The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid. From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union,[1] Libya, and Cuba.[1] Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with Western countries, cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention.[1] In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States.[1] It has entered the Southern African Development Community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south.[1] Zimbabwe and Namibia joined Angola in its military intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where Angolan troops remain in support of the Joseph Kabila government.[1] It also has intervened in the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.[1]

Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with the United Nations Security Council to impose and carry out sanctions on UNITA.[2] More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls on conflict diamonds, the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002.[2] At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties with Portugal (its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular.[1][2] Angola is a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Angola maintains diplomatic relations with:[3][4]

# Country Date
1  Mozambique 5 July 1975
2  Czech Republic 11 November 1975[5]
3  Brazil 12 November 1975
4  Vietnam 12 November 1975
5  Cuba 15 November 1975
6  North Korea 16 November 1975[6]
7  Bulgaria 20 November 1975[7]
8  Poland 21 November 1975
9  Cambodia 4 December 1975[8]
10  Romania 19 December 1975[9]
11  Mongolia 10 February 1976[10]
12  France 17 February 1976
13  Botswana 18 February 1976
14  Egypt 18 February 1976
15  Netherlands 18 February 1976
16  Mexico 20 February 1976[11]
17  Portugal 9 March 1976
18  Nigeria 15 March 1976
19  Libya 30 March 1976[12]
20  Italy 4 June 1976
21  Republic of the Congo 25 July 1976
22  Japan 9 September 1976
23  Denmark 17 September 1976[13]
24  Finland 18 September 1976[14]
25  Ghana 8 October 1976[15]
26  Russia 8 October 1976
27  Benin 11 October 1976[16]
28   Switzerland 18 February 1977
29  Hungary 8 April 1977
30  Serbia 25 April 1977
31  Ethiopia 13 July 1977[17]
32  Guyana 24 July 1977[18]
33  United Kingdom 14 October 1977
34  Algeria 19 October 1977[19]
35  Spain 19 October 1977
36  Pakistan 20 October 1977[20]
37  Austria 25 October 1977
38  Cape Verde 30 October 1977
39  Norway 31 October 1977
40  Yemen 2 November 1977
41  Belgium 16 December 1977
42  Canada 1 February 1978
43  São Tomé and Príncipe 19 February 1978
44  Sweden 22 March 1978
45  Democratic Republic of the Congo 17 October 1978
46  Central African Republic 22 January 1979[21]
47  Argentina 2 June 1979
48  India 2 June 1979
49  Cameroon 21 August 1979[22]
50  Germany 4 September 1979
51  Zambia 19 October 1979
52  Turkey 9 July 1980
53  Laos 11 July 1980
54  Niger 28 August 1980[23]
55  Greece 30 August 1980[24]
56  Tanzania 25 August 1981
57  Senegal 16 February 1982[25]
58  Gabon 24 May 1982
59  Zimbabwe 15 October 1982
60  Equatorial Guinea 1982
61  China 12 January 1983
62  Grenada 13 March 1983[26]
63  Ivory Coast 3 June 1983[27]
64  Lesotho 1983[28]
65  Tunisia 1983[29]
66  Morocco 24 June 1985
67  Kenya 22 July 1985[30]
68  Suriname 11 September 1985[31][32]
69  Iran 8 January 1986
70  Vanuatu 16 July 1986
71  Seychelles 7 November 1986
72  Venezuela 9 December 1986
73  Uruguay 6 March 1987
74  Mauritania 2 December 1987[33]
75  Australia 30 March 1988[34]
76  Colombia 29 April 1988
77  Albania 17 August 1988[35]
78  Peru 27 August 1988[36]
79  Togo 27 September 1988[37]
80  Nicaragua 20 October 1988[37]
81  Rwanda December 1988[37]
82  Burundi December 1988[37]
83  Iceland 1988[38]
84  Panama 16 February 1989
85  Eswatini 8 November 1989[39]
86  Chile 8 August 1990
87  Namibia 18 September 1990
88  South Korea 6 January 1992
89  Israel 16 April 1992
90  Thailand 24 August 1992
91  United States 19 May 1993
92  Slovakia 30 September 1993
93  Malawi 9 November 1993
94  North Macedonia 10 November 1993
95  South Africa 27 May 1994
96  Moldova 30 September 1994[40]
97  Ukraine 30 September 1994
98  Armenia 3 October 1994[41]
99  Kazakhstan 3 October 1994
100  Croatia 16 November 1994[42]
101  Azerbaijan 1 December 1994
102  Belarus 24 April 1995
103  Malaysia 1995[43]
104  Qatar 1995[44]
105  Lebanon 3 July 1996
106  Bolivia 29 January 1997[45]
107  Estonia 10 March 1997
108  Georgia 10 March 1997
109  Ecuador 17 June 1997
110  Turkmenistan 18 June 1997
—  Holy See 8 July 1997[46]
111  Kuwait 20 November 1997
112  United Arab Emirates 11 December 1997
113  Syria 10 February 1999
114  Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 September 1999
115  Singapore 14 September 2000
116  Cyprus 1 June 2000
117  Belize 24 January 2001
118  Ireland 24 January 2001
119  Costa Rica 13 March 2001
120  East Timor 20 May 2001
121  Indonesia 7 August 2001[47]
122  Philippines 14 September 2001
123  Luxembourg 14 May 2002
124  Uzbekistan 29 May 2002
125  Lithuania 4 June 2002
126  Jamaica 8 October 2002
127  Uganda 2002[48]
128  Mali 9 January 2003[49]
129  Burkina Faso 17 January 2003[50]
130  Sudan 22 October 2003[51]
131  Slovenia 20 January 2004
132  Sri Lanka 23 February 2004
133  Jordan 15 July 2004
134  Sierra Leone 1 November 2004[52]
135  Comoros 22 December 2004[53]
136  Chad 23 June 2005[54]
137  Oman 13 December 2005[55]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 13 December 2005[56]
138  Brunei 18 October 2006
139  Guinea-Bissau 8 January 2007
140  Paraguay 21 June 2007[57]
141  Guinea 7 August 2007
142  Andorra 20 March 2009
143  Saudi Arabia 24 March 2009
144  San Marino 30 March 2009
145  Dominican Republic 25 September 2009[58]
146  Montenegro 18 December 2009
147  Malta 15 June 2010
148  Fiji 18 May 2011
149  Latvia 7 July 2011
150  Eritrea 11 March 2012[59]
151  Bangladesh 18 February 2013[60]
152  Myanmar 19 September 2013
153  Bahrain 26 September 2013
154  New Zealand 4 October 2013[61]
155  Iraq 21 February 2014[62]
156  Monaco 31 July 2014[63]
157  South Sudan 10 June 2016[64]
158  Madagascar 18 November 2017[65]
159    Nepal 9 December 2017[66]
160  Tajikistan 5 October 2020
161  Maldives 10 November 2020
162  Liechtenstein 23 June 2021[67][68]
163  Somalia 31 August 2021[69]
164  Gambia 3 September 2021[70]
165  Djibouti 24 January 2022[71]
166  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 30 March 2022[72]
167  Barbados 17 August 2022
168  Trinidad and Tobago 7 December 2022
169  El Salvador 18 September 2023[73]
170  Guatemala 22 September 2023[74]
171  Liberia Unknown
172  Mauritius Unknown
—  State of Palestine Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Cape Verde30 October 1977[4]See Angola–Cape Verde relations

Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau served as stop-over points for Cuban troops on their way to Angola to fight UNITA rebels and South African troops. Prime Minister Pedro Pires sent FARP soldiers to Angola where they served as the personal bodyguards of Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos.[75]

  • Angola has an embassy in Praia.
  • Cape Verde has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate in Benguela.
 Democratic Republic of Congo17 October 1978[4]

Many thousands of Angolans fled the country after the civil war. More than 20,000 people were forced to leave the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capital Kinshasa and succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "tit-for-tat"[76] immigration dispute. "Congo and Angola have agreed to suspend expulsions from both sides of the border," said Lambert Mende, DR Congo information minister, in October 2009.[77] "We never challenged the expulsions themselves; we challenged the way they were being conducted – all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes," Mende said.[76]

  • Angola has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda.
 KenyaSee Angola–Kenya relations
  • Angola has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Luanda.
 Mozambique5 July 1975[4]See Angola–Mozambique relations
  • Angola has an embassy in Maputo.
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Luanda.
 Namibia18 September 1990[4]See Angola–Namibia relations

Namibia borders Angola to the south. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defense pact with its northern neighbor Angola.[78] This affected the Angolan Civil War that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling party SWAPO sought to support the ruling party MPLA in Angola against the rebel movement UNITA, whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering to Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking Jonas Savimbi's UNITA.

 Nigeria15 March 1976[4]See Angola–Nigeria relations

Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the African Union and other multilateral organizations.

  • Angola has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Luanda.
 South Africa17 May 1994[4]See Angola–South Africa relations

Angola-South Africa relations are quite strong as the ruling parties in both nations, the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola, fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.

 Zimbabwe15 October 1982[4]See Angola–Zimbabwe relations

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[79]

See Angola–Argentina relations

 Brazil12 November 1975[4]See Angola–Brazil relations

Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Parts of both countries were part of the Portuguese Empire from the early 16th century until Brazil's independence in 1822. As of November 2007, "trade between the two countries is booming as never before"[80]

 Canada1 February 1978

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1978[81]

Canada-Angola relations were established in 1978, and Canada is accredited to Angola from its Embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability of UNITA to continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agreement to end Angola's conflict.

  • Angola is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
 Cuba15 November 1975[4]See Angola–Cuba relations

During Angola's civil war Cuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government, against Western-backed UNITA and FLNA guerrillas and the South-African army.[82]

  • Angola has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Luanda.
 Mexico20 February 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1976[83]

See Angola–Mexico relations

  • Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda.
 United States14 July 1994Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1994[84]

See Angola–United States relations

Embassy of Angola in Washington, D.C.

From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for the UNITA rebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 by Jonas Savimbi. The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period.

Relations between the United States of America and the Republic of Angola (formerly the People's Republic of Angola) have warmed since Angola's ideological renunciation of Communism before the 1992 elections.

 Uruguay6 March 1987Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1987[86]

See Angola–Uruguay relations

  • Angola has a consulate-general in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 China12 January 1983Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1983[87]

See Angola–China relations

Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited Angola in June 2006, offering a US$9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002.[88] João Manuel Bernardo, the current ambassador of Angola to China, visited the PRC in November 2007.[89]

  • Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Macau.
  • China has an embassy in Luanda.
 India2 June 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979[90]

See Angola–India relations

  • Angola has an embassy in New Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Luanda.
 Israel16 April 1992[4]See Angola–Israel relations

Angola-Israel relations, primarily based on trade and pro-United States foreign policies, are excellent. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel.

 JapanSeptember 1976See Angola–Japan relations

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola were established in September 1976. Japan has donated towards demining following the civil war.[91]

  • Angola has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Luanda.
 Pakistan20 October 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1977[20]

The Government of Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with officials in charge of the economic and commercial policy of Pakistan, to assess the business opportunities between the two states. It asked to discuss aspects related to the cooperation on several domains of common interest.

 Philippines14 September 2001Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2001.
  • Angola has an embassy in Manila.
  • Philippines is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
 Turkey9 July 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1980[92]

See Angola–Turkey relations

 Vietnam12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[94]

See Angola–Vietnam relations

Angola-Vietnam relations were established on 12 November 1975 after Angola gained its independence, when future President of Angola Agostinho Neto visited Vietnam.[95] Angola and Vietnam have steadfast partners as both transitioned from Cold War-era foreign policies of international communism to pro-Western pragmatism following the fall of the Soviet Union.

  • Angola has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 France17 February 1976[4]See Angola–France relations

Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved.

  • Angola has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Luanda.
 Germany16 August 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1979[96]

See Angola–Germany relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Luanda.
 Holy See14 April 1975
 Italy4 June 1976[98]

See Angola–Italy relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
 Netherlands18 February 1976[4]
  • Angola has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.
 Portugal9 March 1976[4]See Angola–Portugal relations

Angola-Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S. and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years,[99] colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war for independence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a coup in Portugal that replaced the Caetano regime.

  • Angola has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate-general in Porto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in Benguela.
 Russia11 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1975[100]

See Angola–Russia relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Luanda.
 Serbia12 November 1975Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975[101]

See Angola–Serbia relations

The Defence Minister of Serbia, Dragan Šutanovac, stated in a 2011 meeting in Luanda that Serbia would negotiate with the Angolan military authorities for the construction of a new military hospital in Angola.[102]

Angola supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo, and recognizes Serbia's territorial integrity.[103]

  • Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
 Spain19 October 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1977[104]

See Angola–Spain relations

  • Angola has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Luanda.

See also

References

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  80. ↑ ANGOLA-BRAZIL: Portuguese - the Common Language of Trade Archived 4 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine by Mario de Queiroz, ipsnews.net, 13 November 2007
  81. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Angola and Canada as of 1 Feb. 1978 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  82. ↑ Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959–1976 ISBN 978-0-8078-5464-8
  83. ↑ "Hoy celebramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Angola (Organización gubernamental de México)".
  84. ↑ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Angola".
  85. ↑ "U.S. Embassy in Angola". U.S. Embassy in Angola. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  86. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Between Uruguay and Angola as of 6 Mar. 1987 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  87. ↑ "Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Angola (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China)".
  88. ↑ "Angola: China's African foothold". London: BBC News. 20 June 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  89. ↑ "Angola: Ambassador Considers Relations With China Excellent". Angola Press Agency via AllAfrica. 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  90. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Angola and India as of 2 June 1979 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  91. ↑ "Angola: Japan grants USD one million to boost de-mining activity". ReliefWeb. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  92. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Angola and Turkey as of 9 July 1980 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  93. 1 2 3 "Relations between Turkey and Angola". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  94. ↑ "The Republic of Angola (vietnam.gov.vn)".
  95. ↑ "Vietnam – Angola Relations". Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Angola. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  96. ↑ "Angola: Überblick (Auswärtiges Amt Bundesrepublik Deutschland) (in German)".
  97. ↑ "Apostolic Nunciature Angola". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  98. ↑ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy). p. 132. Retrieved 5 January 2024. I Governi della Repubblica italiana e della Repubblica popolare di Angola hanno convenuto di stabilire relazioni diplomatiche a livello di ambasciatori con effetto dal 4 giugno 1976.
  99. ↑ Alker, Hayward R.; Ted Robert Gurr; Kumar Rupesinghe (2001). Journeys Through Conflict: Narratives and Lessons. p. 204.
  100. ↑ "45 years ago, on November 11, 1975, when Angola declared independence from Portugal, the SovietUnion & Angola established diplomatic relations (MFA Russia)".
  101. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Serbia".
  102. ↑ "Angola: Serbia Negotiates Building of New Military Hospital". Angola Press Agency (Luanda). 23 September 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  103. ↑ Angola: Head of State Sends Message to Serbian Counterpart, Angola Press Agency, 2008-06-24
  104. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between Angola and Spain as of 19 Oct. 1977 (United Nations Digital Library)".
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