This is a timeline of Indonesian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Indonesia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Indonesia. See also the list of presidents of Indonesia.

Millennia: 1st BCE · 1st–2nd · 3rd
Centuries: 4th BCE · 2nd BCE · 1st BCE · See also · Further reading · External links

4th century BCE

YearDateEvent
400 BCEThe prehistoric clay pottery Buni culture (near present-day Bekasi) were flourished in coastal northern West Java.[1]

2nd century BCE

YearDateEvent
200 BCE"Dvipantara" or "Yawadvipa" a mystic Hindu kingdom is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana; Sugriva, the chief of Rama's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa in search of Sita then later used by the indianized islander of java island and kingdom of Portugal to name the island during the age of discovery.[2]

1st century BCE

YearDateEvent
65 BCEA footprint of a kingdom in Java island according to Chinese records.[3]

Centuries: 4th · 5th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th

4th century CE

YearDateEvent
350The Kutai Martadipura phase in East Kalimantan produced the earliest known stone inscriptions in Indonesia.[4]

5th century CE

YearDateEvent
450Several stone inscriptions were created in West Java. Among others, the Tugu inscription announce decrees of Purnavarman, the king of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest Indianized kingdom in Java.[5]

7th century

YearDateEvent
664A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere on the northern coast of Central Java.[6]
671I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.[7]
683Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event is mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuwo inscription, and Kedukan Bukit Inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait.[8]
686Srivijaya launch naval invasion against Java, mentioned in Kota Kapur Inscription. Probably contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.[9]
687I-tsing returned to Srivijaya on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[10]
700The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes.[11]
Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.[12]
Sojomerto inscription possibly dated around late 7th century discovered in Batang Regency, Central Java, mentioned about Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of Shailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in old Malay suggested Srivijayan link to this family.[13]


8th century

YearDateEvent
718Sri Indravarman King of Srivijaya send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East.[14]
732The Sanjaya dynasty is founded around this time according to the Canggal inscription.[15]
752The Hindu Mataram kingdom flourishes.[16]
760The construction of Borobudur started.[17]
770s to 780sJava launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by Shailendran-Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu or Dharanindra.[18]
778Kalasan temple constructed according to Kalasan inscription.
792The Manjusrigrha (Sewu) temple is completed according to Manjusrigrha inscription.
800The agriculturally based Buddhist Shailendra dynasty rules Sumatra and Java.[15]

9th century

YearDateEvent
825Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga.[19][20]
856Prambanan is completed.[15] According to Shivagrha inscription Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra.
860Balaputra the Maharaja of Suvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the buddhist temple and monastery in Nalanda India, on the land given by King Devapaladeva of Pala in Benggala, according to the Nalanda inscription.[21]

10th century

YearDateEvent
907Sumbing volcano erupted, according to Rukam inscription.
King Balitung created Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Mataram kings, moved the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expanded Prambanan temple.
914The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali.[22]
928During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Mataram in Mamratipura was devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi.
929Mpu Sindok moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Mamratipura in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and established Isyana Dynasty. The shift was probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.[23]
937Mpu Sindok moved the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java.
c. 980sDynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas.
990King Dharmawangsa of Mataram kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya.[18]
Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
996Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese.[24]

11th century

YearDateEvent
1006King Dharmawangsa's Mataram kingdom falls under invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible Srivijayan ally in Java).[22]
1019Airlangga establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.[25]
1025Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Cholamandala in South India, conquered Pannai and Kadaram from Srivijaya and occupied it for some time. The Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.[26]
1030Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda.
1041Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kadiri and abdicated in favour of his successors.[27]

12th century

YearDateEvent
1104King Jayawarsa of Kadiri ascends to the throne.
1115King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. Janggala ceases to exist and united under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king and become the inspiration of Panji cycle, the tales that spreads across Southeast Asia.[27]
1130King Jayabaya of Kadiri ascends to the throne.

13th century

YearDateEvent
1222Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom[28] Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
1257Baab Mashur Malamo established The Kingdom of Ternate in Maluku.
1275King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra.
1284King Kertanegara launched Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
1289Kertanegara insult the envoy of Kublai Khan that demand Java to pay the tribute to Yuan Dynasty.[29][30]
1292Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebelled and killed Kertanegara, ended the Singhasari kingdom.
Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia visited Sumatra and reported that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[31]
1293Mongol invasion of Java,[32] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sent punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari. The Mongol forces were repelled.
The coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as the monarch of Majapahit kingdom, marked the foundation of Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
1300Footprint of Islam state is present in northern tip of Sumatra.

14th century

YearDateEvent
1309King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1318an Italian Franciscan friar, Mattiussi visited Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Borneo. In his record he described Majapahit kingdom.
1328Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
1334Hayam Wuruk, son of Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi was born.[34]
Mount Kelud in East Java erupted.[34]
Gajah Mada declared his Palapa oath.[35]
1347Adityawarman moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung, West Sumatra.[36]
1350Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'.[33]
Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
1355 Kingdom of Negara Dipa was established in South Kalimantan by Empu Jatmika.[37]
1357In the Battle of Bubat, the Sundanese royal family were massacred by the Majapahit army under the order of Gajah Mada. This event led to the death of Sundanese King Lingga Buana and the princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi that committed suicide.[38]
1365The Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama is written.[33]
1377Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port.[33]
1389Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.[33]

15th century

YearDateEvent
1405Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. (to 1406)
1405–1407The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.[39] (to 1433)
1429Queen Suhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1447Wijayaparakramawardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1451Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1453Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.[33]
1456Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III, becomes ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1466Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.[33]
1478Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.[33]
1500Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion.
Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.[40]

16th century

YearDateEvent
1509The Portuguese king sends Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, the eastern terminus of Asian trade. After initially receiving Sequeira, Sultan Mahmud Syah captures and/or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships, which escape.[41] The Javanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca.
1511AugustAfonso de Albuquerque after sailing from Portuguese Goa conquers the Sultanate of Malacca with a force of 1,200 and seventeen or eighteen ships.[41]
1512The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca to search for the 'Spice Islands' (Maluku) led by Francisco Serrão. Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to Hitu (northern Ambon) and wins the favour of the local rulers.[42]
1520The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca.
Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah of Aceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Dayak on the west Sumatran coast, and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast.
1520 The establishment of Banjar Sultanate in South Kalimantan with Sultan Suriansyah as the first king.[43]
1521NovemberFerdinand Magellan's expedition reaches Maluku and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves.
1522The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate and begin construction of a fort.[42]
AugustLuso Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa
1535The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon.[44]
1546Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and Morotai (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547)
1559Sultan Khairun of Ternate protesting the Portuguese's Christianisation activities in his lands. Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese.
1562Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population.[44]
1569Peace treaty was signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portuguese.
1570Sultan Hairun of Ternate is killed by the Portuguese.[44] The reign of Sultan Baabullah.
1575Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Baabullah defeated the Portuguese.
1578The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[44]
1579The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.[45]
1583Death of Sultan Baabullah of Ternate.
1595First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman.[46]
1596Junede Houtman's expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura.[46]
1597de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit.[46]
1598The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.[44] (to 1599)
More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable.[46]
1599The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit.[46] (to 1600)
MarchLeaving Europe the previous year, a fleet of eight ships under Jacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku.[46]
1600The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon.[47] Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.[47]
Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia.

17th century

YearDateEvent
1602The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is established by merging competing Dutch trading companies.[47]
JuneBritish East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrives in Aceh and sails on to Bantam where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.[48]
1603First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java.[48]
1604A second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices[48]
1605FebruaryThe VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.[47]
1606A Spanish fleet occupies Ternate and Tidore.[47]
1608Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched series of naval conquest on coastal Sumatran and Malay peninsula states. (to 1637)
1610The VOC establishes the post of Governor General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia.[47]
1611The English establish trading posts at Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakarta and Jepara in Java, and Aceh, Pariaman and Jambi in (Sumatra) threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.[48]
The Dutch establish a post at Jayakarta (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
1613The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their Solor fort.
1619Jan Pieterszoon Coen appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing.
30 MayCoen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, storms the Jayakarta driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes of Jayakarta, establishes Batavia as the VOC headquarters.
1620Almost the entire native population of Banda Islands was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour.
Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.[48]
1623In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the 'Amboyna massacre', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government.[49] The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
1628–1629Sultan Agung of Mataram launched a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia.
1629Iskandar Muda of Aceh Sultanate launched a failed attempt to take Portuguese Malacca.
1636The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation.
1646Sultan Agung of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard at Imogiri
1667As a result of the Treaty of Breda between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly on nutmeg by forcing England to give up their claim on Run, the most remote of the Banda Islands. While the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland.
1674The Trunajaya rebellion. Followers of the Madurese prince Trunajaya rebelled against the Mataram Sultanate. After initial defeats, Mataram requested help from the VOC in exchange for various concessions. VOC-Mataram forces ultimately defeated the rebellion.
1700With the decline of the spice trade, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.[50]

18th century

YearDateEvent
1704First Javanese War of Succession.[51]
1712The first shipment of coffee from Java reaches Amsterdam.[52]
1717Surabaya rebels against the VOC.[53]
1719Second Javanese War of Succession.[53]
1735Governor-General Dirk van Cloon dies, one of many victims of disease in Batavia.[54]
17409 OctoberA massacre of Batavia's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion. Approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned.[55]
1743The capital Kartasura fell under Geger Pecinan uprising — Raden Mas Garendi (Sunan Kuning) led Chinese mercenaries revolted against Pakubuwono II.
174517 FebruaryPakubuwono II established a new kraton in Sala village and established Surakarta Sunanate.
175513 FebruaryThe Treaty of Giyanti is signed, effectively partitioning the Mataram Sultanate. The VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, who rules half of Central Java. Hamengkubuwono I then established Yogyakarta Sultanate, moves to Yogya and renames the city Yogyakarta[56]
175717 MarchSalatiga treaty between Prince Sambernyawa with Pakubuwono III and Hamengkubuwono I further partitioning the remnant of Mataram Sultanate, the Mangkunegaran Grand Duchy was established.
1769French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant.[57] (to 1772)
1770Captain James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his round the world voyage.[58]
177824 AprilRoyal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was established by a group of Dutch intellectuals.[59] This institution is the pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of National Museum of Indonesia.
1792MarchHamengkubuwana I dies.[60]
179519 January 1795The Batavian Republic, a client state of the French First Republic, and successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was proclaimed.
18001 JanuaryThe bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and nationalised by the Batavian Republic.[61]

19th century

YearDateEvent
1803First phase of Padri War. (to 1825)
1806The Batavian Republic is dissolved and the Kingdom of Holland is created, a puppet kingdom set up by Napoléon Bonaparte.
1808Herman Willem Daendels the Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, During the French interum (1806–1811) begins the construction of Java Great Post Road.[62] against a Anglo-Dutch invasion.
1811AugustBritish invasion of Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Stamford Raffles was appointed as the Lieutenant-Governor of Java.
1814NovemberRaffles' wife, Olivia Mariamne Devenish died in Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in Java.
1814Dutch colonial possessions in the East Indian Archipelago returned to the Dutch following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
1815AprilMount Tambora in Sumbawa island erupted, it was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history that wiped Tambora culture and killed at least 71,000 people in total (including the aftermath). The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter".[63]
1825Java War (to 1830)
1831Second phase of Padri War (to 1838)
1864JuneThe first railway track in Indonesia was laid between Semarang and Tanggung, Central Java by the Dutch colonial government.[64]
1868The Batavian Museum (today National Museum of Indonesia) was officially opened by Dutch East Indies government.
1870Official dismantling of the Cultivation System and beginning of a 'Liberal Policy' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.[65]
1873The beginning of the Aceh War.[65]
187921 AprilKartini was born in Jepara, today the date is commemorated as women's emancipation day in Indonesia.
1883AugustMount Krakatoa in Sunda Strait erupted, killed 36,417 people.
1888Founding of the shipping line Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.[65]
1894Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem[65] The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace of Mataram.[66] J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and secured Nagarakretagama manuscript in Lombok royal library.
1898General van Heutz becomes chief of staff of Aceh campaign. Wilhelmina becomes queen of the Netherlands.[65]

20th century

YearDateEvent
1901Ethical Policy is proclaimed.[65]
1903Aceh declared conquered.[65]
1904Van Heutz becomes Governor General.[65] Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia.
16 JanuaryDewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia.
1906The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan.
1907Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi.[65]
1908Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death').[65]
1912Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party.[65]
First scientific description ever of Komodo dragon by Peter Ouwens.
18 NovemberThe modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta.
1914World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war.[65]
1917East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war.[65]
1919MayMt Kelud in East Java erupts with a deathtoll of around 5,000 people.
1920Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn.[65]
1925Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies.[65]
192631 JanuaryNahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization.
1929The Great Depression in America[65] affected the economy of Dutch East Indies.
1930Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.[67]
19418 DecemberNetherlands declares war on Japan.[68]
19418 DecemberDutch East Indies campaign (8 December 1941 – 9 March 1942) by forces from the Empire of Japan starts.
194227 FebruaryBattle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeat Allied forces ABDACOM afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure.
28 FebruaryThe Japanese troops invade Java.
7 MarchDutch East Indies government in exile established in Australia by Dutch officials headed by Lieutenant Governor General Huib van Mook
8 MarchRoyal Netherlands East Indies Army on Java capitulates. At 09:00 on 8 March, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces—Ter Poorten—announced the surrender of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army in Java. Instrument of surrender signed in Bandung on 12 March
31 DecemberMerauke Force formed, to reinforce the KNIL garrison in Merauke, West New Guinea.
194422 AprilStart of the liberation of the Dutch East Indies by Allied forces
AprilFirst Dutch NICA detachments land at Hollandia in New Guinea.
16 MayVan Mook–MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement signed in London concerning the jurisdiction over and administration of civil affairs in Dutch East Indies territory liberated by an Allied expeditionary force during WWII.
1 June1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL) founded at Camp Victory, near Casino, New South Wales. Australia.
19459 JanuaryBetween January and July landing of Dutch KNIL troops at Biak, Tarakan and Balikpapan.
1 JuneSukarno's Pancasila speech[69]
16 JulyDraft of constitution for the Republic completed.[69]
AugustRepublican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established.
15 AugustJapanese surrender to Allied powers.[67]
17 August"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.[67][70]
AugustStart of the Bersiap killings during the early stages of the Indonesian National Revolution.
3 NovemberVice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties.
10 NovemberBattle of Surabaya.[67]
1946Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt.[67]
Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands.[67]
194725 MarchLinggadjati Agreement, first ceasefire.[67]
20 JulyMajor Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force.[67]
25 AugustUnited Nations Commission for Indonesia established.
1948Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosuwiryo.[71] (to 1962)
19 JanuaryThe Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories.[67]
AugustFall of the Amir Syarifuddin government,[67] largely from the Renville Agreement fallout.
18 SeptemberMadiun Affair: Nationalist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Communist troops.[67]
19 DecemberDutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans.[67]
1949FebruaryTan Malaka executed by Republican Army.[67]
1 AugustOfficial ceasefire.[67]
DecemberNetherlands Government transferres sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference.[67]
1950Military articulation of doctrines Dwifungsi and Hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces.[72] (to 1960)
29 JanuaryGeneral Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies aged 34
25 AprilThe Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon
17 AugustFollowing RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'.[67]
6 SeptemberThe first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.[73]
27 SeptemberIndonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations.[73]
28 SeptemberInvasion of Ambon by the Indonesian army to suppress the Republic of South Moluccas.
19511 JanuaryStart of the Dutch Military Mission for Indonesia
21 MarchThe Natsir cabinet falls[74]
26 AprilThe composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo.[73]
195225 FebruaryAmid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns.[74]
3 AprilThe new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated.[73]
17 OctoberArmy-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace.[74] This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.[71]
19532 JuneThe Wilopo cabinet resigns.[74]
31 JulyAfter lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo.[74]
1955MarchRegional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961)
24 MarchThe second cabinet to be led by Ali Sastroamidjojo takes office.[73]
18 AprilThe city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.[72] (to 25 April)
24 JulyAfter a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns.[74]
12 AugustLed by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in.[73]
29 SeptemberIndonesia holds general parliamentary elections;[67] the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16–22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties.[72]
15 DecemberElections are held for the Constitutional Assembly[74]
19563 MarchThe cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch.[74]
3 MayIndonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949.[73]
1 DecemberHatta resigns as vice-president.[73]
195721 FebruaryPresident Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy[73][74]
MarchRegional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi.[72] (to August 1961)
14 MarchMartial law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns.[74]
9 AprilSukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister.[73]
30 NovemberAn attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta.[73]
195818 MayUS Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government.[72]
19595 JulyWith armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.[72]
10 JulyPresident Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.[75]
196018 FebruaryPresident Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet".[75]
9 MarchSecond Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace.[73][76]
24 JuneThe House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established.[73]
17 AugustIndonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea.[73]
30 SeptemberPresident Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly.[73]
19614 MarchAn agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans.[73]
17 AugustBuilding officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta.[73]
19622 JanuaryThe Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier General Suharto.[73]
15 JanuaryDeputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding.[73]
8 MarchPresident Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet.[75]
15 AugustThe New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations.[73]
24 AugustJakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games.[73] (to 4 September)
1963Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia.[72]
Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia.[67][72] (to 1965)
1 MayWestern New Guinea is transferred to the temporary UN supervision.[72][73]
18 MayParliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'.[72]
27 JulySukarno declares Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.
18 SeptemberFollowing demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob.[73]
13 NovemberPresident Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet".[73]
196417 AugustDuring his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounce the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests.
27 AugustPresident Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet
19657 JanuaryIndonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.[72][77]
14 JanuaryThe Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed.[77]
11 AprilThe Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung.[77] (to 16 April)
26 MayForeign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia.[77]
30 SeptemberAn abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya.[72]
OctoberA violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians.[72] (to March 1966)
1 OctoberA counter-coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno
14 OctoberPresident Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army.[77]
16 OctoberThe Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region.[77]
13 DecemberThe rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation.[77]
196610 JanuaryAnti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements.[77]
14 FebruaryThe Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in 30 September Movement begin.[77]
24 FebruaryPresident Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers".[77]
11 MarchSukarno delegates key presidential powers to Suharto by signing the Supersemar. The following day Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.[72][78]
18 MarchA total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody".[77]
2 MayFollowing large scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced.[77]
20 JuneThe Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects President Sukarno's accountability speech.[77] (to 5 July)
11 AugustIndonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations.[77]
28 SeptemberIndonesia rejoins the United Nations.[77]
196710 JanuaryNew investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions.[72][77]
20 FebruaryThe Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) is established as an international consortium of official donors to coordinate the provision of foreign assistance to Indonesia. The IGGI was chaired by The Netherlands until 1992.
22 FebruaryIn a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto.[77]
7 MarchA Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president.[77] (to 12 March)
8 AugustASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[79]
1 OctoberDiplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended.[77]
1968Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm.[72] (to 1971)
MarchParliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest.[72]
1969Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice.[72]
1970Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'.[72]
21 JuneSukarno dies.[78] He is buried at Blitar, East Java.[72]
1971Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.[80]
3 JulyIndonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority.[77]
1973Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar.[80]
1974The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption.[80]
1975AprilMrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta.[80]
AprilCivil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor.[80]
6 DecemberU.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta.[80]
7 DecemberIndonesia launches an invasion of East Timor.[78]
1976MarchGeneral Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation.[80]
8 JulyPalapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.[81]
17 JulySuharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province.[80]
19 NovemberUN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor.[80]
1977The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer.[80]
OctoberSawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins.[80]
1978The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials.[80] Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology.[80]
22 FebruarySuharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque.[82]
197921 SeptemberJakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September)
DecemberWriter Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island.[80]
1980MayThe Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun.[80]
1982The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces.[78][80] (to 1983)
1983Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Siti Hediati Hariyadi at Taman Mini.[80]
198412 SeptemberMuslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders.[78]
DecemberAbdurrahman Wahid is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather.[80]
1985The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis.[80]
1987Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.[83]
9 SeptemberJakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September)
1988Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president.,[83] Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul.
1989The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh.[83]
1991Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement.[83]
12 NovemberABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda.[83]
1992Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administered since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI).[83] Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.[84]
East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Brigadier General Theo Syafei and is tried and sentenced.[83] (to 1993)
1993Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected.[83]
1994JuneSuharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie's purchase of the former East German navy.[83]
1996The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo.[83]
AprilIbu Tien Suharto, the president's wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack.[83]
JulyMilitary-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party's popularity.[83]
1997Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy.[83] (to 1998)
FebruaryAlarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur.[83]
JunePacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires.[83]
JulyThe collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit.[83]
11 OctoberJakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October)
1998MarchLargely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence.[85]
11 MarchSuharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.[85]
12 MayFour student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources.[85]
13 MayMemorial services for killed students leads to riots; vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead.[85]
20 MayFor National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed.[85]
21 MayAfter being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency.[85]
AugustGeneral Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003).[85]
10 NovemberMegawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years.[85]
13 NovemberOn the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds.[85]
199919 JanuaryA petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced.[85]
7 JuneIndonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority.[85]
SeptemberEast Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined.[85]
13 SeptemberPresident Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order.[85]
OctoberThe Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.[86]
2000President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya.[86]
24 DecemberIn a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.[86]

21st century

YearDateEvent
2001Ethnic violence in Kalimantan as indigenous Dayaks force out Madurese transmigrants. Mass political demonstrations by Wahid's supporters and opponents. IMF stops further loans citing lack of progress in tackling corruption.[87]
JulyPresident Wahid is impeached chiefly on grounds of incompetence. The parliament elects Megawati president by 592 votes to 0. Hamzah Haz defeats Akbar Tandjung and Lieutenant General (ret.) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[86]
SeptemberPresident Megawati visits President George Bush a week after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and welcomes American investment. On her return to Indonesia, the Islamic right criticises her cooperation with America's war in Afghanistan, and the nationalist left criticises here for being too suppliant to foreign investors.[86]
2002Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, the largest Muslim organisations in Indonesia, issue joint statements critical of militant Islamists.[86]
FebruaryPeace talks in Malino, South Sulawesi appear to end three years of Christian-Muslim violence in Maluku and Poso.[86]
JulyTommy Suharto is sentenced to fifteen years jail for illegal possession of arms, contempt of law, and masterminding the assassination of a Supreme Court judge who had convicted him for graft.[86]
SeptemberHouse Speaker Akbar Tandjung is sentenced to three years jail for corruption.[86]
12 OctoberBombs in the Kuta nightclub district in Bali kill 202 people, the world's deadliest terrorist attack since 11 September 2001. Indonesian police, aided by ten nations, track down Jemaah Islamiyah operatives.[86]
NovemberEurico Guterres is sentenced to ten years prison for crimes committed following the 1999 ballot in East Timor.[86]
DecemberThe Indonesian government and GAM sign a peace accord aimed at ending decades of violence in Aceh. The deal breaks down the following year.[86]
2003AugustJemaah Islamiyah bomb Jakarta's Marriott hotel killing twelve. All but one of those killed are Indonesians.
2004AprilParliamentary and local elections: Golkar party of former President Suharto wins greatest share of vote, with Megawati Sukarnoputri's PDI-P coming second.[87]
9 SeptemberA bomb blast outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta kills 11 and injures up to 100 people.
OctoberIndonesia's first direct presidential election elects Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono following popular disillusionment with incumbent Megawati.
26 DecemberAn earthquake-triggered tsunami kills an estimated 170,000 in Aceh and causes widespread devastation.
200515 AugustGovernment and Free Aceh Movement separatists sign a peace deal providing for rebel disarmament and the withdrawal of government soldiers from the province. Rebels begin handing in weapons in September; government completes troop pull-out in December.[87]
1 OctoberBombings in Bali kill 20 people.
200627 MayThe 6.4 Mw  Yogyakarta earthquake shakes central Java with an MSK intensity of IX (Destructive), leaving more than 5,700 dead and 37,000 injured.
20071 JanuaryAdam Air Flight 574 crashes into the sea in Makassar Strait off Sulawesi, killing all 102 on board.
200827 JanuarySuharto dies from multiple organ failure.[88] He is buried in the family Mausoleum near Solo.[89]
Jemaah Islamiyah Operatives are executed when found guilty for the 2002 bombings after numerous appeals from their families.
20098 JulyIncumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won Indonesian presidential election.[90]
17 JulyJemaah Islamiyah bomb two hotels in Jakarta, including the Marriott that was attacked in 2003.
17 SeptemberNoordin Muhammad Top, the head of Jemaah Islamiyah, is shot in Solo
30 DecemberAbdurrahman Wahid, the 4th president of Indonesia died because of complications from kidney disorders, heart disease and diabetes.[91]
201025 OctoberMerapi volcano erupted, over 350,000 people were evacuated, 353 people were killed,[92] Borobudur was covered in volcanic ash.[93] (to 17 November)
20117 MayJakarta host 18th ASEAN Summit, mark the beginning of Indonesian chairmanship in ASEAN 2011.[94][95] (to 8 May)
11 NovemberOpening ceremony of the 26th Southeast Asian Games was held in Palembang. The largest multi-event sports in the region was held in Jakarta and Palembang.[96] (to 22 November)
20129 MayRussian Sukhoi Superjet 100 crashed against Mount Salak, West Java, killing 45 people abroad during a demonstrational flight.[97]
20135–7 OctoberIndonesia host the APEC Summit 2013 in Nusa Dua, Bali.[98]
20149 AprilIndonesia held their legislative election, PDI-P dominate the People's Representative Council, followed closely by Golkar and Gerindra.[99]
9 JulyIndonesia held their presidential election, according to quick count Jakarta's Governor Joko Widodo won against former military general Prabowo Subianto, however both sides claims victory.[100]
22 JulyIndonesian Election Commission announced Joko Widodo wins Indonesian presidential election with 53.15% of the vote with his rival, ex-general Prabowo Subianto, on 46.85%.[101]
20 OctoberJoko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla sworn in as Indonesian President and Vice President for the period of 2014–2019 in a plenary session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).[102] Thousands of people celebrating the inauguration ceremony by attending parade along Sudirman and Thamrin avenue, followed by a concert in Merdeka Square featuring Slank, Arkarna, and various bands.[103]
28 DecemberIndonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 on its way from Surabaya to Singapore, crashed in bad weather into Java Sea, off the coast of Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board.[104]
2015June – NovemberDozens of Indonesians are killed by respiratory illness and accidents due to poor visibility caused by severe haze. The haze occurs annually during dry season and is largely caused by illegal agricultural fires due to slash-and-burn practices in Indonesia, especially from the provinces of South Sumatra and Riau in Indonesia's Sumatra island, and Kalimantan on Indonesian Borneo.[105][106] The haze also hit neighboring Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei.
201614 JanuaryAt least three militants reportedly detonated explosives in or near a Starbucks cafe in Central Jakarta. Then the militants threw grenade to a police post nearby, destroying the post and killing at least 3 men. Gunfire had ensued when police arrived shortly afterwards.
201818 August to 2 SeptemberIndonesian cities of Jakarta and Palembang hosts 2018 Asian Games.[107] The opening ceremony was held in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium. This was the second time Indonesia hosted this Asian multi-sports event, the last time had been in 1962.[108]
28 SeptemberA 3 metres tall tsunami triggered by a 7.4 magnitude earthquake hits Palu, Donggala and Mamuju in Central Sulawesi,[109] killing nearly 1,350 people.[110]
29 October Lion Air flight 610 crashes into the sea just after takeoff near Jakarta, Indonesia, killing all 189 on board.
201917 AprilJoko Widodo has been re-elected as Indonesia's president in 2019 Indonesian general election.[111]
26 AugustPresident Joko Widodo has announced that the country's new capital city will be located in East Kalimantan on Borneo island.[112] The new capital will replace Jakarta and will be built in part of North Penajam Paser regency and part of Kutai Kertanegara regency.[113]
20202 MarchPresident Joko Widodo confirmed the first two cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia. According to the Minister of Health Terawan Agus Putranto, the patients contracted the virus from an infected Japanese person in Depok and later tested positive in Malaysia.[114]
6 OctoberProtests erupt throughout Indonesia after Indonesian House of Representatives passes the controversial Omnibus Law on Job Creation.[115]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zahorka, Herwig (2007). The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java, From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with Royal Center of Bogor, Over 1000 Years of Propsperity and Glory. Yayasan cipta Loka Caraka.
  2. ↑ Kapur; Kamlesh (2010). History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN 9788120749108. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  3. ↑ W.P Groeneveldt (1880). Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca Compiled from Chinese Sources. Batavia.
  4. ↑ "epress.anu.edu.au". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  5. ↑ Taylor (2003), p. 19.
  6. ↑ Drs. R. Soekmono. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37.
  7. ↑ Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing, Oxford, London.
  8. ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38
  9. ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39
  10. ↑ "Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty". Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  11. ↑ Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), p. 3.
  12. ↑ Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9, 15–18
  13. ↑ Boechari (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". MISI. III: 241–251.
  14. ↑ Azra, Azyumardi (2006). Islam in the Indonesian world: an account of institutional formation. Mizan Pustaka. ISBN 979-433-430-8.
  15. 1 2 3 Miksic (1997)
  16. ↑ Miksic (2003)
  17. ↑ Taylor (2003), p. 37.
  18. 1 2 Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 171. ISBN 981-4155-67-5.
  19. ↑ Dumarçay (1991).
  20. ↑ Paul Michel Munoz (2007). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Didier Millet. p. 143. ISBN 978-981-4155-67-0.
  21. ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.46
  22. 1 2 Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
  23. ↑ Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C Bagley (31 December 1981). The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4. Brill Archive. p. 252. ISBN 9789004061965. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  24. ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.51
  25. ↑ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56
  26. ↑ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41
  27. 1 2 Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  28. ↑ "Ken Angrok". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  29. ↑ Grousset, Rene (1988), Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 288, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  30. ↑ Kahler, H. (31 December 1981). page 243. Brill Archive. ISBN 9004061967.
  31. ↑ History of Aceh Archived 13 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis khan and the making of the modern world. New York: Random House. p. 239. ISBN 0-609-80964-4.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ricklefs (1991), page 18
  34. 1 2 Mpu Prapanca, translated by Slamet Muljana. "Terjemahan Kakawin Dēśawarṇnana (Nāgarakṛtāgama)" (in Indonesian). Jejak Nusantara. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  35. ↑ Pararaton
  36. ↑ Kern, J.H.C., (1907), De wij-inscriptie op het Amoghapāça-beeld van Padang Candi(Batang Hari-districten); 1269 Çaka, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde.
  37. ↑ J., Ras, J. (1990). Hikayat Banjar. Siti Hawa Hj. Salleh. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 9789836212405. OCLC 63211277.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ Drs. R. Soekmono. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 72.
  39. ↑ Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in Some Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Geoffrey Wade
  40. ↑ Noorduyn, J. (2006). Three Old Sundanese poems. KITLV Press. p. 437.
  41. 1 2 Ricklefs (1991), p.23
  42. 1 2 Ricklefs (1991), page 24
  43. ↑ Basuni, Ahmad (1986). Nur Islam di Kalimantan: Sejarah Masuknya Islam di Kalimantan. Bina Ilmu.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Ricklefs (1991), page 25
  45. ↑ Miller, George, ed. (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xv. ISBN 967-65-3099-9.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ricklefs (1991), page 27
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ricklefs (1991), page 28
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 Ricklefs (1991), page 29
  49. ↑ Miller, George, ed. (1996). To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 967-65-3099-9.
  50. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 63
  51. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 82
  52. ↑ Moore (Ed) (1999), p90
  53. 1 2 Ricklefs (1991), page 84
  54. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 86
  55. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 87
  56. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 93
  57. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 102
  58. ↑ Heuken (2000), page 307
  59. ↑ Rosi, Adele (1998). Museum Nasional Guide Book. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media,Museum Nasional and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 4.
  60. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 101
  61. ↑ Ricklefs (1991), page 106
  62. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Herman Willem Daendels Archived 12 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Access date 29 March 2009
  63. ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. Bibcode:2003PrPG...27..230O. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
  64. ↑ Hamdani, Sylviana (3 February 2010). "Taking a Train Trip Down Memory Lane in Indonesia". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vickers (2005), page xii
  66. ↑ Wahyu Ernawati: "Chapter 8: The Lombok Treasure", in Colonial collections Revisited: Pieter ter Keurs (editor) Vol. 152, CNWS publications. Issue 36 of Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. CNWS Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-90-5789-152-6. 296 pages. pp. 186–203
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Vickers (2005), page xiii
  68. ↑ "THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS DECLARES WAR WITH JAPAN". ibiblio. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  69. 1 2 Saafroedin et al. (1992)
  70. ↑ Proklamasi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JyKAFVBEIE Archived 6 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  71. 1 2 Friend (2003), page 528
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Friend (2003), page 529
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a)
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Feith (2002)
  75. 1 2 3 Simanjuntak(2003)
  76. ↑ "Last Tiger Out" Jan Doward, Pacific Press Pub.
  77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b)
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 Vickers (2005), page xiv
  79. ↑ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Friend (2003), page 530
  81. ↑ Telecommunications Systems
  82. ↑ Indonesian State Secretariat (1995), 40 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Jilid 3 (40 Years of Indonesian Independence, Volume 3), p1035, ISBN 979-8300-06-8
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Friend (2003), page 531
  84. ↑ History of Badminton Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Friend (2003), page 532
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Friend (2003), page 533
  87. 1 2 3 "Timeline: Indonesia". BBC News. BBC. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  88. ↑ "Indonesia ex-leader Suharto dies". BBC News. 27 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
  89. ↑ tempointeraktif.com (Indonesian) Archived 10 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ↑ "Indonesia's president re-elected: No wonder why with SBY". The Economist. 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009.
  91. ↑ "Gus Dur died of complications". ANTARA. 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  92. ↑ "Indonesia Downgrades Mount Merapi's Danger Level". Jakarta Post and Associated Press, Jakarta. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  93. ↑ "Covered in volcanic ash, Borobudur closed temporarily". from, Magelang, C Java (by ANTARA News). 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  94. ↑ ASEAN Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ Chairman’s Statement of the 12th ASEAN Plus Three Foreign Ministers’ Meeting Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  96. ↑ "(The Jakarta Post)". Archived from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  97. ↑ "Latest List Shows 45 People Aboard Crashed Sukhoi Jet". The Jakarta Globe. TheJakartalobe.com. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  98. ↑ "APEC 2013". Archived from the original on 11 October 2013.
  99. ↑ Inggried Dwi Wedhaswary (9 May 2014). "PDI-P Pemenang Pemilu Legislatif 2014" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  100. ↑ "Indonesia election 2014: Jokowi and Prabowo both declare victory – as it happened". The Guardian. 9 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  101. ↑ Karishma Vaswani (22 July 2014). "Joko Widodo wins Indonesia presidential election". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  102. ↑ "Jokowi, Kalla sworn in as president and vice president". Jakarta Post. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  103. ↑ "Arkana and dozens of musicians to perform at Jokowi celebration concert tonight". Jakarta Post. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  104. ↑ "AirAsia QZ8501: More bad weather hits AirAsia search". BBC News. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  105. ↑ Soeriaatmadja, Wahyudi (13 October 2015). "Minister blasts execs of firm that denied burning forest". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  106. ↑ "What causes South East Asia's haze?". BBC News. 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  107. ↑ "Indonesia's 'people power' Asian Games legacy can boost its 2032 Olympic hopes". South China Morning Post. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  108. ↑ "Highlights from 18th Asian Games opening ceremony". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  109. ↑ "Photo: A 3 meters Tsunami hits Palu". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  110. ↑ "Indonesia tsunami: Death toll rises to nearly 1,350". BBC News. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  111. ↑ "Indonesia's president wins divisive contest". BBC News. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  112. ↑ "Jokowi announces Indonesia's new capital in East Kalimantan". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  113. ↑ "BREAKING: Jokowi announces East Kalimantan as site of new capital". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  114. ↑ Prasetia, Andhika (2 March 2020). "2 WNI Positif Virus Corona Dirawat di RSPI Sulianti Saroso Jakut". Detik.com (in Indonesian).
  115. ↑ "FOTO: Gelombang Demo Buruh Lawan Omnibus Law Cipta Kerja". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  • Feith, Herbert (2007) The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, ISBN 979-3780-45-2
  • Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01834-6.
  • Heuken SJ, A (2000). Historical Sites of Jakarta. Cipta Loka Caraka, Jakarta
  • Miksic, John N. (1997). Java's Ancient "Indianized" Kingdoms. Found in Oey, Eric, ed. (1997). Java (Third ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-244-5..
  • Moore, R.I (General Editor)(1999). Philip's Atlas of World History. Chancellor Press. ISBN 0-7537-0085-9
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4480-7
  • Saafroedin Bahar,Ananda B.Kusuma,Nannie Hudawati, eds, (1992) Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usahah Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesian (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) (Minutes of the Meetings of the Agency for Investigating Efforts for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence), Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
  • Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975a) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 2 (1950–1964) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 2 (1950–1964))
  • Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975b) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid 3 (1965–1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume 3 (1965–1973))
  • Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi [Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia: From Independence to Reformation] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 979-428-499-8.
  • Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
  • Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6. (+ Chronology)

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.