Multicultural Toronto English is the multi-ethnic dialect of Canadian English used in the Greater Toronto Area, particularly among young non-white working-class speakers.[1][2][3] First documented in linguistic research in the late 2010s and early 2020s,[4][1] the dialect is popularly recognized by its phonology and lexicon, commonly known as the Toronto accent and Toronto slang, respectively. It is a byproduct of the city's multiculturalism, generally associated with Millennial and Gen Z populations in ethnically diverse districts of Toronto.[5] It is spoken specifically within the Greater Toronto Area, Hamilton, Barrie, and Ottawa.[6]

History

The origin of Toronto's slang and accent can be traced back to widespread migration from the Caribbean, East Africa, and the Middle East to Canada from the 1960s to the 1990s. During this period, a significant influx of immigrants from countries such as Jamaica, Trinidad, Guyana, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Ethiopia predominantly settled in Toronto and other parts of the Greater Toronto Area.[7][8][9] With many of these immigrants fleeing war, conflict, and poor economic conditions, they were left with limited financial resources and, as a result, found homes in Toronto's lower-income communities.[10][11][12] These neighbourhoods rapidly transformed into vibrant melting pots, filled with a diverse array of cultures and ethnic backgrounds.[13][14] This cultural amalgamation played a crucial role in developing MTE, which is rooted in Toronto's multiculturalism and draws heavy influence from Caribbean, East African, and Middle Eastern languages.[15] Towards the end of the 90s, native Toronto rapper Kardinal Offishall released his Billboard-charting single BaKardi Slang showcasing a variety of the cities slang throughout the lyrics and signaling the dialect was already significantly developed by this time.

YouTube logo
2000s use of MTE
video icon Firewar
video icon How Can I Be Down
video icon Beenie Man at Jane and Finch
video icon Inside Access: Sticky Green
video icon Lost in the Struggle - CBC Docuseries
video icon POINT BLANK - Behind the Scenes
video icon Point Blank in Regent Park - CityTV Docuseries
video icon YBK TV - NORTHSIDE JANE & FINCH

The second-generation descendants of these immigrants significantly contributed to embedding Toronto's distinctive slang and accent into the city's culture.[16] Faced with limited economic opportunities within their communities, these children of the initial immigrant influx turned to creative outlets like rap music, fashion, and athletics for both expression and livelihood.[17] Their influence as in these areas helped shape the city's popular culture, especially among the youth in the Greater Toronto Area.[18] Consequently, their unique manner of speaking, shaped by the aforementioned multiculturalism of their communities, gained widespread adoption throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, given their status as local tastemakers.[19] 2006 marked the first mention of Toronto's slang or accent in any formal or academic research.[20] The rise of blogging in during this time period played a pivotal role in documenting the use and development of MTE. One notable example is Jane-Finch.com, a community-driven archive dedicated to the Jane and Finch area that captured key examples of MTE's use throughout the decade.[21] Furthermore, documentaries produced by local broadcasters such as CityTV and CBC served to spotlight the dialect's presence in the city.[22][23] This linguistic evolution during this period not only reflected Toronto's multicultural heritage but also served as a unifying cultural element for the city.

Phonology

As in Standard Canadian English, this dialect features rhoticity, the Low Back Merger Shift, and GOOSE fronting (led by women speakers). Canadian raising also still exists, however, possibly less so than among Standard Canadian speakers.

The distinct accent features of Multicultural Toronto English include the TRAP vowel before a nasal consonant being unraised or only slightly raised and the GOAT vowel being monophthongal, both of which are "distinctly non-normative" in 21st-century Standard Canadian English and led by men in the Toronto area.[3] Th-stopping is a variable feature, likely adopted from Patois, for instance with words like youth, thing, and them colloquially spelled as yute, ting, and dem.[24]

Vocabulary

For a list of words relating to Toronto slang, see the Multicultural Toronto English category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Here is a list of common words in Greater Toronto English:

Adjectives

  • "Bare" (very/a lot/many) [originates from Jamaican Patois][25][26]
  • "Beat" (something that looks ugly, can be used to describe an object or person) [27]
  • "Beg" (someone who is needy, can also describe something as pitiful)
  • "Blem" (describes an individual who is high or intoxicated) [originates from Jamaican Patois][28]
  • "Cheesed" (pissed, mad, angry)[29]
  • "Dess" (short for desperate, can also describe something as pitiful)
  • "Deezed" (describes an individual as muscular and strong)
  • "Dutty" (dirty, bad, ugly) [originates from Jamaican Patois][30]
  • "Dry" (uncool, lame, boring, uninterested)[31]
  • "Fried" (describes an individual who is high or intoxicated)
  • "Greezy" (something impressive or attractive in a fashionable use)[32][33]
  • "Likkle" (small, little) [originates from Jamaican Patois][30]
  • "Live" (used to describe something as lively or exciting, usually an approval or endorsement of an events atmosphere)
  • "Marved" (hungry, starving)[25]
  • "Merked" (ugly, unattractive)[34]
  • "Miskeen" (pathetic, or poor - frequently used referring to someone who is "civilian" and "innocent," not involved in any crime) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Mod" (crazy)[35]
  • "Moshup" (something that is ruined, messed up or botched, commonly used to indicate a situation has gone away) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Neatly" (used to emphasize the quality or manner in which an action will be carried out)
  • "Next" (describes something other than what is currently discussed, often emphasizing a disregard or need for an alternative)
  • "Namebrand" (something that is important or of high quality, usually used to describe an individual)
  • "Peng" (describes a person who is attractive) [originates from Jamaican Patois][36]
  • "Soft" (describes something that is permissible and does not require worry)[37]
  • "Sweeterman/Sweeter-ting” (an attractive person)[37][25]
  • "Vexxed" (annoyed, upset or irritated) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Wassi" (something crazy or unusual, usually describing the actions of a person) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Waste" (describes something as undesirable or dissatisfying) [originates from Jamaican Patois]

Interjections

  • "Ahlie" (expression to agree with something or "am I lying?") [originates from Jamaican Patois][38]
  • "Are you dumb?" (to describe someone who behaves stupidly and completely idiotically)[38]
  • "Bless up!" (expression of greeting or farewell)[39]
  • "Dun Know/dunno" (replaces "you already know," "of course," or "I know", and also used as a farewell) [originates from Jamaican Patois][40]
  • "Eediot ting" (can refer to an event or action that was stupid or embarrassing to the point of disbelief) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Fend that" (instructing someone to defend themself, or respond to confrontation)
  • "Fiyah/Fire" (used to refer to a homosexual individual, similar to the equivalent word "Bawtymon" or "Batty boy") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Holy!" (pronounced 'holay' and used as an expression of surprise or confusion)[41]
  • "Gwan easy" (telling someone to "take it easy", or "calm down") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Inshallah" ("If God wills it") [originates from Arabic]
  • "Jheez" (used to express surprise, excitement or support)
  • "Jokes!" ("that's jokes!", compliments something funny or hilarious)[42]
  • "Khallas" (signifies that something is finished, completed or done) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Mashallah" (used to congratulate someone) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Nyeah eh" ("yeah eh?" or "oh really?", used in a hostile tone)
  • "More life" (used to wish someone good will, most commonly used to replace "happy birthday")
  • "Nize it/nize that" (to tell someone to shut up or stop talking) [40]
  • "Say less/say no more/don't say a word" (used to enthusiastically or supportively agree to a demand, request, or suggestion)
  • "Styll" (pronounced "still" and means agree to someone or the truth and is occasionally used at the last part of a statement)[43][44]
  • "Top left" (used to emphasize the truth or sincerity of a statement, similar to "I swear" or "I promise")
  • "Wagwan" (an equivalent greeting to "what's up" or "what's going on?") [originates from Jamaican Patois][45][38]
  • "Wallahi" ("I swear to God") [originates from Arabic][46]
  • "Warya" (used to address a man directly, or get his attention) [originates from Somali]
  • "What're you sayin?" ("what you up to?" used as an expression of greeting) [originates from Jamaican Patois][42]
  • "Y-pree" (used to tell someone to mind their own business) [originates from Jamaican Patois][47]

Pronouns

  • "Mans" or sometimes "man-dem" (I/me/you/people; first-person singular is the most notable usage) [originates from Jamaican Patois][48]
    • Mans in 21st-century Toronto English has gained special attention in being applied as a variety of personal pronouns, including (most notably) as a first-person singular pronoun (like I or me), a second-person singular pronoun (like you), or an indefinite pronoun (similar to people or folks). A plural-conjugated verb is required with the use of mans; for example: "Mans are ready" can mean "I am ready", "you are ready", or "we are ready". "What are mans saying?" can mean "What am I saying?", "What are you saying?", or "What are we saying?". The similar usage of man as a pronoun is common in Multicultural London English (MLE), but mans as a singular pronoun is exclusively Torontonian;[49] the two terms likely developed in parallel timeframes, but not with one dialect directly affecting the other.[50] It is likely that both usages ultimately come from man with a Jamaican Patois or other Caribbean Creole origin, though no Creole uses mans in this exact way. The process of this pronoun emerging from the original noun, man(s), has been happening in Toronto since roughly 2005 to the present.[51]
  • "My guy" (close friend or acquaintance)
  • "Them/dem-mans/man-dem" (them)
  • "Us mans" (we)
  • "You mans" (you, plural)
  • "Fam" (Friend, or more broadly anyone considered 'family' in a communal sense; can be used in place of 'we' or 'us') [originates from Jamaican Patois]

    Nouns

    • "6ix" (Toronto, in reference to its six districts)[52]
    • "Abti/upti" (uncle) [originates from Somali]
    • "Akhi" (directly translates to brother, but refers to one's close friend) [originates from Arabic]
    • "Bawtymon" (a derogatory term used to refer to a homosexual individual) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Boydem/Bwoydem" (refers to government or police) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Bucktee/bean" (someone who is an addict, homeless, or acts as such) [originates from Somali]
    • "Bangout" (a large fight or brawl, usually one with an audience)
    • "Canteen" (referring to jail or prison)
    • "Chop" (to sell drugs)
    • "Chrome" (a gun or firearm)
    • "Chune" (refers to a song or music) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Cotch/on cotch" (to have something ready or prepared)
    • "Crib" (someone's place of residence)[53]
    • "Cro/crodie" (crip version of 'bro/brodie' but usually refers to a friend, popularized among non-gang-affiliated individuals through local rap music)[54]
    • "Cronem" (group of 'cros', crip version of 'bronem', and refers to a group of friends)
    • "Cyattie" (describes a female who is being loud and obnoxious) [originates from Jamaican Patois][55]
    • "Cut" (to exit, get away from or leave)
    • "Cuzzo" (cousin)[56]
    • "Deafazz" (giving a hard physical slap or a punch to someone)[33]
    • "Dhillo" (a derogatory term used to refer to a promiscuous woman) [originates from Somali]
    • "Dime piece" (an attractive woman)
    • "DT" (abbreviation for downtown)
    • "Dukes" (parents)[48]
    • "Duppy" (a ghost or spirit) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Ends" (area, or neighbourhood) [originates from Jamaican Patois][57]
    • "Fam" (short for "family" but generally used to refer to a "friend") [originates from Jamaican Patois][58][25]
    • "Fuckery" (bullshit) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Gazza" (drama, gossip, conflict or theatrics)
    • "Govy" (abbreviated for someone's government name, legal name, or personal information)
    • "Gyal" (girl) [originates from Jamaican Patois][59]
    • "Gyallis" (a guy who can pick up ladies easily, or has a reputation for pursuing several women at a time) [originates from Jamaican Patois][60]
    • "Gyaldem" (group of girls) [originates from Jamaican Patois][32]
    • "Habbad" (a gun or weapon) [originates from Somali]
    • "Headtop" (a person's head, but can metaphorically represent mental state) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Hoodman" (a young working-class person involved in crime and drugs, similar to the equivalent word "roadman" used in MLE)[48][61]
    • "Hooyo" (mom or mother) [originates from Somali]
    • "Jake" (a police officer)
    • "Khaniis" (a derogatory term used to refer to a homosexual individual) [originates from Somali]
    • "Mandem" (a group of males or male friends) [originates from Jamaican Patois][25]
    • "Miyute" or "myyute" (a person who is childlike, insignificant, and not taken seriously) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Mixup" (drama, gossip, conflict or theatrics) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "OT" (abbreviation for out of town)
    • "Pokes" (synonymous with vagina)
    • "Shordy" (girl)
    • "Side ting" (sexual partner other than a girlfriend/wife)[62]
    • "Snake" (an untrustworthy person)[32]
    • ”Stain” (to steal or rob)[63]
    • "T-Dot" (abbreviation word for "Toronto")[64][33]
    • "Telly" (a hotel or a hotel room)[65]
    • "Ting" (a thing but usually refers to an attractive female) [originates from Jamaican Patois][38]
    • "Two-Twos" (unexpectedly or quickly)[66]
    • "Wasteman" (a worthless, garbage, insensible idiotic person who makes bad decisions with their life, both words being used interchangeably) [originates from Jamaican Patois][29]
    • "Wasteyute" (used similarly to wasteman, but more specifically describes a childlike or naive individual) [originates from Jamaican Patois][24]
    • "Wifey" (girlfriend, or wife)[67]
    • "Wozzles" (oral sex)
    • "Yute" (synonymous with "youth", but used to directly address or refer to a young person) [originates from Jamaican Patois][30]

    Verbs

    • "Ball up" (smoking marijuana)[68]
    • "Bagged" (having acquired a significant other or sexual partner)
    • "Buss" (to give/to send, to break)[69]
    • "Duppied" (to turn to a ghost, usually referring to someone passing away or having been killed) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Fawad" (to come or to go somewhere) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
    • "Fend" (to defend against)
    • "Kawal" (to scam, synonymous with finesse) [originates from Somali][70][71]
    • "Latched" (to be arrested or detained by law enforcement)
    • "Link" (to meet up)[72][34]
    • "Lowe" (to ignore, forget or not bother with) [originates from Jamaican Patois][26]
    • "Moving" (describes someones behaviour, actions, or attitude)
    • "Pree" (to see, look or pay close attention to) [originates from Jamaican Patois][48]
    • "Rate" (to express approval or appreciation for something or someone)
    • "Reach/fly" (synonyms for "come by" or "attend", used similarly to "fawad")[25]
    • "Send" (to hand over or pass an object)
    • "Scoop" (to get a ride somewhere, get picked up)[41]
    • "Scrap" (to fight)[37]
    • "Slime" (to play, or act like a player, using others for sexual pleasure)
    • "Toke" (the action of smoking, often referring to marijuana)
    • "Yellowtape" (indicate that something is completed, finished, or closed off)

    Intensifiers

    • "-azz" (a suffix used to amplify or emphasize the meaning of other words or slang)
      • I heard his new track, its a hardazz.
    • "-dem" (a pluralizing element that can emphasize the size of a group or relationships between members of said group)
      • Tell the rest of the dawgsdem to come through.
    • "one-two" (a pluralizing element that emphasizes quantity of an action, object, task, etc)
      • I already tried to call him one-two times, it goes straight to voicemail.

    Misconceptions

    Toronto's slang and accent have sparked numerous debates and misconceptions, with some claiming it to be a "fake" or recent phenomenon and others attributing its origins solely to mainstream artists like Drake.[73][74] Contrarily, the aforementioned history reveals that Toronto's urban dialect blossomed from the multicultural influx of immigrants from the Caribbean, East Africa, and the Middle East between the 1960s and 1990s, cultivating a rich linguistic diversity within the city.[75][76]

    Misconceptions also prevail regarding the originality and authenticity of Toronto slang. Critics have argued against its genuineness and accused it of mimicking Multicultural London English.[77] However, both dialects have evolved independently, sharing roots in similar immigration patterns, thus showcasing unique sociolinguistic developments reflective of their respective cities’ multicultural landscapes.[78]

    Discussions around cultural appropriation have arisen in regards to MTE and its origins. Critics argue about the possibility of its usage veering into the territory of appropriation.[79] However, a nuanced understanding positions Toronto slang as a celebration of cultural diversity and integration. Rather than being a medium of appropriation, the dialect emerges as a linguistic confluence where various cultural essences coalesce, symbolizing appreciation and shared understanding among Toronto's diverse communities.[80]

    Furthermore, the spotlight has often been placed on public figures such as Drake or PartyNextDoor, attributing the genesis and popularization of the slang to them.[75] This oversimplification overlooks the deeper, historical, and community-driven origins of the language. In reality, the dialect predates careers like Drake's by decades, something even he acknowledged before adopting it himself.[81]

    • From 2016 to 2019, Toronto-based comedy group 4YE in collaboration with Bell Media released a multi-part series featuring "Tyco" and "Judge Tyco," caricatures of the stereotypical Toronto man, set in the early 2000s.[82]
    • In 2017, Drake was featured in a Toronto-based comedy skit "T-Dot Goon Scrap DVD 2" produced by 4YE, in which he made heavy use of Toronto's slang and accent.[83]
    • In a Vanity Fair YouTube video, Shawn Mendes, a popular Canadian singer and songwriter, was featured, teaching about Canadian slang (primarily Toronto slang vocabulary).[84]

    See also

    Look up Multicultural Toronto English or Greater Toronto English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

    References

    1. 1 2 Denis, Derek (2016-10-05). "A note on mans in Toronto". Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. 37. doi:10.33137/twpl.v37i0.26973. ISSN 1718-3510. Archived from the original on 2022-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
    2. ↑ Elango, Vidhya; Denis, Derek. "Variable BAN-laxing in Multicultural Toronto English" (PDF). (CLA) Canadian Linguistic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
    3. 1 2 Denis, Derek; Elango, Vidhya; Kamal, Nur Sakinah Nor; Prashar, Srishti; Velasco, Maria (March 2023). "Exploring the Vowel Space of Multicultural Toronto English". Journal of English Linguistics. 51 (1): 30–65. doi:10.1177/00754242221145164. ISSN 0075-4242. S2CID 256723777.
    4. ↑ Raza, Ali (2023-07-17). "Linguistics professor uncovering Toronto's unique style of English". Phys.org. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
    5. ↑ Dhopade, Prajakta (October 15, 2019). "Jagmeet Singh's secret weapon: The way he talks". Macleans. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
    6. ↑ "21 Ottawa Slang Words You've Definitely Heard At Least Once". Narcity. 2017-09-22. Archived from the original on 2022-01-31. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    7. ↑ "The past, present, and future of Canadian English: What our accent tells us about being Canadian". The Pigeon. 2020-07-17. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
    8. ↑ "Caribbean Canadians | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
    9. ↑ "Arab Canadians | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
    10. ↑ "Immigration, Poverty and Income Inequality in Canada". IRPP. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
    11. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. "Information archivée dans le Web" (PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
    12. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. "Information archivée dans le Web" (PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
    13. ↑ "Grad Research: The Origin of Toronto Slang". Current Grad Students. 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
    14. ↑ "Slang in the 6ix". Community Media Portal. 2023-08-29. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
    15. ↑ Juan C. Guzman.https://ijllnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_4_December_2017/5.pdf
    16. ↑ "U of T linguistics prof researches Torontonians' unique speaking style". University of Toronto. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
    17. ↑ Barker, Andrew (2018-05-10). "Canadian Music Week: How Toronto Became Hip-Hop's Multicultural Nerve Center". Variety. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
    18. ↑ Pastuk, Slava (2013-06-11). "The Comprehensive Guide to Toronto Rap". Vice. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
    19. ↑ https://exclaim.ca/music/article/kardinal_offishall-man_on_fire
    20. ↑ Leacock, Malaika Ayanna (2006). Identity construction of Black Canadian youth in multicultural settings (Thesis thesis).
    21. ↑ "Jane-Finch.com - Official Website - Community Broadcasting and Multimedia Library - Toronto, Ontario, Canada". www.jane-finch.com. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
    22. ↑ "Ed the Sock tours Regent Park with Point Blank". HipHopCanada. 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
    23. ↑ Weinstein, Tamar., & Fowler, Jennifer. (2006). Lost in the struggle. CBC Educational Sales.
    24. 1 2 Bigelow, Lauren; Timothy Gadanidis; Lisa Schlegl; Pocholo Umbal, and Derek Denis. 2020. Whyare wasteyutes a ting? University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 26(2): Article 3.
    25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "A brief guide to Turrono slang". The Varsity. 2016-10-24. Archived from the original on 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
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    27. ↑ "25 Toronto Slang Words You've Definitely Heard At Least Once". Narcity. 2017-09-21. Archived from the original on 2022-04-29. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
    28. ↑ "blem | Patois Definition on Jamaican Patwah". Jamaican Patwah. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
    29. 1 2 "A brief guide to Turrono slang". The Varsity. 2016-10-24. Archived from the original on 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    30. 1 2 3 "Caribbean Expressions Used by Torontonians". VIBE 105. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
    31. ↑ Ramcharran, Kristina (2017-09-21). "25 Toronto Slang Words You've Definitely Heard At Least Once". Narcity Toronto. Archived from the original on 2022-04-29. Retrieved 2022-06-09.
    32. 1 2 3 "The Ultimate Guide To Toronto Slang For Everyday Situations". Narcity. 2017-06-09. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
    33. 1 2 3 Singh, Vivek (2021-08-07). "30 Best Toronto Slangs You Need To Talk Like A Torontonian | RoverAtlas". roveratlas.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-06-09.
    34. 1 2 Basa, Eul. "The Ultimate Guide To Toronto Slang For Everyday Situations - Narcity". www.narcity.com. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
    35. ↑ Dizzle, Dame (2018-07-02). "Toronto, Ontario Artist J-Soul "Mod Ting" Music Video". DJIceberg.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
    36. ↑ "peng | Patois Definition on Jamaican Patwah". Jamaican Patwah. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
    37. 1 2 3 "40 Things You'll Hear A Scarborough Person Say". Narcity. 2015-12-14. Archived from the original on 2022-07-31. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
    38. 1 2 3 4 "The Toronto Slang You Didn't Think You Needed". 6ixBuzz. 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    39. ↑ "'Dip,' 'Merked,'Swag' — Is This What Teens Are Saying These Days?". HuffPost. 2012-12-19. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
    40. 1 2 "6 Torontonian Slang Words From The Jamaican Vocabulary And What They Really Mean". Narcity. 2015-08-12. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    41. 1 2 "14 Toronto Slang Phrases You'll Only Understand If You're Fluent In Torontonian". Narcity. 2019-08-22. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    42. 1 2 Trip, Culture (2016-03-05). "Canadian Slang Words You Need to Know". Culture Trip. Archived from the original on 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
    43. ↑ "'Dip,' 'Merked,'Swag' — Is This What Teens Are Saying These Days?". HuffPost. 2012-12-19. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    44. ↑ "The Ultimate Guide To Toronto Slang For Everyday Situations". Narcity. 2017-06-09. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    45. ↑ "40 Things You'll Hear A Scarborough Person Say". Narcity. 2015-12-14. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
    46. ↑ "Do You Know Toronto Slang? | University of Toronto Magazine". University of Toronto Magazine. 2 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
    47. ↑ "[OFFICIAL] Toronto Slang Catalog". Kanye to The. 24 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
    48. 1 2 3 4 Wilkinson, Raven-Paige (2019). Cultural Exchange and the Transformation of Jamaican Patois in the Greater Toronto Area (PDF) (MA thesis). Carleton University. doi:10.22215/etd/2019-13863. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
    49. ↑ Derek, Denis (2016). "A note on mans in Toronto" (PDF). (TWPL) Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. Archived from the original on 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
    50. ↑ Derek, 2016, p. 8.
    51. ↑ Derek, 2016, p. 4.
    52. ↑ Torontoist (2016-04-12). "Wait, How Are You Supposed to Spell the 6ix, the Six, or the 6?". Torontoist. Archived from the original on 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
    53. ↑ "CRIB Definition & Usage Examples". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
    54. ↑ "Bizz Loc premieres new video for "I'm Bacc Crodie"". HipHopCanada. 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
    55. ↑ leahsoboroff (2017-08-14). "20 Toronto Slang Words You Need To Know". Society19. Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
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