Fiber-optic communication
Spouse
Gwen May-Wan Kao
​
(m. 1959)​
Children2
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsChinese University of Hong Kong
Standard Telephones and Cables
ITT Corporation
Yale University
Doctoral advisorHarold Barlow
Charles K. Kao
Traditional Chinese高錕
Simplified Chinese高锟

Sir Charles Kao Kuen GBM KBE FRS FREng[5][6][7][8][9] (November 4, 1933 – September 23, 2018) was a Chinese physicist and Nobel laureate who contributed to the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. In the 1960s, Kao created various methods to combine glass fibers with lasers in order to transmit digital data, which laid the groundwork for the evolution of the Internet.

Kao was born in Shanghai. His family settled in Hong Kong in 1949. He graduated from St. Joseph's College in Hong Kong in 1953 and went to London to study electrical engineering. In the 1960s, Kao worked at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) in Harlow, and it was here in 1966 that he laid the groundwork for fiber optics in communication.[10] Known as the "godfather of broadband",[11] the "father of fiber optics",[12][13][14][15][16] and the "father of fiber optic communications",[17] he continued his work in Hong Kong at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and in the United States at ITT (the parent corporation for STC) and Yale University. Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".[18] In 2010, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for “services to fiber optic communications”.[7]

A permanent resident of Hong Kong,[19] Kao was a citizen of the United Kingdom and the United States.[1]

Early life and education

Charles Kao was born in Shanghai in 1933 and lived with his parents in the Shanghai French Concession.[20]: 1  He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother, under a tutor.[21][20]: 41  He also studied English and French at the Shanghai World School (上海世界學校)[22] that was founded by a number of progressive Chinese educators, including Cai Yuanpei.[23]

After the Communist revolution, Kao's family settled in Hong Kong in 1949. Much of his mother's siblings moved to Hong Kong in the late 1930s, among them, his mother's youngest brother took good care of him.[20]: 1 [24] Kao's family lived in Lau Sin Street, at the edge of the North Point, a neighbourhood of Shanghai immigrants.[20] In Hong Kong, he spent four years at St. Joseph's College.[25] At the time there were no electrical engineering major at the University of Hong Kong, hence, in 1953, he went to London to retake high school and went to Woolwich Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich).[26][20]: 1 [27] He then pursued research and received his PhD in electrical engineering in 1965 from University of London, under Professor Harold Barlow of University College London as an external student while working at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, England, the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables.[2]

Ancestry and family

Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang (高君湘),[20]: 13  originally from Jinshan City (now a district of Shanghai City), obtained his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1925.[28] He was a judge at the Shanghai Concession and later a professor at Soochow University (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.[29][30]

His grandfather Kao Hsieh was a scholar, poet and artist,[21][31] Several writers including Kao Hsü, Yao Kuang (姚光), and Kao Tseng (高增) were also Kao's close relatives.

His father's cousin was astronomer Kao Ping-tse[21][32] (Kao crater is named after him[33]). Kao's younger brother Timothy Wu Kao (高鋙) is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America. His research is in hydrodynamics.[34]

Kao met his future wife Gwen May-Wan Kao (née Wong; 黃美芸) in London after graduation, when they worked together as engineers at Standard Telephones and Cables.[20]: 23 [35] She is British Chinese.[20]: 17  They were married in 1959 in London,[20]: 15–17 [36] and had a son and a daughter,[36] both of whom reside and work in Silicon Valley, California.[11][35][37] According to Kao's autobiography, Kao was a Catholic who attended Catholic Church while his wife attended the Anglican Communion.[20]: 14–15 

Academic career

Fiber optics and communications

A bundle of silica glass fibers for optical communication, which are the de facto worldwide standard. Kao also first publicly suggested that silica glass of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication.[38]

In the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) based in Harlow, Essex, England, Kao and his coworkers did their pioneering work in creating fiber optics as a telecommunications medium, by demonstrating that the high-loss of existing fiber optics arose from impurities in the glass, rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself.[39]

In 1963, when Kao first joined the optical communications research team he made notes summarising the background[40] situation and available technology at the time, and identifying the key individuals[40] involved. Initially Kao worked in the team of Antoni E. Karbowiak (Toni Karbowiak), who was working under Alec Reeves to study optical waveguides for communications. Kao's task was to investigate fiber attenuation, for which he collected samples from different fiber manufacturers and also investigated the properties of bulk glasses carefully. Kao's study primarily convinced him that the impurities in material caused the high light losses of those fibers.[41] Later that year, Kao was appointed head of the electro-optics research group at STL.[42] He took over the optical communication program of STL in December 1964, because his supervisor, Karbowiak, left to take the chair in Communications in the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.[43]

Although Kao succeeded Karbowiak as manager of optical communications research, he immediately decided to abandon Karbowiak's plan (thin-film waveguide) and overall change research direction with his colleague George Hockham.[41][43] They not only considered optical physics but also the material properties. The results were first presented by Kao to the IEE in January 1966 in London, and further published in July with George Hockham (1964–1965 worked with Kao).[44][a] This study first theorized and proposed to use glass fibers to implement optical communication, the ideas (especially structural features and materials) described are largely the basis of today's optical fiber communications.

"What Kao did in Harlow transformed the world and provided a backbone for the internet. He was the father of fiber optics."

—Harlow Museum's David Devine on Kao's pioneering work in fiber optics at STC's Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow[45]

In 1965,[42][46][b] Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 dB/km (decibels per kilometer, is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance), which is a key threshold value for optical communications.[47] However, at the time of this determination, optical fibers commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1,000 dB/km and even more. This conclusion opened the intense race to find low-loss materials and suitable fibres for reaching such criteria.

Kao, together with his new team (members including T. W. Davies, M. W. Jones and C. R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO2) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fiber, rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibers.[48] When Kao first proposed that such glass fiber could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace copper wires which were used for telecommunication during that era, his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.[49]

He also played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication.[50] In spring 1966, Kao traveled to the U.S. but failed to interest Bell Labs, which was a competitor of STL in communication technology at that time.[51] He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support.[51] Kao visited many glass and polymer factories, discussed with various people including engineers, scientists, businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fiber manufacture. In 1969, Kao with M. W. Jones measured the intrinsic loss of bulk-fused silica at 4 dB/km, which is the first evidence of ultra-transparent glass. Bell Labs started considering fiber optics seriously.[51] As of 2017, fiber optic losses (from both bulk and intrinsic sources) are as low as 0.1419 dB/km at the 1.56 µm wavelength.[52]

Kao developed important techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides, and contributed to the development of different fiber types and system devices which met both civil and military[c] application requirements, and peripheral supporting systems for optical fiber communication.[50] In mid-1970s, he did seminal work on glass fiber fatigue strength.[50] When named the first ITT Executive Scientist, Kao launched the "Terabit Technology" program in addressing the high frequency limits of signal processing, so Kao is also known as the "father of the terabit technology concept".[50][53] Kao has published more than 100 papers and was granted over 30 patents,[50] including the water-resistant high-strength fibers (with M. S. Maklad).[54]

At an early stage of developing optic fibers, Kao already strongly preferred single-mode for long-distance optical communication, instead of using multi-mode systems. His vision later was followed and now is applied almost exclusively.[48][55] Kao was also a visionary of modern submarine communications cables and largely promoted this idea. He predicted in 1983 that world's seas would be littered with fiber optics, five years ahead of the time that such a trans-oceanic fiber-optic cable first became serviceable.[56]

Ali Javan's introduction of a steady helium–neon laser and Kao's discovery of fiber light-loss properties now are recognized as the two essential milestones for the development of fiber-optic communications.[43]

Later work

Kao joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in 1970 to found the Department of Electronics, which later became the Department of Electronic Engineering. During this period, Kao was the reader and then the chair Professor of Electronics at CUHK; he built up both undergraduate and graduate study programs of electronics and oversaw the graduation of his first students. Under his leadership, the School of Education and other new research institutes were established. He returned to ITT Corporation in 1974 (the parent corporation of STC at that time) in the United States and worked in Roanoke, Virginia, first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering. In 1982, he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in Connecticut.[15] While there, he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at Yale University. In 1985, Kao spent one year in West Germany, at the SEL Research Center. In 1986, Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT.

He was one of the earliest to study the environmental effects of land reclamation in Hong Kong, and presented one of his first related studies at the conference of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) in Edinburgh in 1972.[57]

Kao was the vice-chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996.[58] From 1991, Kao was an Independent Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong.[59][60] From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL).[61] In 1996, Kao donated to Yale University, and the Charles Kao Fund Research Grants was established to support Yale's studies, research and creative projects in Asia.[62] The fund currently is managed by Yale University Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies.[63] After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his six-month sabbatical leave at the Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as visiting professor in the same department.[64]

Kao was chairman and member of the Energy Advisory Committee (EAC) of Hong Kong for two years, and retired from the position on July 15, 2000.[65][66] Kao was a Member of the Council of Advisors on Innovation and Technology of Hong Kong, appointed on April 20, 2000.[67] In 2000, Kao co-founded the Independent Schools Foundation Academy, which is located in Cyberport, Hong Kong.[68] He was its founding chairman in 2000, and stepped down from the board of the ISF in December 2008.[68] Kao was the keynote speaker at IEEE GLOBECOM 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan.[69] In 2003, Kao was named a Chair Professor by special appointment at the Electronics Institute of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University.[69] Kao then worked as the chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd., a telecommunication consultancy in Hong Kong. He was the founder, chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited. From 2003 to January 30, 2009, Kao was an independent non-executive director and member of the audit committee of Next Media.[70][71]

Awards

Kao received numerous awards such as the Nobel Prize in Physics.,[72] Grand Bauhinia Medal, Marconi Prize, Prince Philip Medal, Charles Stark Draper Award, Bell Award, SPIE Gold Medal, Japan International Award, Faraday Medal, James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials......

Honors

Society and academy recognition

Honorary degrees

Alexander Graham Bell, pioneer of telecommunication and an alumnus of University College London (UCL), was awarded the first U.S. patent for telephone in 1876. After 90 years in 1966, Kao and Hockham published their groundbreaking article in fiber-optic communication. Kao is also an alumnus of UCL, and was awarded the prestigious Alexander Graham Bell Medal of IEEE in 1985. Kao was awarded an honorary doctorate by UCL in 2010.

Awards

Guglielmo Marconi, pioneer of wireless telecommunication, was awarded half of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2009, the century anniversary of Marconi's Nobel, Kao was awarded half of the same prize for his pioneer work on optical fiber which has "rewired the world". Kao was also awarded the Marconi Prize in 1985, and is a Fellow of the Marconi Society.

Kao donated most of his prize medals to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.[73]

Namesakes

The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao on December 30, 2009.
  • The minor planet 3463 Kaokuen, discovered in 1981, was named after Kao in 1996.
  • 1996 (November 7): The north wing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Science Center was named the Charles Kuen Kao Building.[86]
  • 2009 (December 30): The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao – the Charles K. Kao Auditorium.[113][114]
  • 2010 (March 18): Professor Charles Kao Square, a square of the Independent Schools Foundation Academy[115]
  • 2014 (September): Sir Charles Kao UTC (now known as BMAT STEM Academy) was opened.[116]
  • 2014: Kao Data, a data center operator based on the former site of Sir Charles Kao's work on fiber optics cables, was founded.[117]

Others

Later life and death

Kao's international travels led him to opine that he belonged to the world instead of any country.[137][138] An open letter published by Kao and his wife in 2010 later clarified that "Charles studied in Hong Kong for his high schooling, he has taught here, he was the Vice-Chancellor of CUHK and retired here too. So he is a Hong Kong belonger."[139]

Pottery making was a hobby of Kao's. Kao also enjoyed reading wuxia (Chinese martial fantasy) novels.[140]

Kao suffered from Alzheimer's disease from early 2004 and had speech difficulty, but had no problem recognising people or addresses.[141] His father suffered from the same disease. Beginning in 2008, he resided in Mountain View, California, United States, where he moved from Hong Kong in order to live near his children and grandchild.[11]

On October 6, 2009, when Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibers and for fiber communication,[142] he said, "I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honor."[143] Kao's wife Gwen told the press that the prize will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses.[144] In 2010 Charles and Gwen Kao founded the Charles K. Kao Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease to raise public awareness about the disease and provide support for the patients.

In 2016, Kao lost the ability to maintain his balance. At the end-stage of his dementia he was cared for by his wife and intended not to be kept alive with life support or have CPR performed on him.[145] Kao died at Bradbury Hospice in Hong Kong on 23 September 2018 at the age of 84.[146][147][148][149]

Works

  • Optical fiber technology; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981.
  • Optical Fiber Technology, II; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981, 343 pages. ISBN 0-471-09169-3 ISBN 978-0-471-09169-1.
  • Optical Fiber Systems: Technology, Design, and Applications; by Charles K. Kao. McGraw-Hill, USA; 1982; 204 pages. ISBN 0-07-033277-0 ISBN 978-0-07-033277-5.
  • Optical fiber (IEE materials & devices series, Volume 6); by Charles K. Kao. Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of IEEE; 1988; University of Michigan; 158 pages. ISBN 0-86341-125-8 ISBN 978-0-86341-125-0
  • A Choice Fulfilled: the Business of High Technology; by Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press/ Palgrave Macmillan; 1991, 203 pages. ISBN 962-201-521-2 ISBN 978-962-201-521-0
  • Tackling the Millennium Bug Together: Public Conferences; by Charles K. Kao. Central Policy Unit, Hong Kong; 48 pages, 1998.
  • Technology Road Maps for Hong Kong: a Preliminary Study; by Charles K. Kao. Office of Industrial and Business Development, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; 126 pages, 1990.
  • Nonlinear Photonics: Nonlinearities in Optics, Optoelectronics and Fiber Communications; by Yili Guo, Kin S. Chiang, E. Herbert Li, and Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong; 2002, 600 pages.

Notes

^ a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fiber.
^ b: Some sources show around 1964,[150][151] for example, "By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard." from Cisco Press.[150]
^ c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, "for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications".[50]
^ d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as "People's Republic of China".[84]
^ e: OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference[130]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 – Press Release. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  2. 1 2 "Prof Charles K. Kao". Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering. University College London. September 24, 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
  5. ↑ Charles K. Kao was elected in 1990 Archived February 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for pioneering and sustained accomplishments towards the theoretical and practical realization of fiber-optic communication systems.
  6. 1 2 "306 people to receive honours". The Government of Hong Kong SAR. July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 "No. 59446". The London Gazette (1st supplement). June 12, 2010. p. 23.
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  10. ↑ Hecht, Jeff (1999). City of Light, The Story of Fiber Optics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-19-510818-3.
  11. 1 2 3 Mesher, Kelsey (October 15, 2009). "The legacy of Charles Kao". Moun. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
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  13. ↑ Record control number (RCN):31331 (October 7, 2009). "'Father of Fibre Optics' and digital photography pioneers share Nobel Prize in Physics". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original (cfm) on January 25, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  15. 1 2 "The father of optical fiber – Narinder Singh Kapany/Prof. C. K. Kao" (in Chinese and English). networkchinese.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
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  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kao, Charles K. (2005). 潮平岸闊 – 高錕自傳 [A Time And A Tide: Charles K. Kao – A Memoir]. Translated by 許迪鏘 (First ed.). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing. ISBN 978-962-04-3444-0.
  21. 1 2 3 Fan, Yanping (范彦萍) (October 10, 2009). 诺贝尔得主高锟的堂哥回忆:他兒时国学功底很好 [Interview of Kao's cousin]. Youth Daily (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009 – via eastday.com.
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  23. ↑ 陶家骏 (June 1, 2008). 著名女教育家陶玄 [Famous Female Educator Tao Xuan]. 绍兴县报 [Shaoxing County News] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  24. ↑ 「光纖之父」高錕離世 享年84歲 (16:56). Online instant news section. Ming Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Media Chinese International. September 23, 2018. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  25. ↑ 【高錕病逝】展覽懷緬光纖之父 會考證書曝光數學只攞Credit. Apple Daily (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). September 29, 2018. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
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  28. ↑ University of Michigan Law School: Alphabetical List with Year of Law School Graduates Archived March 19, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
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  33. ↑ "Lunar Crater Statistics". NASA. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
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  39. ↑ Montgomery, Jeff D. (March 22, 2002). "Chapter 1 – History of Fiber Optics". In DeCusatis, Casimer (ed.). Fiber optic data communication: technological trends and advances (1st ed.). Academic Press. 1.3.1. Long Road to Low-Loss Fiber (pp. 9–16). ISBN 978-0-12-207891-0.
  40. 1 2 "Charles Kao's Notes made in 1963 – Set A". March 23, 2016.
  41. 1 2 Jeff Hecht. "A Short History of Fiber Optics". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  42. 1 2 "Communication pioneers win 2009 physics Nobel". IET. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on October 13, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
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  45. ↑ “Sir Charles Kao: Fibre optics genius passes away“. BBC. (26 September 2018). Retrieved 21 May 2020
  46. ↑ Maryanne C. J. Large; Leon Poladian; Geoff Barton; Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg. (2008). Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-31273-6. Page 2
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  48. 1 2 "2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Scientific Background: Two revolutionary optical technologies – Optical fiber with high transmission" (PDF). Nobelprize.org. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  49. ↑ 1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented Archived May 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine "Kao, who was working at ITT's Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s, theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the first to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fiber-optic telecommunication."
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Charles Kuen Kao" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  51. 1 2 3 "A Fiber-Optic Chronology (by Jeff Hecht)". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  52. ↑ Tamura, Yoshiaki; Sakuma, Hirotaka; Morita, Keisei; Suzuki, Masato; Yamamoto, Yoshinori (2017). "Lowest-Ever 0.1419-dB/km Loss Optical Fiber". Optical Fiber Communication Conference: Th5D.1. ISBN 978-1-943580-24-8.
  53. ↑ Technology of Our Times: People and Innovation in Optics and Optoelectronics (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM04), by Frederick Su; SPIE Publications (July 1, 1990); ISBN 0-8194-0472-1, ISBN 978-0-8194-0472-5. Page 82–86, Terabit Technology, by Charles K. Kao.
  54. ↑ "Water resistant high strength fibers (United States Patent 4183621)" (PDF). January 15, 1980 [date filed: December 29, 1977]. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  55. ↑ "Guiding light". May 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  56. ↑ "1, A Global Footprint" (PDF). Building the Global Fiber Optics Superhighway (Free Abstract). Springer USA. May 8, 2007. ISBN 978-0-306-46505-5. Retrieved November 3, 2009. ISBN 978-0-306-46979-4 (Online)
  57. ↑ Nim Cheung, ed. (March 2010). "IEEE Communications Magazine SOCIETY NEWS" (PDF). CISOC. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
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Further reading

  • Kao, Charles (1982). Optical Fibre Systems: Technology, Design and Application. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., US. ISBN 978-0070332775.
  • Hecht, Jeff (1999). City of Light, The Story of Fiber Optics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510818-7.
  • Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proc. IEE. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
  • Kao, K. C.; Davies, T. W. (1968). "Spectrophotometric Studies of Ultra Low Loss Optical Glasses – I: Single Beam Method". Journal of Physics E. 2 (1): 1063–1068. Bibcode:1968JPhE....1.1063K. doi:10.1088/0022-3735/1/11/303. PMID 5707856.
  • K. C. Kao (June 1986), "1012 bit/s Optoelectronics Technology", IEE Proceedings 133, Pt.J, No 3, 230–236. doi:10.1049/ip-j.1986.0037
  • 高錕. 傑出華人系列 (documentary and oral history) (in Cantonese, Chinese, and English). Radio Television Hong Kong. 2000. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  • "Oral-History:Charles Kao". Engineering and Technology History Wiki (oral history transcript). Interview Conducted by Robert Colburn. September 26, 2018 [interview conducted in 2004]. Retrieved September 27, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  • Kao, Charles K. (2010). A Time and A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir (autobiography). Chinese University Press. ISBN 9789629969721.
    • Kao, Charles K. (2005). 潮平岸闊——高錕自傳 [A Time And A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir] (autobiography) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Translated by 許迪鏘. Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN 978-962-04-3444-0.
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