Krupuk
Kerupuk in air-tight tin containers
Alternative namesKerupuk, keropok
CourseSnack
Place of originIndonesia[1][2]
Region or stateJava
Serving temperatureRoom temperature
Main ingredientsStarch, animal proteins, vegetables.
VariationsDifferent variations according to ingredients

Krupuk (Javanese)[n 1] is a cracker made from starch or animal skin and other ingredients that serve as flavouring. Most krupuk are deep fried, while some others are grilled or hot sand fried. They are a popular snack in maritime Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, and Philippines), and are most closely associated with the culinary traditions of Indonesia, in particular Javanese cuisine. It is an ubiquitous staple in its country of origin, and has spread to other countries either via the migration of diaspora populations or exports.[3]

Etymology

Krupuk in Javanese means "fried side dish" (made of flour, mixed with other ingredients).[4] The word was later absorbed to other languages and stylized according to local pronunciations. In Indonesia and the modern states of Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines, it appears under a general name with minor phonetic variations. In Indonesian, it is "kerupuk" while in Malay, it is "keropok". In Dutch, it is "kroepoek" ("oe" being equivalent to "u"), which was also the original spelling prior to the establishment of modern Indonesia and post-independence spelling reform.

The Javanese onomatopoeia for the sound of crunchy foods (krauk for a big crunch; kriuk for a small crunch) is believed to have inspired the name. It might have also inspired the naming of kripik, a different type of Javanese cracker.

History

According to culinary historian Fadly Rahman, krupuk had existed in Java since the 9th or 10th century.[2] It was written in the Batu Pura Inscription as krupuk rambak, which refers to crackers made from cow or buffalo skin, that still exist today as krupuk kulit ("skin krupuk"), and are usually used in a Javanese dish called krechek. In its development, krupuk spread across the archipelago, and the taste varies according to the ingredients. From Java, krupuk spread to various coastal areas of Kalimantan, Sumatra, to the Malay Peninsula.[2] It is produced and consumed in various varieties and is an integral part of the national cuisines of several Southeast Asian countries. Kroepoek also can be found in the Netherlands, through their historic colonial ties with Indonesia.[5]

Today, krupuk has been one of the food-product export commodities of Indonesia, reaching foreign markets including Thailand, China, South Korea, the United States, Mexico, and the European Union.[3]

Preparation and consumption

To achieve maximum crunchiness, most of this pre-packed raw krupuk must be sun-dried first before being deep fried at home. To cook krupuk, a wok with plenty of high-temperature cooking oil is needed. A healthier, fatless version might be made by briefly pulsing the raw krupuk in the microwave oven: usually one minute at the medium (~700W) power is enough to successfully puff a handful of chips. Raw krupuk is quite small, hard, and darker in color than the cooked one.[6]

Krupuk and kripik can be consumed alone as a snack, or cracked and garnished on top of foods for a complementary, crisp texture. Certain Indonesian dishes such as gado-gado, karedok, rujak, asinan, bubur ayam and certain kinds of soto require a certain type of krupuk for toppings. It is an essential ingredient to make seblak, a savoury-spicy dish made of boiled, wet krupuk cooked with a protein (chicken, beef, or seafood), all in a spicy sauce.[7]

Types

Indonesia

Variety of raw unfried krupuk sold at Indonesian traditional market, Bengkulu province

Indonesia has perhaps the largest variety of krupuk.[8] There are many variations on krupuk, many of which are made from starch with seafood (shrimp, fish, or squid), but occasionally with rice, fruits, nuts or vegetables; these variations are more usual in Southeast Asia.

Krupuk gendar (brown rice cracker) and krupuk kampung or krupuk putih (cassava starch crackers) in air-tight containers
  • Krupuk amplang, refer to pingpong ball-sized fish krupuk from Kalimantan.
  • Krupuk bawang, garlic cracker
  • Krupuk blek (also krupuk uyel, krupuk kampung, or krupuk putih), a cassava starch cracker ubiquitous in Indonesia
  • Krupuk gendar, ground rice cracker
  • Krupuk ikan, fish cracker, commonly found in Indonesia, especially in seafood industry production centres such as Palembang, Bangka, Cirebon and Sidoarjo. Wahoo is the most popular fish used to make krupuk ikan, however a more expensive variant uses belida fish or featherback knifefish.
  • Krupuk kemplang, a type of flat fish cracker that is particularly popular in south Sumatran city of Palembang.
  • Krupuk kuku macan, another name of amplang with distinct "tiger nail", nugget-shaped, brown-coloured fish cracker, popularly associated with Samarinda and the island of Bangka.
  • Krupuk kulit, found in most parts of Indonesia, Krupuk jangek (Minangkabau), or Rambak (Java); refer to crackers made of dried cattle skin, particularly popular in the Minangkabau area of West Sumatra.
  • Krupuk kulit babi, crispy fried pork skin, also known as pork rinds. Rarely found in Muslim-majority regions in Indonesia, but common in non-Muslim majority provinces, such as Bali, North Sumatra, and North Sulawesi.
  • Krupuk melarat (poor man's cracker), created during difficult times in Cirebon Regency, more or less around the 1830's. It is not fried in vegetable oil, but roasted using river sand that has been cleaned beforehand.[9]
  • Krupuk mie (noodle cracker), is a yellowish krupuk made from noodle-like paste usually used for asinan topping, particularly popular in Jakarta and most markets in Java.
  • Krupuk petis (black shrimp paste or fish paste cracker), is a specialty cracker from Kendal Regency, Central Java.[10]
  • Krupuk siput gonggong (dog conch cracker), a typical cracker from Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands.[11]
  • Krupuk telur asin (salted egg cracker), is a cracker from Brebes Regency which is well-known as the producer of salted duck eggs in Indonesia.[12]
  • Krupuk udang, shrimp cracker or prawn cracker probably is the most internationally well-known variant of krupuk. The examples of popular krupuk udang brands in Indonesia is Resep Kerupuk Udang,[13] Finna[14] and Komodo brand whereas the popular krupuk udang household brands in Malaysia are Rota Prawn Crackers and myReal Pulau Pangkor Prawn Crackers.[15]

Malaysia

Keropok lekor in Terengganu, Malaysia.

In Malaysia, it is called keropok and associated with fish and seafood (those made with other foods than fish and seafood are called kerepek). Varieties of keropok found in Malaysia Keropok kering, Keropok lekor and amplang. Keropok lekor originated from Terengganu, and Amplang is endemic to the coastal towns of Semporna and Tawau in Sabah. While keropok kering can be found in most of the Malaysian states,[16] Mukah town in Sarawak also historically known as a fishing town for the making of keropok.[17]

Philippines

Krupuk, most commonly spelt as kropek and kropeck in the Philippines, is sometimes also referred to as "fish crackers", "prawn crackers" or less commonly as "fish chicharrón", which is technically fried fish skin. Some forms of chicharrón are made with non-animal sources such as tapioca starch and green peas, hence the term. It is debatable if the vegetarian, kropek-like "mock pork crackling" could be considered a form of kropek, since there are a lot of similarities but also differences which make them two. These are sold at sari-sari stores in smaller portions as a light snack, as well as in bigger bags at local supermarkets and convenience stores.

Kropek from Nagcarlan, Philippines

Kropek is often eaten as an appetizer, with a vinegar and chili dipping sauce, sometimes as accompaniment at drinking sessions, or paired with a meal. There are a lot of local brands which sell different varieties of kropek. Some of the more well-known brands in the Philippines are La La Fish Crackers and Oishi prawn crackers, fish crackers, and fish kropeck. Oishi, a Philippines-based company that has expanded across Asia, is one of the biggest Filipino and Asian companies.

Production centres

Sun-drying krupuk at Karimun Jawa island.
Sun-drying krupuk at Indramayu, West Java.

In Indonesia, major production centres of krupuk are usually coastal fishing towns. Sidoarjo in East Java,[18] Cirebon in West Java, Karimun Jawa island, Padang, Palembang and Medan in Sumatra, Bangka Island, Samarinda and Pontianak in Kalimantan, and Makassar in Sulawesi are major producers of krupuk, and many recipes originate from there.

Some inland towns are also famous as krupuk production centres, such as Bandung, Garut and Malang. Although they usually do not produce seafood-based krupuk as their coastal town counterparts. Most krupuk producers traditionally are modest home industries. However, today there is a dilemma among krupuk factories, whether to shift to automation through modern machinery but have to lay-off some of their workers, or continue producing in traditional ways but lack in producing capacity.[19]

Most of the coastal towns in Malaysia such as Mukah, Malacca Town, Pangkor Island and Lumut produce keropok from large scale manufacturing to small scale home factories.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ kurupuk (Sundanese), kerupuk (Indonesian), keropok (Malay), kroepoek (Dutch) or kropek (Tagalog)

References

  1. ↑ Adrian Vickers (3 November 2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-1-139-44761-4.
  2. 1 2 3 Wirayudha, Randy (31 August 2017). "Kriuk Sejarah Kerupuk". Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Indonesia sells 35 containers of kerupuk at Thaifex 2016". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  4. ↑ Poerwadarminta, WJS. Bausastra.
  5. ↑ "A Guide to Dutch Indonesian Cuisine". Awesome Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  6. ↑ Indonesian Regional Food and Cookery: Prawn cracker
  7. ↑ Karina Armadani (19 December 2014). "Kuliner Tradisional: Menikmati Pedasnya Seblak Khas Bandung". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian).
  8. ↑ "Aneka Kerupuk Indonesia". bangmuzh. 26 March 2022.
  9. ↑ Izan, Khaerul. "Kerupuk melarat kuliner khas Cirebon yang tercipta saat masa sulit". antaranews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  10. ↑ "Krupuk Petis Udang". jatengprov.go.id (in Indonesian). Central Java Government. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  11. ↑ "Kerupuk Siput Gonggong Khas Tanjungpinang". Kepritoday (in Indonesian). 24 July 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  12. ↑ "Kerupuk Telur Asin Brebes Laris Manis hingga Luar Negeri". kumparan.com (in Indonesian). PanturaPost. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  13. ↑ "Resep Kerupuk Udang dan 6 Tips Cara Mudah Membuatnya yang Bikin Ketagihan | bangmuzh". 26 March 2022.
  14. ↑ Krupuk Udang Finna
  15. ↑ "myReal Pulau Pangkor Prawn Crackers by Lumut Crackers Sdn. Bhd". lumutcrackers.com.my.
  16. ↑ Su-Lyn Tan; Mark Tay (2003). Malaysia & Singapore. Lonely Planet. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-1-74059-370-0.
  17. ↑ Pat Foh Chang (1999). Legends and history of Sarawak. Chang Pat Foh. ISBN 978-983-9475-07-4.
  18. ↑ "Sidoarjo Cracker Industry". EastJava.com. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Krupuk A bite-size problem". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
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