Demographics of Indonesia
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2020
PopulationIncrease 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate0.79% (2022 est.)
Birth rate15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease 73.08 years
 • male70.86 years
 • female75.4 years
Fertility rateDecrease 2.18 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years23.87%
15–64 years68.31%
65 and over7.82%
Sex ratio
Total1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
65 and over0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityIndonesian
Major ethnicOver 1,300 ethnic groups
Language
OfficialIndonesian
SpokenOver 700 languages
Historical population
Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 million in 2010.[1][2] Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 55% of Indonesia's population resides on Java, which is the most populous island in the world.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967,[3] Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is projected to surpass the population of the United States if the recent population growth continues.[4]

Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017.[5] Indonesia includes numerous ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups, some of which are related to each other. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Many local ethnic languages are the first language of most Indonesians and are still important.

Population

Provinces of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2020
  10,001 and above
  1,001 to 10,000
  101 to 1,000
  11 to 100
  1 to 10
Historical population of Indonesia
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 2,000,000—    
1000 3,500,000+0.06%
1500 7,750,000+0.16%
1700 9,500,000+0.10%
1930 60,727,233+0.81%
1955 77,473,268+0.98%
1961 97,085,348+3.83%
1971 119,208,229+2.07%
1976 141,862,419+3.54%
1980 147,490,298+0.98%
1990 179,378,946+1.98%
2000 206,264,595+1.41%
2010 237,641,326+1.43%
2020 270,203,917+1.29%
Source: Our World in Data,[6] Statistics Indonesia,[7][8] Wertheim (1959),[9] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976),[10] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)[11]

Population by province

Province Population
(2010 census)		 Urban %
in 2010		 Total
Fertility
Rate		 Population
(2015 census)
Aceh4,494,41023.62.794,496,570
North Sumatra12,982,20442.43.0113,923,262
West Sumatra4,846,90929.02.915,190,577
Riau5,538,36743.72.826,330,941
Jambi3,092,26528.32.513,397,164
South Sumatra7,450,39434.42.568,043,042
Bengkulu1,715,51829.42.511,872,136
Lampung7,608,40521.02.458,109,601
Bangka Belitung Islands1,223,29643.02.541,370,331
Riau Islands1,679,16367.42.381,968,313
Banten10,632,16652.22.3511,934,373
Jakarta9,607,787100.01.8210,154,134
West Java43,053,73250.32.4346,668,214
Central Java32,382,65740.42.2033,753,023
Yogyakarta3,457,49157.71.943,675,768
East Java37,476,75740.92.0038,828,061
Bali3,890,75749.82.134,148,588
West Nusa Tenggara4,500,21234.82.594,830,118
East Nusa Tenggara4,683,82715.93.825,112,760
West Kalimantan4,395,98325.12.644,783,209
Central Kalimantan2,212,08927.52.562,490,178
South Kalimantan3,626,61636.32.353,984,315
East Kalimantan3,028,48757.62.613,422,676
North Kalimantan524,656639,639
North Sulawesi2,270,59637.02.432,409,921
Gorontalo1,040,16425.52.761,131,670
Central Sulawesi2,635,00919.72.942,872,857
South Sulawesi8,034,77629.42.558,512,608
Southeast Sulawesi2,232,58620.83.202,495,248
West Sulawesi1,158,651--3.331,279,994
Maluku1,533,50625.93.561,683,856
North Maluku1,038,08729.53.351,160,275
Papua2,833,38122.22.873,143,088
West Papua760,422--3.18868,819
Indonesia237,641,3262.41255,182,144

Source: Population Census 2010,[2] except for final column, taken from Inter-Census Survey 2015.

Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

Age structure

Age structure in Indonesia (2020)[12]

  Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)
  Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)
  Retiree: 65 years and over (6.0%)

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):[13]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 135 337 011 134 266 419 269 603 430 100
0–4 11 101 528 10 850 465 21 951 993 8.14
5–9 11 205 657 10 739 503 21 945 160 8.14
10–14 11 284 333 10 884 509 22 168 842 8.22
15–19 11 189 861 10 949 531 22 139 392 8.21
20–24 11 070 774 10 887 555 21 958 329 8.14
25–29 10 963 605 10 736 361 21 699 966 8.05
30–34 10 777 337 10 524 673 21 302 010 7.90
35–39 10 477 475 10 305 704 20 783 179 7.71
40–44 9 830 929 9 693 109 19 524 038 7.24
45–49 9 140 315 9 023 924 18 164 239 6.74
50–54 7 975 551 7 947 477 15 923 028 5.91
55–59 6 632 329 6 691 467 13 323 796 4.94
60–64 5 234 762 5 287 052 10 521 814 3.90
65-69 3 758 966 3 921 263 7 680 229 2.85
70-74 2 485 308 2 757 062 5 242 370 1.94
75+ 2 208 281 3 066 764 5 275 045 1.96
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 33 591 518 32 474 477 66 065 995 24.50
15–64 93 292 938 92 046 853 185 339 791 68.75
65+ 8 452 555 9 745 089 18 197 644 6.75

Vital statistics

Indonesia fertility rate by province (2017)
  3.3 to 3.5
  3.0 to 3.2
  2.7 to 2.9
  2.4 to 2.6
  2.1 to 2.3

United Nations estimates

Period Population
(thousands)		 Live births
(thousands)		 Deaths
(thousands)		 Natural change
(thousands)		 CBR[lower-roman 1] CDR[lower-roman 1] NC[lower-roman 1] TFR[lower-roman 1] IMR[lower-roman 1] Life expectancy
(years)
1950 69 568 2 826 1 505 1 321 40.6 21.6 19.0 5.19 189.1 39.40
1951 71 019 2 926 1 522 1 404 41.2 21.4 19.8 5.23 186.8 39.79
1952 72 571 3 035 1 517 1 518 41.8 20.9 20.9 5.27 182.0 40.69
1953 74 208 3 146 1 526 1 620 42.4 20.6 21.8 5.31 177.4 41.42
1954 75 925 3 257 1 533 1 723 42.9 20.2 22.7 5.35 172.9 42.19
1955 77 742 3 359 1 542 1 817 43.2 19.8 23.4 5.37 168.4 42.92
1956 79 662 3 475 1 544 1 931 43.6 19.4 24.2 5.41 164.0 43.80
1957 81 691 3 589 1 556 2 033 43.9 19.0 24.9 5.45 159.8 44.50
1958 83 819 3 701 1 575 2 126 44.2 18.8 25.4 5.48 155.8 45.05
1959 86 048 3 811 1 578 2 233 44.3 18.3 26.0 5.51 151.9 45.86
1960 88 383 3 929 1 593 2 337 44.5 18.0 26.4 5.55 148.3 46.45
1961 90 817 4 031 1 602 2 429 44.4 17.6 26.7 5.57 144.8 47.12
1962 93 345 4 127 1 603 2 523 44.2 17.2 27.0 5.59 141.4 47.87
1963 95 963 4 217 1 614 2 603 43.9 16.8 27.1 5.60 138.1 48.43
1964 98 675 4 304 1 609 2 695 43.6 16.3 27.3 5.61 134.8 49.23
1965 101 158 4 380 2 121 2 259 43.3 21.0 22.3 5.62 142.7 42.60
1966 103 561 4 426 1 740 2 686 42.7 16.8 25.9 5.60 129.5 48.20
1967 106 261 4 468 1 596 2 871 42.0 15.0 27.0 5.58 124.8 51.07
1968 109 139 4 503 1 594 2 909 41.3 14.6 26.7 5.54 121.4 51.63
1969 112 149 4 555 1 582 2 973 40.6 14.1 26.5 5.51 118.0 52.35
1970 115 228 4 596 1 576 3 021 39.9 13.7 26.2 5.45 114.6 52.99
1971 118 347 4 627 1 570 3 056 39.1 13.3 25.8 5.36 111.5 53.58
1972 121 504 4 667 1 560 3 107 38.4 12.8 25.6 5.29 108.4 54.24
1973 124 709 4 720 1 554 3 166 37.9 12.5 25.4 5.22 105.3 54.85
1974 127 945 4 727 1 547 3 180 37.0 12.1 24.9 5.09 102.3 55.43
1975 131 213 4 783 1 544 3 239 36.5 11.8 24.7 5.04 99.4 55.97
1976 134 521 4 813 1 540 3 273 35.8 11.5 24.3 4.92 96.8 56.51
1977 137 862 4 849 1 534 3 315 35.2 11.1 24.0 4.81 94.1 57.08
1978 141 251 4 908 1 535 3 373 34.7 10.9 23.9 4.72 91.6 57.57
1979 144 693 4 952 1 530 3 422 34.2 10.6 23.7 4.61 89.3 58.15
1980 148 177 4 981 1 521 3 460 33.6 10.3 23.4 4.49 86.9 58.75
1981 151 686 4 997 1 526 3 472 33.0 10.1 22.9 4.36 84.6 59.14
1982 155 229 5 036 1 514 3 522 32.4 9.8 22.7 4.25 82.3 59.76
1983 158 791 5 016 1 507 3 508 31.6 9.5 22.1 4.10 79.9 60.27
1984 162 332 4 986 1 502 3 484 30.7 9.3 21.5 3.94 77.6 60.73
1985 165 792 4 836 1 481 3 355 29.2 8.9 20.2 3.71 75.2 61.31
1986 169 135 4 736 1 472 3 264 28.0 8.7 19.3 3.53 72.8 61.72
1987 172 421 4 732 1 481 3 251 27.4 8.6 18.9 3.42 70.4 61.97
1988 175 695 4 738 1 495 3 244 27.0 8.5 18.5 3.33 68.0 62.21
1989 178 949 4 707 1 487 3 220 26.3 8.3 18.0 3.22 65.6 62.70
1990 182 160 4 647 1 477 3 170 25.5 8.1 17.4 3.10 63.1 63.18
1991 185 361 4 702 1 484 3 218 25.4 8.0 17.4 3.06 60.6 63.54
1992 188 558 4 644 1 468 3 176 24.6 7.8 16.8 2.94 58.1 64.13
1993 191 737 4 652 1 464 3 188 24.3 7.6 16.6 2.88 55.7 64.60
1994 194 929 4 681 1 481 3 201 24.0 7.6 16.4 2.84 53.3 64.86
1995 198 140 4 714 1 487 3 227 23.8 7.5 16.3 2.80 51.0 65.24
1996 201 374 4 762 1 519 3 244 23.6 7.5 16.1 2.77 48.9 65.36
1997 204 628 4 797 1 526 3 271 23.4 7.5 16.0 2.74 46.8 65.73
1998 207 855 4 744 1 544 3 200 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.66 44.8 65.96
1999 210 997 4 683 1 559 3 123 22.2 7.4 14.8 2.58 42.9 66.22
2000 214 072 4 680 1 581 3 099 21.9 7.4 14.5 2.54 41.1 66.43
2001 217 112 4 679 1 591 3 088 21.5 7.3 14.2 2.50 39.5 66.76
2002 220 115 4 662 1 596 3 066 21.2 7.2 13.9 2.46 37.8 67.13
2003 223 080 4 658 1 612 3 046 20.9 7.2 13.7 2.43 36.3 67.41
2004 225 939 4 678 1 807 2 871 20.7 8.0 12.7 2.42 36.9 65.75
2005 228 805 4 746 1 679 3 067 20.7 7.3 13.4 2.43 33.5 67.65
2006 231 797 4 819 1 698 3 121 20.8 7.3 13.5 2.45 32.2 67.91
2007 234 858 4 923 1 719 3 205 21.0 7.3 13.6 2.49 31.0 68.19
2008 237 937 4 927 1 763 3 164 20.7 7.4 13.3 2.48 29.8 68.23
2009 240 981 4 913 1 780 3 133 20.4 7.4 13.0 2.46 28.7 68.49
2010 244 016 4 920 1 807 3 112 20.2 7.4 12.8 2.45 27.6 68.68
2011 247 100 5 029 1 843 3 186 20.3 7.5 12.9 2.50 26.5 68.82
2012 250 223 5 028 1 875 3 153 20.1 7.5 12.6 2.49 25.6 68.97
2013 253 276 4 917 1 889 3 029 19.4 7.5 12.0 2.43 24.6 69.26
2014 256 230 4 857 1 904 2 953 19.0 7.4 11.5 2.39 23.7 69.53
2015 259 092 4 780 1 933 2 847 18.4 7.5 11.0 2.35 22.8 69.70
2016 261 850 4 718 1 972 2 746 18.0 7.5 10.5 2.31 22.0 69.80
2017 264 499 4 634 2 004 2 629 17.5 7.6 9.9 2.26 21.2 69.94
2018 267 067 4 588 2 002 2 586 17.2 7.5 9.7 2.23 20.5 70.34
2019 269 583 4 559 2 032 2 526 16.9 7.5 9.4 2.22 19.8 70.52
2020 271 858 4 526  2 437 2 089 16.6 9.0 7.7 2.19 19.2 68.81
2021 273 753 4 496 2 755 1 741 16.4 10.1 6.4 2.18 18.6 67.57
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022[14]

Registered births and deaths

Data from Department of Statistics of Indonesia :[15]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Fertility rates
2003 213,600,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.4
2004 216,400,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.3
2005 219,800,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.2
2006 222,700,000 approx. 4,439,176 13.0
2007 225,600,000 approx. 4,439,176 12.8
2008 228,500,000 approx. 4,439,176 12.5
2009 231,400,000 approx. 4,418,871 12.2
2010 237,641,326 approx. 4,418,871 1,236,154 18.6 5.2
2011 241,000,000 approx. 4,418,871 13.2
2012 244,200,000 approx. 4,418,871 13.1 2.6
2015 255,587,900 approx. 4,418,871
2016 258,496,500 approx. 4,414,499
2017 261,355,500 approx. 4,414,499 2.4
2018 264,161,600 approx. 4,414,499
2019 266,911,900 approx. 4,414,499
2020 269,603,400 approx. 4,414,499
2021 271,350,000 2.18

Fertility and Births (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[16]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1981-1983 4.3
1987 3.4 (3.1) 2.9 (2.6) 3.7 (3.4)
1991 25.1 3.02 (2.50) 24.0 2.60 (2.03) 25.6 3.24 (2.73)
1994 2.9 (2.4) 2.3 (1.8) 3.2 (2.7)
1997 2.8 (2.4) 2.4 (2.0) 3.0 (2.6)
2002-2003 21.9 2.6 (2.2) 22.1 2.4 (2.1) 21.7 2.7 (2.3)
2007 20.9 2.6 (2.2) 20.2 2.3 (2.0) 21.5 2.8 (2.4)
2012 20.4 2.6 (2.0) 20.1 2.4 (1.9) 20.7 2.8 (2.2)
2017 18.1 2.4 (2.1) 17.7 2.3 (1.9) 18.5 2.6 (2.2)

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2020 Indonesia's average total fertility rate was 2.04 children/born per woman.[17]

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:[18]

ProvinceTotal fertility rate (2010) Total fertility rate (2020)Population over age 60 (2010)
North Sumatera3.01 2.485.9
West Sumatera2.91 2.468.1
Riau2.82 2.284.0
Jambi2.51 2.285.5
South Sumatera2.56 2.236.2
Bengkulu2.51 2.305.8
Lampung2.45 2.287.2
Bangka Belitung2.54 2.245.8
Kepulauan Riau2.38 2.213.4
Jakarta1.82 1.755.1
West Java2.43 2.117.0
Central Java2.20 2.0910.3
Yogyakarta1.94 1.8912.9
East Java2.00 1.9810.4
Banten2.35 2.014.6
Bali2.13 2.049.7
East Nusa Tenggara3.82 2.797.4
West Kalimantan2.64 2.335.8
Central Kalimantan2.56 2.314.6
South Kalimantan2.35 2.315.8
East Kalimantan2.61 2.184.0
North Sulawesi2.43 2.108.4
Central Sulawesi2.94 2.326.6
South Sulawesi2.55 2.228.2
Southeast Sulawesi3.20 2.575.8
Gorontalo2.76 2.305.9
West Sulawesi3.33 2.586.2
Maluku3.56 2.526.2
North Maluku3.35 2.474.8
West Papua3.18 2.663.2
Papua2.87 2.762.4

Ethnic groups

More
Ethnic groups Percentage
Javanese
 
 42.65%
Sundanese
 
 15.41%
Malay
 
 3.45%
Madurese
 
 3.37%
Batak
 
 3.02%
Minangkabau
 
 2.72%
Betawi
 
 2.51%
Bugis
 
 2.49%
Bantenese
 
 2.05%
Banjarese
 
 1.74%
Acehnese
 
 1.66%
Balinese
 
 1.51%
Chinese
 
 1.20%
Makassarese
 
 0.99%

There are over 1,300 ethnic groups in Indonesia;[19] 95% of those are of Native Indonesian ancestry. Javanese is the largest group with 100 million people (42%), followed by Sundanese, who number nearly 40 million (15%).

Religions

Religion in Indonesia (2022)[20]

  Islam (87.02%)
  Christianity (10.49%)
  Hinduism (1.69%)
  Buddhism (0.73%)
  Folk/Other (0.04%)
  Confucianism (0.03%)

Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; based on civil registration data in 2022 from Ministry of Home Affairs, 87.02% of Indonesians are Muslims, 10.49% Christians (7.43% Protestants, 3.06% Roman Catholic), 1.69% Hindu, 0.73% Buddhists, 0.03% Confucians and 0.04% other faiths.[20] Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese[21] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.[22]

Languages

Indonesian is the official language, but there are many different languages native to Indonesia. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 living languages spoken in Indonesia,[23] the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese. In Western New Guinea, there are more than 270 indigenous languages in spoken form.[24][25] Some Chinese varieties, most prominently Min Nan, are also spoken. The public use of Chinese, especially usage of Chinese characters, was dissuaded officially between 1966 and 1998.[26]

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.81%
male: 95.5%
female: 90.4% (2011 est.)

Education is free in state schools; it is compulsory for children through to grade 12. Although about 92% of eligible children are enrolled in primary school, a much smaller percentage attend full-time. About 44% of secondary school-age children attend junior high school, and some others of this age group attend vocational schools.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

Population pyramid 2016

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook,[27] unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%
15-64 years: 70.72%
65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)[28][29]

Median age

total: 31.1 years
male: 30.5 years
female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)

Birth rate

15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Death rate

6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Population growth rate

1.097% (2010 est.)
1.04% (2012 est.)
0.86% (2017 est.)
0.79% (2022 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 57.9% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanisation: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 19.73 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy in Indonesia since 1927
Life expectancy in Indonesia since 1960 by gender
total population: 73.08 years
male: 70.86 years
female: 75.4 years (2022 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2017 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 630,000 (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS deaths: 39,000 (2017 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

19.9% (2013)

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)

Religions

Muslim 86.7%, Christianity 10.72% (Protestant 7.6% and Roman Catholic 3.12%), Hinduism 1.74%, other 0.8% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.04% (2018 est.)

Languages

Indonesian (official, a form of Malay influenced by other languages of Indonesia), local languages (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese).

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 11 years
male: 12 years
female: 11 years (2005)

Education expenditures

2.8% of GDP (2014)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  3. ↑ Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 47. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
  4. ↑ Shamim Adam; Berni Moestafa; Novrida Manurung (28 January 2014). "Indonesia Population Approaching U.S. Revives Birth Control". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  5. ↑ "Indonesia Demographics Profile".
  6. ↑ "Indonesia Population – Our World in Data". ourworldindata.org.
  7. ↑ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010". Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  9. ↑ Wertheim, W. F. (1959). Indonesian Society in Transition (Second (revised) ed.). 's-Gravenhage: Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve. p. 370.
  10. ↑ Geografi dan Kependudukan untuk SMP kelas 2 [Geography and Demographics for High School Grade 2] (in Indonesian). FA. Hasmar. 1976.
  11. ↑ Nitisastro, Widjojo (2006). Population trends in Indonesia. ISBN 9789793780436.
  12. ↑ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  13. ↑ "UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics".
  14. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 8285:8356, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "Department of Statistics of Indonesia".
  16. ↑ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys".
  17. ↑ "Indonesia People 2020, CIA World Factbook".
  18. ↑ http://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/2014/09/Indonesian_Ageing_Monograph-print-version1.pdf%5B%5D
  19. ↑ "Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  20. 1 2 "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Muslim 241 Million (87), Christianity 29.1 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.69 million (1.7), Buddhist 2.02 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 192.311 (0.1), Total 277.749.673 Million
  21. ↑ Oey, Eric (1997). Bali (3rd ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
  22. ↑ "Indonesia – Buddhism". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
  23. ↑ ethnologue.com
  24. ↑ Riesberg, Sonja; Shiohara, Asako; Utsumi, Atsuko (2018). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian languages. Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-108-5.
  25. ↑ "5 Reasons Why Companies Should Do Business in Indonesia". NNRoad. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  26. ↑ Tiwary, Shiv Shanker; Kumar, Rajeev (2009). Encyclopaedia of Southeast Asia and Its Tribes. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-3837-1.
  27. ↑ CIA (2012). "Indonesia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  28. ↑ "The Indonesian Population Census 2020 Highlights" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2021.
  29. ↑ "Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia: Statistics Indonesia Releases 2020 Census Results". 23 January 2021.
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