Communist Party of India
AbbreviationCPI
General SecretaryD. Raja
Parliamentary ChairpersonBinoy Viswam
Lok Sabha LeaderK. Subbarayan
Rajya Sabha LeaderBinoy Viswam
Founded26 December 1925 (1925-12-26)
HeadquartersAjoy Bhavan
15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Student wingAll India Students' Federation
Youth wingAll India Youth Federation
Women's wingNational Federation of Indian Women
Labour wing
Peasant's wingAll India Kisan Sabha
MembershipIncrease 650,000 (2022)[1][2]
IdeologyCommunism
Marxism–Leninism[3]
Political positionLeft-wing[4]
International affiliationIMCWP
Colours  Red
ECI StatusState Party[5]
Alliance
Alliances
Seats in Lok Sabha
2 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha
2 / 245
Seats in State legislatures
22 / 4,036
(Total)
State Legislatures
17 / 140
(Kerala)
2 / 243
(Bihar)
2 / 234
(Tamil Nadu)
1 / 119
(Telangana)
Seats in State Legislative Councils
1 / 75
(Bihar)
Number of states and union territories in government
4 / 31
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
communistpartyofindia.com

The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur on 26 December 1925.[6][7][8] Currently it has 2 members in Lok Sabha and 2 members in Rajya Sabha. In addition, it has 22 MLAs across 4 states and 1 MLC in Bihar. It has the current ECI status of a state party in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Manipur.[9] CPI was the main opposition party in India during 1950's to 1960's.

CPI was part of the ruling United Front government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under Devegowda and Gujral Ministry. Left Front gave outside support to VP Singh government(1989-90) and UPA government(2004-2009). The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018).

As of December 2023, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala led by LDF. CPI have 4 Cabinet Ministers and a Deputy Speaker in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu it is in power with SPA coalition led by DMK. In Bihar, it is part of the Mahagathbandhan government and in Telengana, it is in alliance with the INC.

CPI, along with the Left Front, is part of the INDIA alliance formed to defeat the incumbent BJP-led right-wing NDA government in 2024 General elections.

History

Formation

The Communist Party of India was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, which was then known as Cawnpore. Its founders included M. N. Roy, his wife Evelyn Trent, Abani Mukherji, and M. P. T. Acharya.[10] S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with Anushilan and Jugantar the groups in Bengal, and small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).

Involvement in independence struggle

During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, Shripad Amrit Dange, M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.[11]

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was in Germany and R.C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.[11] Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader

On 26 December 1925 a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.[12] Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satya Bhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a 'National communism' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI.[13] The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.[14]

The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'.[15] The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.[16] The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929 – 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.[17]

Portrait of 25 of the Meerut Prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, S. S. Josh, H. L. Hutchinson, Shaukat Usmani, B. F. Bradley, A. Prasad, P. Spratt, G. Adhikari. Middle Row: Radharaman Mitra, Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, S. Bannerjee, K.N. Joglekar, P. C. Joshi, Muzaffar Ahmed. Front Row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R.S. Nimbkar, S.S. Mirajkar, S.A. Dange, S.V. Ghate, Gopal Basak.

On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.[18][19]

As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan.[20]

The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934 the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.[21]

When Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist.[15]

The League Against Gandhism, initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in Calcutta, founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant anti-Imperialist activities. The group took the name 'League Against Gandhism' in 1934.[22]

In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward Popular Front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.[23]

In July 1937, clandestine meeting held at Calicut.[24] Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.[25] The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.[26] Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with EMS and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha.[20]

In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism'.[27] At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.[28]

In Kerala communists won control over CSP, and for a brief period controlled Congress there.

Two communists, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and Z.A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.[23]

On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.[29]

In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.[30] Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.

CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somnath Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly.[31]

The Communist Party of India opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.[32]

After independence

The Telangana armed struggle (1946–1952), was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad.
Guerrillas of the Telangana armed struggle
CPI election campaign in Karol Bagh, Delhi, for the 1952 Indian general election
First Council of Ministers, First CPI Ministry in Kerala

During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B. T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.[33] The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.[34]

In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala. The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.

In Manipur, the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by Jananeta Irawat Singh. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.[35] At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.[36]

Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, communist party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). Communist party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the communist party in the forefront of left movement in India. Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders Sahajanand Saraswati and Karyanand Sharma, intellectual giants like Jagannath Sarkar, Yogendra Sharma and Indradeep Sinha, mass leaders like Chandrasekhar Singh and Sunil Mukherjee, Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others. In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.

In early 1950s young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like S A Dange, Chandra Rajeswara Rao and P K Vasudevan Nair were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like Homi F. Daji, Guru Radha Kishan, H L Parwana, Sarjoo Pandey, Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular. This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.

In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the 1st Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power.

In the 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.[37] In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Chinese Communist Party directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.[38]

Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli: The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate Daman and Diu was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.[39]

Goa Satyagraha: The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–56 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the Communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured. The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S.A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S.G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.[40]

Ideological differences led to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

During the period 1970–77, CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the United Front, with the CPI-leader C. Achutha Menon as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the Rajan case. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of MISA and DIR.[41]

After the fall of the regime of Indira Gandhi, CPI reoriented itself towards co-operation with CPI(M).

In the 1980s, CPI opposed the Khalistan movement at Punjab. In 1986, CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature Darshan Singh Canadian was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.

Present situation

Left parties' regional control
  State/s which has/had chief ministers from both the CPI(M) and the CPI.
  State/s which had a chief ministers from the CPI(M).
  States which have Governments of coalition of parties including Left parties like CPI(M), CPI, CPI(ML)L and AIFB.
   States which did not have/had a chief minister from the CPI(M) or the CPI.
Mural in Thiruvananthapuram

CPI was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a 'National Party'. Till 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same electoral symbol. Owing to a massive defeat in 2019 Indian general election where the party saw its tally reduced to 2 MPs, the Election Commission of India has sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.[42][43][44][45][46]

Due to repeated poor performances in elections, Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.[9]

On the national level they supported the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the Common Minimum Programme. The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue disinvestment, massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.

On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of CPI(M), Prakash Karat, announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.[47]

In West Bengal it participates in the Left Front. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala the party is part of Left Democratic Front. In Tripura the party is a partner of the Left Front, which governed the state till 2018. In Tamil Nadu it is part of the Secular Progressive Alliance and in Bihar it is the part of Mahagathbandhan. It is involved in the Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra. In 2022 February CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance.[48][49] The current general secretary of CPI is D. Raja.

Presence in states

As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala. CPI have 4 Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu it is in power with SPA coalition led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018)

State Governments

S.No State/ Govt Since Chief Minister Alliance Coalition Seats in Assembly Last election
Portrait Name Party Seats Since
1 Kerala 26 May 2016 Pinarayi Vijayan CPI(M) 62 26 May 2016 Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
99 / 140
 6 April 2021
2 Bihar 26 August 2022 Nitish Kumar JDU 45 22 February 2015 Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)
165 / 243
 28 October 2020 – 7 November 2020
3 Tamil Nadu 7 May 2021 M. K. Stalin DMK 133 7 May 2021 Secular Progressive Alliance
159 / 234
 6 April 2021
4 Telengana 7 December 2023 Revanth Reddy INC 64 7 December 2023 INC+
65 / 119
 30 November 2023
Seats won by CPI in state legislative assemblies
State legislative assembly Last election Contested
seats		 Seats won Alliance Result Ref.
Bihar Legislative Assembly 2020 6
2 / 243
 Mahagathbandhan in government
Kerala Legislative Assembly 2021 23
17 / 140
 Left Democratic Front in government
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 2021 6
2 / 234
 Secular Progressive Alliance in Government
Telengana Legislative Assembly 2023 1
1 / 119
 INC+ in Government
Seats won by CPI in state legislative councils
State legislative assembly Last election Contested
seats		 Seats won Alliance Result Ref.
Bihar Legislative Council 2020 1
1 / 75
 Mahagathbandhan in government

List of members of parliament

List of Rajya Sabha (Upper House) members

No. Name State Date of appointment Date of retirement
1 Binoy Viswam Kerala 2 July 2018 1 July 2024
2 P. Sandosh Kumar Kerala 4 April 2022 3 April 2028

List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members

No. Name Constituency State
1 K. Subbarayan Tiruppur Tamil Nadu
2 M. Selvarasu Nagapattinam Tamil Nadu

Leadership

The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.[50]

General Secretary

National Secretariat

  1. D. Raja
  2. Atul Kumar Anjaan
  3. Amarjeet Kaur
  4. K. Narayana
  5. Bhalchandra Kango
  6. Pallab Sen Gupta
  7. Binoy Viswam
  8. Syed Azeez Pasha
  9. Nagendra Nath Ojha
  10. Rama Krushna Panda

List of General secretaries and Chairmen of CPI

Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary."[51]

General secretaries and Chairmen[52] [53][54][55][56]
NumberPhotoNameTenure
1stSachchidanand Vishnu Ghate1925–1933
2ndGangadhar Adhikari1933–1935
3rdPuran Chand Joshi1936–1948
4thB. T. Ranadive1948–1950
5thChandra Rajeswara Rao1950–1951, 1964–1990
6thAjoy Ghosh1951–1962
ChairmanShripad Amrit Dange1962–1981
7thE. M. S. Namboodiripad1962–1964
8thIndrajit Gupta1990–1996
9thArdhendu Bhushan Bardhan1996–2012
10thSuravaram Sudhakar Reddy2012–2019
11thD. Raja2019–Incumbent

Party Congress

Party Congress [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][52] [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]
Party CongressYearPlace
Founding Conference1925 December 25 – 28Kanpur
1st1943 May 23–1 JuneBombay
2nd1948 February 28–6 MarchCalcutta
3rd1953 December 27 – 1, 954 January 4Madurai
4th1956 April 19 – 29Palghat
5th1958 April 6 – 13Amritsar
6th1961 April 7 – 16Vijayawada
7th1964 December 13 – 23Bombay
8th1968 February 7 – 15Patna
9th1971 October 3 – 10Cochin
10th1975 January 27–2 FebruaryVijayawada
11th1978 March 31–7 AprilBathinda
12th1982 March 22 – 28Varanasi
13th1986 March 2 – 17Patna
14th1989 March 6 – 12Calcutta
15th1992 April 10 – 16Hyderabad
16th1995 October 7 – 11Delhi
17th1998 September 14 – 19Chennai
18th2002 March 26 – 31Thiruvananthapuram
19th2005 March 29–3 AprilChandigarh
20th2008 March 23 – 27Hyderabad
21st2012 March 27 – 31Patna
22nd2015 March 25 – 29Puducherry
23rd2018 April 25 – 29Kollam
24th2022 October 14 – 18Vijayawada

Principal mass organisations

In Tripura, the Ganamukti Parishad is a major mass organisation amongst the Tripuri peoples of the state.

Former chief ministers

Former chief ministers [72][73][74]
PhotoNameTenureState
E. M. S. Namboodiripad(1957 – 1959) Kerala
C. Achutha Menon(1969 – 1970; 1970 – 1977)
P. K. Vasudevan Nair(1978 – 1979)

Notable leaders

General election results

Performance of Communist Party of India in Lok Sabha elections

Lok Sabha

 Year Total Lok Sabha constituencies Seats won / contested Change in seats Total votes Percentage of votes Change in vote % Ref.
First 1951−52489
16 / 49
–3,487,4013.29%– [75]
Second 1957494
27 / 109
Increase 1110,754,0758.92%Increase 5.63% [76]
Third 1962494
29 / 137
Increase 211,450,0379.94%Increase 1.02% [77]
Fourth 1967520
23 / 109
Decrease 67,458,3965.11%Decrease 4.83% [78]
Fifth 1971518
23 / 87
Steady6,933,6274.73%Decrease 0.38% [79]
Sixth 1977542
7 / 91
Decrease 165,322,0882.82%Decrease 1.91% [80]
Seventh 1980529 ( 542* )
10 / 47
Increase 34,927,3422.49%Decrease 0.33% [81]
Eighth 1984541
6 / 66
Decrease 46,733,1172.70%Increase 0.21% [82][83]
Ninth 1989529
12 / 50
Increase 67,734,6972.57%Decrease 0.13% [84]
Tenth 1991534
14 / 43
Increase 26,898,3402.48%Decrease 0.09% [85][86]
Eleventh 1996543
12 / 43
Decrease 26,582,2631.97%Decrease 0.51% [87]
Twelfth 1998543
09 / 58
Decrease 36,429,5691.75%Decrease 0.22% [88]
Thirteenth 1999543
04 / 54
Decrease 55,395,1191.48%Decrease 0.27% [89]
Fourteenth 2004543
10 / 34
Increase 65,484,1111.41%Decrease 0.07% [90]
Fifteenth 2009543
04 / 56
Decrease 65,951,8881.43%Increase 0.02% [91]
Sixteenth 2014543
1 / 67
Decrease 34,327,2980.78%Decrease 0.65% [92]
Seventeenth 2019 543
2 / 49
 Increase 1 3,576,184 0.58% Decrease
0.2%		 [93][94]

* : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.

StateNo. of candidates 2019No. of elected 2019No. of candidates 2014No. of elected 2014No. of candidates 2009No. of elected 2009Total no. of seats in the state
Andhra Pradesh201020(25)(2014)/42(2009)
Arunachal Pradesh0000002
Assam20103014
Bihar20207040
Chhattisgarh10201011
Goa0020202
Gujarat10101026
Haryana10201010
Himachal Pradesh0000004
Jammu and Kashmir0000106
Jharkhand30303014
Karnataka10301028
Kerala40414020
Madhya Pradesh40503029
Maharashtra20403048
Manipur1010102
Meghalaya0010102
Mizoram0000001
Nagaland0000001
Odisha10401121
Punjab20502013
Rajasthan30302025
Sikkim0000001
Tamil Nadu22803139
Tripura0000002
Telangana2017
Uttar Pradesh120809080
Uttarakhand0010105
West Bengal30303242
Union Territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands0000001
Chandigarh0000001
Dadra and Nagar Haveli0000001
Daman and Diu0000001
Delhi0010107
Lakshadweep1[95]010001
Puducherry0010001
Total:502671564543

[93][94] [96] [97]

State Legislative assembly results

Year State Total
assembly seats		 Seats won /
Seats contested		 Change
in seats		 Votes Vote % Change in
vote %
2023 Telengana 119
1 / 1
 Increase1 80,336 0.34 Decrease0.07
Chattisgarh 90
2022 Uttar Pradesh 403
0 / 35
 Steady 64,011 0.07% Decrease 0.09%
Uttarakhand 70
0 / 4
 Steady 2,325 0.04%
Manipur 60
0 / 2
 Steady 1,032 0.06% Decrease 0.68%
Himachal Pradesh 68
0 / 1
 Steady 627 0.01% Decrease 0.03%
Punjab 117
0 / 7
 Steady 7,440 0.05%
Gujarat 182
0 / 3
 Steady 2,688 0.01% Decrease 0.01%
2021 Assam 126
0 / 1
 Steady 27,290 0.84% Decrease 0.14%
Kerala 140
17 / 23
 Decrease 2 1,579,235 7.58% Decrease 0.54%
Puducherry 30
0 / 1
 Steady 7,522 0.90% Decrease 0.2%
Tamil Nadu 234
2 / 6
 Increase 2 504,537 1.09% Increase 0.3%
West Bengal 294
0 / 10
 Decrease 1 118,655 0.20% Decrease 1.25%
2020 Bihar 243
2 / 6
 Increase 2 349,489 0.83% Decrease 0.57%
2019 Andhra Pradesh 175
0 / 7
 Steady 34,746 0.11% —
Jharkhand 81
0 / 18
 Steady 68,589 0.46% Decrease 0.43%
Maharashtra 288
0 / 16
 Steady 35,188 0.06% Decrease 0.07%
Odisha 147
0 / 3
 Steady 29,235 0.12% Decrease 0.39%
2018 Chhattisgarh 90
0 / 7
 Steady 48,255 0.34% Decrease 0.32%
Rajasthan 200
0 / 16
 Steady 42,820 0.12% Decrease 0.06%
Tripura 60
0 / 1
 Decrease 1 19,352 0.82% Decrease 0.85%
  • N/A indicates Not Available
  •   indicates in government or in Coalition government
StateNo. of candidatesNo. electedTotal no. of seats in AssemblyYear of election
Andhra Pradesh701752019
Assam101262021
Bihar622432020
Chhattisgarh190902023
Delhi30702020
Goa20402017
Gujarat201822017
Haryana40902019
Himachal Pradesh30682017[98]
Jammu and Kashmir30872014
Jharkhand160812019
Karnataka702242023
Kerala23171402021
Madhya Pradesh1802302018
Maharashtra1602882019
Manipur20602022
Meghalaya10602013
Mizoram00402013
Odisha1201472019
Puducherry10302021
Punjab701172022
Rajasthan902002023
Telangana111192023
Tamil Nadu622342021
Tripura10602023
Uttar Pradesh3804032022
Uttarakhand40702022
West Bengal1002942021

Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states (Bihar was bifurcated after the 2000 election, creating Jharkhand), defections and by-elections during the mandate period.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ". Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  2. ↑ "Cpi continue to congress alliance". 17 July 2022. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  3. ↑ Anil Kumar Mishra/ Sudhir Kumar Mishra (19 January 2021). Dictionary of Social Sciences. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 32–. ISBN 9789351867661. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  4. ↑
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  9. 1 2 "NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag". India Today. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
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  11. 1 2 Ralhan, O.P. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Political Parties New Delhi: Anmol Publications p. 336, Rao. p. 89-91.
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  14. ↑ M.V. S. Koteshwar Rao. Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 111
  15. 1 2 Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938–1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 21-25
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Further reading

  • Chakrabarty, Bidyut. Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies (Oxford University Press, 2014).
  • Devika, J. "Egalitarian developmentalism, communist mobilization, and the question of caste in Kerala State, India." Journal of Asian Studies (2010): 799–820. online
  • D'mello, Vineet Kaitan. "The United Socialist Front: The Congress Socialist Party and the Communist Party of India." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 73. (2012) online Archived 16 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Haithcox, John Patrick. Communism and Nationalism in India (Princeton UP, 2015).
  • Kautsky, John H. Moscow and the Communist Party of India: A Study in the Postwar Evolution of International Communist Strategy. (MIT Press, 1956).
  • Kohli, Atul. "Communist Reformers in West Bengal: Origins, Features, and Relations with New Delhi." in State Politics in Contemporary India (Routledge, 2019) pp. 81–102.
  • Lockwood, David. The communist party of India and the Indian emergency (SAGE Publications India, 2016).
  • Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History (2019)
  • Masani, M.R. The Communist Party of India: A Short History. (Macmillan, 1954). online
  • Overstreet, Gene D., and Marshall Windmiller. Communism in India (U of California Press, 2020)
  • Paul, Santosh, ed. The Maoist Movement in India: perspectives and counterperspectives (Taylor & Francis, 2020).
  • Pons, Silvio and Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism (Princeton UP, 2010) pp 180–182.
  • Singer, Wendy. "Peasants and the Peoples of the East: Indians and the Rhetoric of the Comintern," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe, International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43. (Manchester University Press, 1998).
  • Steur, Luisa. "Adivasis, Communists, and the rise of indigenism in Kerala." Dialectical Anthropology 35.1 (2011): 59–76. online
  • N.E. Balaram, A Short History of the Communist Party of India. Kozikkode, Cannanore, India: Prabhath Book House, 1967.
  • Samaren Roy, The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private, 1986.

Primary sources

  • G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume One, 1917–1922. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1971.
  • G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume Two, 1923–1925. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974.
  • V.B. Karnick (ed.), Indian Communist Party Documents, 1930–1956. Bombay: Democratic Research Service/Institute of Public Relations, 1957.
  • Rao, M. B., Ed. Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India(1948–1950), Vol. 7 (1960) online
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