Professional teams

Toronto has teams in nearly every North American major professional league, including the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB), Toronto Argonauts (CFL), Toronto Raptors (NBA), Toronto FC (MLS) and the Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL). Toronto is one of five North American cities (alongside Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and the New York Tri-state area) to have won titles in its five major leagues (MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS and either NFL or CFL), and the only one to have done so in the Canadian Football League.

Rogers Communications operates the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team through Rogers Blue Jays Baseball Partnership and the Rogers Centre. Rogers Communications and Bell Canada are partners in a jointly-owned holding company that also own 75 per cent of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, which itself owns the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Raptors, Toronto Argonauts, and Toronto FC of Major League Soccer, as well as their minor league farm teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL), Raptors 905 of the NBA G League and Toronto FC II of MLS Next Pro.

The Raptors 905 is an NBA G League basketball team that primarily plays home games at the Paramount Fine Foods Centre in the neighbouring city of Mississauga, although they do play occasional home games at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto. The Raptors 905 was named after the 905 area code used by the metropolitan area surrounding the City of Toronto.^[3]

The Toronto Rock is a National Lacrosse League team is based outside the city limits of Toronto, but is located within the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). The team played their home games in Toronto from 1999 to 2021, when it relocated to FirstOntario Centre in Hamilton, Ontario. Although the team is no longer physically based Toronto, the team continues to use Toronto as a part of its moniker; claiming that the Rock represents the entire province, and the GTHA in particular.^[4]

Semi-professional and amateur teams

Post-secondary athletics

Junior sports clubs

Social sporting clubs

There are several social athletics and sporting clubs in Toronto. They include:

Venues used by professional teams and events

The following is a list of sporting venues in Toronto that either host professional sports teams or major national or international events:

Community multi-purpose sports venues

Several multi-purpose sports venues are open to the community and are operated by the municipal government of Toronto or a private sporting club. Regular access to these venues is provided for the public, although several multi-purpose sports venues are owned by private sporting clubs, and may require membership for access to its facilities. In addition to the public, several semi-professional sports and amateur teams also make use of these community venues.

The following is a list of multi-purpose sports venues in Toronto that are used by the community. Venues dedicated to a specific sport, like bowling alleys, curling rinks, golf courses, and ice hockey rinks are not included:

Australian rules football

Toronto currently has seven different Australian rules football teams called the Broadview Hawks, High Park Demons, Central Blues, Etobicoke Kangaroos, Lakeshore Rebels, Toronto Downtown Dingos, and the Toronto Eagles. In addition to teams based in Toronto, two teams from the AFL Ontario are also based within the Greater Golden Horseshoe, the Hamilton Wildcats and the Grand River Gargoyles. Some of these organizations operate a men's and women's team.

Auto racing

The Honda Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place.

The Honda Indy Toronto is an IndyCar Series race, held annually in July on a temporary street circuit. The start/finish line is located on Princes' Boulevard, slightly west of Newfoundland Drive. From the Start/Finish line, drivers head East towards the Princes' Gates, turning right (south) onto Canada Boulevard before reaching the gate. From Canada Boulevard, the track goes right onto Lake Shore Boulevard (west) which includes the longest straightaway on the circuit, running through Exhibition Place and on Lake Shore Boulevard. Drivers re-enter the Exhibition grounds at Ontario Drive, heading north towards Prince's Boulevard where they turn left (west). The circuit continues on to Manitoba Drive and heads north-east then east until reaching Nova Scotia Avenue. At Nova Scotia Avenue, drivers turn right (south) then navigate a left-right-left series of turns until rejoining Prince's Boulevard and heading east towards the start/finish line.

The city has hosted the race for over thirty years and it is now IndyCar's second-longest running street race, only behind the Grand Prix of Long Beach^[5] and the fourth oldest race on the current IndyCar schedule in terms of number of races run.^[6] Historically, the city played host to the 1958 Jim Mideon 500, a NASCAR Cup Series racing event at Exhibition Stadium. Legendary NASCAR driver Lee Petty won this race, defeating his son Richard in the latter's Cup Series debut.

Canadian Tire Motorsports Park, formerly known as Mosport Park, is located approximately 100 km east of Toronto in the community of Bowmanville. The venue holds the unique distinction in motorsport of having hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR, Can-Am, MotoGP and World Superbike events. The track hosts Canada's largest annual sportscar race, the Mobil 1 SportsCar Grand Prix part of the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Chevrolet Silverado 250, the NASCAR Pinty's Series, the Pirelli World Challenge and the Canadian Superbike Championship along with other events. The track was the original home of Formula One's Canadian Grand Prix from 1961 to 1977 (except for 1968 and 1970).

Baseball

Main articles: Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)

Diamond Park was the fourth home of the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team. The team was founded in 1895 and was a member of the International League.

Professional baseball has had a presence in the city at the minor league level since 1896 with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the AAA International League. It was in a game against the Leafs on September 4, 1914, at Hanlan's Point Stadium where Babe Ruth hit his first professional home run^[7] while also pitching a complete game one-hitter for the visiting Providence Grays. A year after the conclusion of his MLB career, hall of famer Nap Lajoie served as player manager for the Maple Leafs in 1917, winning the International League's batting title with a .380 average at 42 years of age, while also managing his team to the league's championship in his only season with the team. In 1926, hall of fame pitcher Carl Hubbell was assigned to the Maple Leafs, and finished the season with a 7–7 record on that championship winning team. In 1943, hall of fame hitter Ralph Kiner was assigned to play with the Maple Leafs, but left the team after a few weeks upon being called to duty by the U.S. Navy. Hall of famer Sparky Anderson was also a member of the Leafs as both a player (1960–1963) and a manager (1964).^[7]

Toronto interests long pursued a major league team for the city. Toronto was proposed as the home for a National League (NL) team by Albert Spalding when he was established the league in 1876.^[7] Exhibition games were played by both the NL and American League (AL) of Major League Baseball (MLB) in Toronto in the 1910s.^[8] Member of Parliament Bernard Rickart Hepburn was granted a Toronto franchise by the Federal League,^[9][10] a rival major league to the NL and AL, for its inaugural season in 1914,^[10][11][12] after the franchise was revoked from Cleveland.^[13][14] After speculation the franchise would be returned to Cleveland^[14][15] or moved to Cincinnati,^[16][17][18] it was transferred to Brooklyn to become the Brooklyn Tip-Tops prior to playing a game in Toronto.^[19][20] Hepburn cited his inability to find a park to play at in short notice as the reason the team didn't launch.^[10] However, he secured an agreement with the league which granted him the rights to a team for the following season.^[10] Though Toronto would be proposed as the new home to the Kansas City Packers Federal League franchise for the 1915 season,^[21] no team ever came to fruition in the city.

Toronto interests put forward a bid to buy the Washington Nationals to move them to Toronto in 1918 when there was discussion of the team relocating.^{[8][22][23][24]} The following year it was reported that there were plans for the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox and New York Yankees, which were dissatisfied with the President of the AL Ban Johnson, to break away and form their own new major league, which would include Toronto.^[25] In 1922 a Toronto group attempted to purchase the Boston Red Sox to relocate them to Toronto.^[26][27] The owner of the Boston Braves, Lou Perini, tried to sell his team to Toronto interests in the early 1950s before relocating them to become the Milwaukee Braves.^[28] While owning the Maple Leafs baseball team, Jack Kent Cooke set his sights on bringing MLB to Toronto. He made a bid on the St. Louis Browns in 1953,^[29] but the team was sold to a competing group which relocated them to become the Baltimore Orioles the following season.^[30] The AL considered Toronto as a potential home for the Philadelphia Athletics before they became the Kansas City Athletics in 1955,^[31][32] after Cooke bid on them,^[33] but the city's lack of a major league venue was an obstacle to acquiring a team.^[30][31] Cooke unsuccessfully bid on the Detroit Tigers in 1956,^[33][34][35] reportedly to move them to Toronto.^[28] In 1957 he submitted a bid for a NL expansion team for Toronto.^{[33][36][37][38]} In 1958, Cooke offered to withdraw from Toronto if the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were considering relocating, moved to the city, in exchange for partial ownership of the club.^{[39][40][41][42]} That same year it was reported that Toronto was one of the cities that the owner of the Washington Senators was considering relocating his team to.^[43] In 1959 Cooke became one of the founding owners in the Continental League, a proposed third major league of baseball, getting a team for Toronto for a fee of $50,000,^[44] but the league disbanded a year later without ever staging a game. Cooke later applied to the AL for a Toronto expansion team in 1960, but found the expansion terms too onerous,^{[45][46][47][48]} and considered purchasing the Cincinnati Reds for Toronto in 1961 after their owner died.^[49]

In 1967, with mounting losses, the owner of the baseball Maple Leafs sough a buyer to keep the team in Toronto.^[50][51] Maple Leaf Gardens Limited, owner of the Maple Leafs of the NHL, considered purchasing the team,^{[50][51][52][53]} but the deal ultimately fell apart due to concerns about the team's home, Maple Leaf Stadium, which needed up to $250,000 in repairs and whose owner wanted $4 million to purchase it.^[51][52] Harold Ballard, part owner of MLGL, said that the company's interest was due in part to help position itself to go after an MLB franchise for Toronto.^[51][52] The team was subsequently relocated out of Toronto to Louisville, Kentucky.

In 1967, a Toronto group was one of six to submit a bid for a NL expansion team.^[54][55] In 1971, Howard Webster, chairman of The Globe and Mail, made an offer to purchase the San Diego Padres and relocate them to Toronto but it was refused.^[28][56] In early 1974, MLGL announced plans to build a new baseball stadium in Toronto,^[57] but the city ultimately decided to renovate Exhibition Stadium to make it suitable for baseball.^[58][59] Later that year a group called Canadian Baseball Co. led by Sydney Cooper submitted an application to both the AL and NL for a franchise.^[60][61][62] Cooper had previously been part of Webster's group.^[60] At the time it was reported that there were at least four groups bidding for a Toronto team, including ones led by Labatt Brewing Company, MLGL^[61] and Robert Hunter, the former President of the International League Maple Leafs, in addition to Canadian Baseball Co.^{[60][62][63][64]} Lorne Duguid, vice-president of Hiram Walker Distillers and MLGL executive, led MLGL's bid.^[61]

Inside the Rogers Centre. A game between the New York Yankees and Toronto Blue Jays. The team moved into the stadium in 1989.

In 1975, the owner of the Baltimore Orioles stated that he was in negotiations to sell his team to a Toronto group.^[65] The following January, San Francisco Giants owner Horace Stoneham agreed to sell the team for $13.25 million to a group headed by Labatt intending to relocate it to Toronto. The team would have begun play in the 1976 season at Exhibition Stadium, and be called the Toronto Giants.^[66] However the plan to move the Giants was quashed by a U.S. court.^[67] The MLGL group also bid on the Giants, with Ballard stating that they had offered $15 million for the team,^[68] after having previously negotiated with the owners of the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians^[69] and Oakland Athletics in their attempt to acquire a team for Toronto.^[70]

The Labatt group then pursued a NL expansion team, but when the NL only agreed to consider expanding in March 1976, while the AL voted to grant Toronto a team,^[71][72] they switched gears. A second Toronto group backed by Carling O'Keefe also applied for the AL expansion team.^[71][72][73] Less than a week later, the AL awarded the team to the Labatt group, which included Webster, and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), for $7 million.^{[71][74][75][76]} A few days later the NL had their own vote on expanding to Toronto and Washington, but while receiving a majority support of 10–2 it failed to pass due to lack of unanimity and was put off for two weeks.^[73][77][78] The NL objected to the AL's expansion in to Toronto, arguing that the NL was a better match for the city with a natural rivalry with the Montreal Expos, and asked baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn to intervene so they could reconsider their own expansion plans.^[77][78] Kuhn requested a moratorium on the AL's expansion plans,^[79][80] but a second non-unanimous vote by the NL on expanding to Toronto^[77][81][82] left Toronto uncontested to the AL. The Toronto Blue Jays' inaugural campaign was in 1977 with Exhibition Stadium chosen as the site for the team's home games. Built in the 1950s, it was rebuilt in 1976 to satisfy the requirements for baseball. In 1989, the team moved to the newly built SkyDome (now known as the Rogers Centre). Although the team performed poorly, placing last in the American League East for each of its first three years, successful drafting and team management resulted in improved performance that led to the team's first pennant in 1985, and culminated with consecutive World Series victories in 1992 and 1993.

The city is also home to the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball club of the Intercounty Baseball League. Toronto has also hosted parts of the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

Basketball

Main articles: Toronto Raptors, Raptors 905, Toronto Huskies, Toronto Tornados, Buffalo Braves, Scarborough Shooting Stars, and BioSteel All-Canadian Basketball Game

Inside the Air Canada Centre, the Toronto Raptors play the Milwaukee Bucks. The Raptors moved into the arena in 1999.

Basketball is among the fastest growing sports in Toronto and is the most popular sport among the city's youth and millennials.^[83] Although not as historically entrenched in Toronto culture as other sports, basketball does have significant milestones in the city. The first major professional basketball game in the city was an exhibition between the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons and Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League at the Gardens in 1946.^[84][85][86] The first game of the professional Basketball Association of America, forerunner of the National Basketball Association (NBA), was contested at Maple Leaf Gardens (MLG) between the Toronto Huskies and the New York Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946.^[87] However, the Huskies folded after the league's inaugural season following losses thought to total $60,000.^[88] Numerous exhibition and regular season NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA) games were held at both MLG and SkyDome over the years,^{[89][90][91][92][93][94]} including a total of 16 regular season Buffalo Braves games at MLG from 1971 to 1975^[95] in an attempt to gauge the city's interest in a full-time team.^[96]

Ruby Richman, the former coach of Canada's national basketball team, working with the head of Maple Leaf Gardens Limited (MLGL) Harold Ballard, pursued a number of existing ABA and NBA teams to relocate to the city in the 1970s.^[97][98][99] Richman had a tentative agreement to purchase both the Miami Floridians and Pittsburgh Condors of the ABA with the plan to merge them into a single Toronto-based team, but the deal fell through.^[97] Later Richman held negotiations with the Detroit Pistons, which were seeking $5 million for the franchise, but pulled out when the price was raised to $8.25 million.^[97] MLGL attempted to purchase the Braves for $8.5 million and relocate them to Toronto in 1974,^{[97][100][101]} and again several times later,^{[97][102][103][104]} with Carling O'Keefe also considering purchasing the team in 1976,^[105] but the owners eventually chose to move the team to San Diego.^[106][107]

When Toronto was awarded an expansion NBA franchise in 1974 for the 1975–76 season^{[98][108][109]} MLGL was one of three groups to bid for the rights to the team,^{[98][108][110][111]} but the club never materialized since no group was able to secure funding for the expansion fee of at least $6.15 million.^{[100][112][113]} MLGL attempted to purchase and relocate the Houston Rockets in 1975, which were seeking $8 million for the team, but the teams lease ultimately prevented a relocation.^{[97][99][114]} In 1976, MLGL attempted to buy the Atlanta Hawks.^[102][109] In 1979, a Toronto group which included Ballard again pushed for an expansion franchise, but lost out to the Dallas Mavericks.^[115][116]

Toronto interests considered purchasing and relocating the Kansas City Kings in 1979.^[117] In 1983, Cleveland Cavaliers owner Ted Stepien stated that "the chances are 999-to-1" that his team would be relocated and renamed the Toronto Towers, playing their games in MLG,^[118] with Carling O'Keefe thought to be involved financially in the deal,^[119] but he ultimately sold it to a local group.^[120] A Toronto group which included Bill Ballard, son of Harold, and Basketball Hall of Famer Wilt Chamberlain submitted an application and $100,000 deposit for an NBA expansion franchise for MLG in 1986, but of the six cities to apply^[121][122] Toronto was not one of the four which were successful.^[123] Larry Tanenbaum attempted to purchase and relocate the Denver Nuggets to Toronto in 1991, but the team could not get out of its lease at the McNichols Arena. Tanenbaum later pursued the New Jersey Nets and San Antonio Spurs unsuccessfully.^[124][125] Ultimately, the NBA awarded an expansion franchise to John Bitove, over Tanenbaum's group which had partnered with the Maple Leafs^[126] and a third group led by Bill Ballard and Michael Cohl which included Magic Johnson,^[127][128] and the Toronto Raptors joined the NBA for the 1995–96 season, giving the city its own team once again. The franchise was one of two Canadian expansion teams announced by the NBA in 1993, the other being the Vancouver Grizzlies, which moved south of the border to Memphis after the 2000–01 season.

The Toronto Tornados of the minor league Continental Basketball Association played in the city from 1983 to 1985 before being relocated to Pensacola, Florida in the middle of their third season to become the Pensacola Tornados.

Toronto has also hosted parts of the 1994 FIBA World Championship tournament alongside Hamilton, Ontario from August 4 to 14, 1994. The tournament was held at SkyDome^[129] and Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto^[130] as well as at Copps Coliseum in Hamilton.^[130] The hosting duties were originally awarded to Belgrade, Yugoslavia, but after United Nations limited participation in sporting events in Yugoslavia, Toronto stepped in as a replacement option in 1992. This also marked the first time that this tournament would allow current American NBA players that had already played in an official NBA regular season game to participate. Prior to that only professionals from other leagues were allowed to compete, since players from other leagues were still considered amateurs.^[131] The tournament was won by the United States's Dream Team II, who beat Russia 137–91 in the Final at SkyDome.

Since 2015, Toronto has hosted the BioSteel All-Canadian Basketball Game, an annual all-star game showcasing the country's top high school basketball players of the year, at the Goldring Centre for High Performance Sport on the campus of the University of Toronto.

Toronto hosted the 2016 NBA All-Star Game weekend February 12–14, 2016. The All-Star Weekend events were held at Air Canada Centre and Ricoh Coliseum. This marked the first time that an NBA All-Star Weekend was ever hosted outside the United States.

On July 27, 2018, Scotiabank Arena hosted week 6 of the 2018 Big3 season. The Big3 is a professional 3x3 basketball league founded by Ice Cube comprising eight teams, each featuring rosters of retired NBA players, with all league games played in one session as a quadruple-header. Toronto is the lone non-American venue city to host a Big3 event.

The Toronto Raptors hosted their first ever NBA Finals in 2019 vs. the Golden State Warriors. Game 1, which was played on May 30, 2019, at Scotiabank Arena, marked the first ever NBA Finals game to be held outside the United States. On June 13, 2019, the Raptors defeated the Warriors in Game 6 at Oracle Arena in Oakland, California, to win their first ever Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, which was also the first ever NBA championship won by a team based outside of the United States.

On August 15, 2021 the Scarborough Shooting Stars were announced as one of two new expansion teams for the CEBL, & the first franchise to be based in the Greater Toronto Area.^[132] They played their first ever CEBL game on May 26, 2022 in Guelph, Ontario vs. the Guelph Nighthawks, and played their first ever home game on June 4, 2022 vs. the Hamilton Honey Badgers at the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre.

On May 13, 2023, Scotiabank Arena hosted a preseason WNBA game between the Minnesota Lynx & the Chicago Sky with the Sky defeating the Lynx 82-74. This marked the first ever WNBA game of any sort to have been played in Canada, and it was played before a sold-out crowd of 19,800. WNBA commissioner Cathy Engelbert remarked that the league was "thrilled with the reception" and that Toronto "scored really well" and "is very high on the list" of about 10 cities for potential expansion.^[133][134]

Cricket

The Caribbean Premier League professional Twenty20 cricket league has discussed its desire to place a franchise in Toronto.^[135][136]

The Global T20 Canada is a 20-over cricket tournament played in Canada.^[137] The first season of the tournament started in June 2018, with six teams competing.^[137] The Maple Leaf Cricket Club in King City, Ontario hosted all matches for the first season of the competition.^[138] In 2019, the CAA Centre in Brampton, Ontario hosted all the matches for the second season of the competition.^[139][140] On May 16, 2023, Cricket Canada announced that the 3rd edition of Global T20 Canada would be played from July 20, 2023 – August 6, 2023 at the Brampton Sports Park.^[141]

Golf

There are several golf courses in Toronto. Five of these golf courses are maintained by the municipal government of Toronto, including Dentonia Park Golf Course, Don Valley Golf Course, Humber Valley Golf Course, Scarlett Woods Golf Course, and Tam O’Shanter Golf Course.^[142] In addition to publicly-operated golf courses, several private golf and country clubs also maintain golf courses in the city, including the Cedar Brae Golf Club, the Centennial Park Golf Club, the Donalda Club, the Lambton Golf and Country Club, the Markland Wood Golf Club, the Rosedale Golf Club, the Royal Woodbine Golf Club, the Scarboro Golf and Country Club, and the Toronto Hunt Club.

Several private golf clubs whose members are based in Toronto and that once operated a golf course within the city limits include the Ladies' Golf Club of Toronto and the Toronto Golf Club, although the former club later moved its course to Markham, Ontario while Toronto Golf Club moved to Mississauga. In addition to these golf clubs, several other golf courses operate adjacent to the City of Toronto.

Several golf courses in Toronto managed by private golf clubs have hosted professional golf tournaments in years past. This includes the Canadian Open, the Canadian PGA Championship, the Canadian Women's Open, the Labatt Open, and the Ontario Open. St. George's Golf and Country Club has hosted six Canadian Opens tournaments, the most out of any golf course in the city. The last golf course in the city to host a tournament was Oakdale Golf & Country Club in 2023.

Horse racing

The 2010 Queen's Plate at Woodbine Racetrack was attended by its patron, Queen Elizabeth II.

Horse racing meets are held at Woodbine Racetrack in the northwestern suburb of Rexdale in Toronto. Woodbine is the only horse racing track in North America which stages, or is capable of staging, thoroughbred and standardbred racing programs on the same day. Woodbine hosts two of the three legs of the Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing—the opening Queen's Plate on its Polytrack synthetic dirt course, and the closing Breeders' Stakes on grass. In 1996 Woodbine became the first and only track outside the United States to host the Breeders' Cup World Championships. The Woodbine facility is also home to the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame.

Ice hockey

Main articles: Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Blueshirts, Toronto Arenas, Toronto St. Patricks, Toronto Ontarios, Toronto Tecumsehs, Toronto 228th Battalion (NHA), Toronto Toros, Toronto Marlies, Toronto Roadrunners, Toronto Furies, Toronto Six, and PWHL Toronto

Team members of the 1906–07 Toronto Professional Hockey Club. Founded in 1906, the club was the first professional hockey team in Toronto.

The city is known for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League, a team with passionate support in the city, and the most financially successful sports franchise in the country. The team built Maple Leaf Gardens, a sporting venue which served as the home arena for the Maple Leafs, and was also used for cultural and other events. Since 1999, they have played in the Scotiabank Arena (initially referred to as the Air Canada Centre). The team's roots stretch back to the Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association, the predecessor to the NHL. The NHA was founded in 1909 without any teams from Toronto. In 1911, the Arena Gardens was being built and Ambrose O'Brien, who had operated four NHA franchises but decided to get out of the business, sold two of his franchises to Toronto-based groups. The Toronto Hockey Club purchased one, which would become known as the Blueshirts, and a second was sold to a group affiliated with the Tecumseh Lacrosse Club for $500 cash and promissory notes for $2,000 which would be called the Toronto Tecumsehs. They were scheduled to begin play in the 1911–12 season, but construction delays led to the two Toronto teams being dropped from the schedule and they instead began play in 1912–13. After a year of play, the Tecumsehs were sold and renamed the Toronto Ontarios. The following year the team was purchased by Eddie Livingstone, who renamed them the Toronto Shamrocks in January 1915. Later that year, Livingstone purchased the Blueshirts giving him ownership of two NHA teams, but after the Pacific Coast Hockey Association raids left him with only enough players for one team, he transferred Shamrocks players to the Blueshirts and only the Blueshirts competed in the 1915–16 NHA season. When Livingstone failed to sell the Shamrocks, the NHA seized the franchise, which was left dormant for the year before being reactivated in 1916–17, awarding it to a Canadian military team, the Toronto 228th Battalion. When the regiment was ordered overseas in February 1917, the team was forced to withdraw. That left the NHA with an odd number of teams, and as a result, the team owners, who wanted Livingstone out of the league, decided to suspend operations of the Blueshirts for the remainder of the season. Following the end of the season, Toronto was reinstated, with the condition that the club was to be sold within 60 days. However, Livingstone obtained a court order to prevent the sale.^[143] Before the start of the 1917–18 season, the NHA owners announced that the league would not operate in the 1917–18 season. About two weeks later, all of the owners except Livingstone announced that they were creating a new league, the National Hockey League. Livingstone was not invited to participate in the new league. However, the other teams wished to continue a team in Toronto, and also needed a fourth team to balance the schedule. Accordingly, Livingstone's landlord, the Toronto Arena Company, was given a temporary franchise in the NHL and leased Livingstone's Torontos players for the inaugural 1917–18 NHL season.^[144] Although the team had no official name, it was made up mostly of former Blue Shirts and as a result, the newspapers still called the team the Blue Shirts or the Torontos, as they always had.^[145] The Arena Company had originally promised to return the Toronto players to Livingstone if no transfer could be arranged. Instead, before the 1918–19 season, it formed a new club, which was known as the Toronto Arenas.^[146] This new franchise was separated from the Arena Company. The dispute with Livingstone forced the Arena Company into bankruptcy. The Arenas were sold to a group headed by Charles Querrie for $5000, who renamed them the Toronto St. Patricks. In 1927, with the team in trouble financially due to Querrie having lost a lawsuit to former Livingstone, Querrie put the St. Pats up for sale and agreed in principle to sell them for $200,000 to a group that would move the team to Philadelphia.^[147] However, Conn Smythe persuaded Querrie that civic pride was more important than money and put together a syndicate that bought the St. Pats. Smythe himself invested $10,000 of his own money and his group contributed $75,000 up front and a further $75,000 due 30 days later, with minority partner Jack Bickell retaining his $40,000 share in the team.^[147][148] The deal was finalized on Valentine's Day,^[148] and the new owners quickly renamed the team the Toronto Maple Leafs.^{[149]: 85–86}

When the World Hockey Association, a rival league to the NHL, awarded Doug Michel an Ontario-based franchise in 1971 for $25,000 to play in the WHA's inaugural 1972–73 season,^[150] Toronto was one of several cities under consideration as home for the team. Harold Ballard, owner of the Maple Leafs and Maple Leaf Gardens, offered to rent the arena to the team, but Michel found the rent excessive.^[151][152] He then tried to base the team in Hamilton, but the city did not have an appropriate venue.^[152] Michel settled on Ottawa and the team became the Ottawa Nationals. However, after a season at the Ottawa Civic Centre, the team decided to relocate and played their home playoff games at Maple Leaf Gardens. During this time, the team was referred to as the Ontario Nationals. The team moved to Toronto permanently for the following season after being sold to John F. Bassett, son of former Leafs part-owner John Bassett.^[150] Future Leafs owner Steve Stavro was a minority shareholder.^[150] They were renamed the Toronto Toros in June 1973. However, they could only attract a fraction of the attendance numbers the competing Leafs drew. In their inaugural season, they played out of Varsity Arena, but played the next two seasons out of Maple Leaf Gardens. The team played their final game in Toronto in 1976, after which a drop in attendance and onerous lease terms at the Gardens forced them to relocate to Birmingham, Alabama as the Birmingham Bulls.^[153]

Originally built in 1920, Coca-Cola Coliseum was renovated in 2003 to accommodate the Toronto Marlies, the AHL affiliate of the Maple Leafs.

In the early 1980s, Ballard and the owner of the Edmonton Oilers discussed to possibility of the franchise swapping home cities with the Maple Leafs, with Ballard receiving $50 million to compensate him for relocating to the smaller city, but the deal fell through.^[154]

There have been numerous attempts to establish a second NHL team in the Greater Toronto Area or nearby Hamilton. The latter briefly had the Hamilton Tigers in the NHL from 1920, when local interests purchased and relocated the Quebec Bulldogs, until 1925 when they folded.

In 2003, the Toronto Roadrunners of the American Hockey League played their inaugural season out of a renovated Ricoh Coliseum in Exhibition Place. They served as a farm club for the NHL's Edmonton Oilers. After a season of bad attendance, the team relocated to Edmonton, Alberta. However, with the Ricoh Coliseum vacated, a new tenant for the facility was found with the Maple Leafs relocating their AHL farm team, the St. John's Maple Leafs, from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador to Toronto as the Toronto Marlies in 2005.

Toronto has also hosted various international hockey tournaments: hosting parts of the 1972 and 1974 Summit Series; parts of the 1976 and 1991 Canada Cups; parts of the 2004 World Cup of Hockey and all of the 2016 edition; and parts of the 2015 and 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Participation in minor hockey is very popular. The Greater Toronto Area is home to the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), the largest minor hockey league in the world.^[155] In addition to the GTHL, a number of other minor hockey leagues that are unsanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation also operate in Greater Toronto.^[155]

The Greater Toronto Area has also been home to several women's hockey team including the professional Canadian Women's Hockey League's (CWHL) Markham Thunder and Toronto Furies. However, the league ceased operations in 2019. In 2020, the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL), later rebranded as the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) announced expansion to Toronto with the Toronto Six taking the ice for the 2020–21 season. The Six would ultimately win the 2023 Isobel Cup as the PHF's champions. It would ultimately become the PHF's final championship team as the league was dissolved to make way for a new Professional Women's Hockey League consisting of the former PHF consolidating with the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association later that summer with Toronto being granted one of the league's six charter teams for their inaugural season in 2024.

On July 10, 2020, Toronto was named one of two cities appointed as a hub city (alongside Edmonton, Alberta) for the NHL Return to Play Plan to facilitate the delayed start of the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All matches in Toronto were played in Scotiabank Arena beginning August 1, 2020. The plan featured a Stanley Cup Qualifiers round for the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs as well as its first 2 rounds. Of the 24 participating teams, Toronto hosted 12 Eastern Conference teams to their city in the early rounds, while Edmonton hosted 12 Western Conference teams in the early rounds, both Conference Finals, and the Stanley Cup Finals.

Gridiron football

Canadian football

Main articles: Toronto Argonauts, GTA Grizzlies, and Vanier Cup

BMO Field during the 104th Grey Cup. BMO Field is the present home stadium of the Toronto Argonauts.

Toronto is home to the oldest professional football team in North America, the Toronto Argonauts, who have won the Grey Cup championship a record 18 times, most recently in 2022. Toronto has also played host to the Grey Cup Championship 48 times, more than any other city and most recently the 104th Grey Cup in 2016. The Argos were founded in 1873 by the Argonaut Rowing Club and is referred to colloquially as the Boatmen in honour of that heritage. The team is also known as the double blue because of the franchise colours (Oxford blue and Cambridge blue); the colour blue has become emblematic of the city and most of its sports franchises. The Argos also draw the highest per-game attendance of any sports team in Toronto and draw the second highest per-game TV ratings nationally of any Toronto-based sports team (after the Maple Leafs hockey club). In the early 1970s, Maple Leaf Gardens Limited announced plans to apply for a second Canadian Football League team to be based in Toronto which would play at Varsity Stadium, but the proposal never went anywhere.^{[156][157][158]} During his tenure as owner of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ballard repeatedly threatened to move the franchise to Varsity Stadium,^[159] but the move was vetoed by the Argos.^[160] The GTA Grizzlies is another semi-professional junior team of the Canadian Junior Football League; playing their home games at Centennial Park Stadium.

Toronto has also hosted the Vanier Cup Championship 41 times, the most out of any host city, serving as its exclusive host from its inception in 1965 until 2003. In 2004, Canadian Interuniversity Sport began accepting bids from other cities to host the event. Since then, Toronto has won 2 additional bids to host Vanier Cup Championships in 2007 and 2012 to coincide with both the 95th and 100th Grey Cups being played during the same weekend in the city.

Lacrosse

Main articles: Toronto Rock, Hamilton Nationals, Toronto Tomahawks, and Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)

The city previously had several professional box lacrosse teams. A team named the Toronto Maple Leafs competed in the first season of the professional International Lacrosse League in 1931 at the Arena Gardens.^[210][211] Following the season, a new franchise was awarded to Conn Smythe on behalf of Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. (MLGL),^[212][213] which was also named the Toronto Maple Leafs, with the previous season's Maple Leafs being renamed the Tecumsehs.^[210][213] Both teams played at the newly opened Maple Leaf Gardens.^[214][215] Smythe pulled out following the season due to financial losses,^[216] and the league didn't play the following year. Toronto also had a team in the American Box Lacrosse League in 1932.^{[217][218][219]}

Inside the Air Canada Centre, the Toronto Rock play against the Buffalo Bandits.

The Toronto Maple Leafs competed in the inaugural season of the National Lacrosse Association in 1968 at the Gardens.^[220] Stafford Smythe and Harold Ballard, part owners of the NHL Maple Leafs, were two of the five founding partners of the club,^[221] but financial difficulties forced MLGL to take over ownership midway through the season.^{[220][222][223]} The NLA suspended operations prior to the following season.^[223][224] However, the eastern division of the NLA reconstituted itself as the Eastern Professional Lacrosse Association, in which the Maple Leafs competed in 1969.^{[225][226][227]} By 1970 the pro league had disbanded.

The Toronto Shooting Stars joined the professional National Lacrosse League (unrelated to the modern NLL) for its inaugural season in 1972.^[228][229] When a new professional league launched as the National Lacrosse League (again unrelated to today's NLL) in 1974, the Toronto Tomahawks were included as a charter franchise. The Shooting Stars continued as an amateur team in the Ontario Lacrosse Association,^[230][231] but folded following the 1974 season.^[232] The Tomahawks were sold following the 1974 season,^[233][234] and received league approval to move the team to Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Long Island, New York.^[235][236] However, ultimately it was decided to relocate the team to Boston to become the Boston Bolts for the start of the 1975 NLL season,^{[232][237][238]} with the Rochester Griffins becoming the Long Island Tomahawks.^{[232][237][239]}

The Toronto Rock, which operate in the National Lacrosse League, were founded in 1998 as the Ontario Raiders in Hamilton. The following year, the team moved to Toronto and proceeded to finish first every year from 1999 to 2005, winning the league championship in five of those seven seasons. The Rock played their home games at Maple Leaf Gardens from 1999 to 2000, & at Scotiabank Arena from 2001 to 2020. On May 11, 2021, the Rock announced that they were relocating back to Hamilton, but would continue to keep the "Toronto Rock" name due their branding as a team that has "always represented the GTHA".^[240]

In 2009, the Toronto Nationals of Major League Lacrosse was established, with much of the roster of the Rochester Rattlers, which would be suspended, being transferred to the new Nationals' team. However, the name, colours, and history stayed behind in Rochester to potentially be used by a future MLL team.^[241] In their inaugural year in Toronto, the Nationals went on to win the Steinfeld Cup. In 2011 the team relocated to Hamilton, Ontario, and played their games at Ron Joyce Stadium. After the 2013 season the team announced they would not field a team the following season. The Premier Lacrosse League played a week of their inaugural 2019 season at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton.

Rugby football

Rugby league

Main articles: Toronto Wolfpack and Canada national rugby league team

Lamport Stadium is the home stadium for the Canadian national rugby league team and the Toronto Wolfpack rugby league club

In 2014, Toronto investors submitted an application for a professional rugby league franchise in the British/French League 1, the third-tier of the Rugby Football League (RFL) system. It was announced in 2016 that the Toronto Wolfpack would join the RFL's third division League One from April 2017, becoming the not the first professional transatlantic sports team to be based in Toronto in addition to being the first for the RFL system.^[242] The team plays in Toronto's 9,600 seat Lamport Stadium,^[243] with the goal of earning promotion to the top-tier Super League.^[244][245] The club won the League 1 championship in its inaugural season, thereby earning promotion to the second division Championship for the 2018 season.

In 2018, the Wolfpack reached the Qualifiers, an end of season round robin tournament for the four top teams from the RFL Championship, and the bottom four teams from Super League. Finishing fourth qualified Wolfpack for the Million Pound Game, a final eliminator for the last place in Super League in 2019. However, they were defeated 6–4 by London Broncos, and thus rejoined the RFL Championship for the 2019 season. That season saw a change in the promotion system, with the top five Championship teams entering a playoff whose winner received automatic promotion to Super League. The Wolfpack finished atop the Championship regular-season table, and easily won both of their playoff matches, securing their promotion to Super League with a 24–6 win over Featherstone Rovers.

In July 2020, Toronto Wolfpack withdrew from the 2020 Super League due to financial difficulties and new logistics needed for international travel caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[246] A subsequent bid for readmission was rejected on November 2, 2020, and resulted in the team's removal from the league & their ensuing announcement that they would not operate in 2021. On March 31, 2021, it was announced that a private investor group had purchased the Wolfpack and that they would be resuming play in the newly formed North American Rugby League.^[247]

The amateur Ontario Rugby league competition has fluctuated between 2 and 4 teams since it began in 2010.^[248]

The Canada national rugby league team, nicknamed the Wolverines, are also based at Lamport Stadium.

Running

The city is home to two marathons: the Toronto Marathon (held annually in May from Mel Lastman Square, in the north end of Toronto to Ontario Place) and the Toronto Waterfront Marathon (held annually in October throughout downtown Toronto). Toronto also hosts the annual Sporting Life 10K which is a charitable fundraising 10K run held in May from Yonge & Davisville to Lake Shore Boulevard near Ontario Place.

Soccer

Main articles: Toronto FC, Toronto Blizzard (1971–84), Toronto Falcons (1967–1968), Toronto City, Toronto Blizzard (1986-93), Toronto ThunderHawks, Toronto Shooting Stars, Toronto Lynx, Toronto FC II, Mississauga MetroStars, and York United FC

Crowd celebrating at BMO Field after Toronto FC score the club's first goal. BMO Field hosts the Toronto FC and the Toronto Argonauts.

The popularity of soccer reflects the city's demographics; Toronto is a multicultural city with a large immigrant population that has long-established roots with the game.

Toronto has had teams in a number of first division soccer leagues of the United States. The Toronto Greenbacks were members of the North American Soccer Football League for its two years of existence in 1946–47.^[262][263] In 1967, two rival leagues began play: the United Soccer Association (USA) and National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). Both leagues had Toronto-based clubs with Toronto City (owned by future owner of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Steve Stavro) joining the US and the Toronto Falcons in the NPSL and both playing their games at Varsity Stadium.^[264][265] Following the merger of the two leagues for the 1968 season only the Falcons survived, with Stavro selling his team back to the league for $160,000.^[266][267] However, the Falcons only played a single year in the newly founded North American Soccer League (NASL) with losses reported to be up to $500,000 before folding.^[268] The following year, Toronto City was invited to join the NASL.^[269] Subsequently, the Toronto Metros joined the NASL in 1971,^[270] and though they were renamed the Toronto Metros-Croatia in 1975 following the purchase of 50 per cent of the club for $250,000 by the Toronto Croatia of the National Soccer League,^[271] and again in 1979 to the Toronto Blizzard following the acquisition of 85% of the team by Global Television Network for $2.6 million,^[272][273] the team played until the NASL folded in 1984.

In 1994, then part owner of SkyDome, Labatt, considered purchasing a team in Major League Soccer (MLS), the new top US league, to play at the stadium.^[274] In 2004, then Toronto Argonauts owners Howard Sokolowski and David Cynamon considered bringing a MLS team to the city in connection with negotiations on the construction of a new stadium to jointly house the Argos and soccer,^[275] but when BMO Field was ultimately built the Argos were excluded for the deal.^[274] In 2007, Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment launched Toronto FC in MLS as its first international team.

KIA Training Grounds is a practice facility used by the Toronto FC, and their youth academy, TFC Academy.

Toronto has also hosted professional indoor soccer teams. The Metros-Croatia fielded a team in NASL's indoor league from 1975 to 1976,^[276] as did the Blizzard in 1980–82.^[277] The Major Indoor Soccer League considered putting a team in Toronto in 1987.^[278] In 1988 the American Indoor Soccer Association (AISA) granted Toronto a franchise which was to play its games at Hamilton, Ontario's Copps Coliseum (now FirstOntario Centre),^[279] but the team never launched. The Toronto Shooting Stars competed in the National Professional Soccer League, as the AISA had renamed itself, during the 1996–97 season, but the ownership of the franchise collapsed just 3 games in, forcing the league to take control of the team's operations for the remainder of the season.^[280] After losses of nearly $1 million, the team suspended operations and never returned to play.^[281][282] An application was made for a new NPSL Toronto team in 1998.^[283] The NPSL returned to Toronto with the Toronto ThunderHawks for the 2000–01 season, playing at the Hershey Centre in Mississauga, Ontario.^[284] When the NPSL disbanded in the summer of 2001 and reorganized as the Major Indoor Soccer League, the ThunderHawks were admitted to the new league under the condition that they would suspend operations for the 2001–02 season to work on the business side of the franchise and return to active competition for the 2002–03 season.^[285] However, the team never returned from this temporary suspension of operations. In April 2017 the Major Arena Soccer League announced that it had granted an expansion franchise, which was later named Mississauga MetroStars, to begin play in 2018 at the Hershey Centre.^[286][287]

Toronto has also been home to numerous minor pro soccer teams. The Toronto Nationals played in the Canadian Professional Soccer League in its only season in 1983. The Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League, which existed between 1961 and 1966, featured 3 Toronto based teams over those years: Toronto City (1961–1965), which later joined the United Soccer Association, Toronto Roma FC (1962–1964) / Inter-Roma (1965–1966), and Toronto Italia FC (1961–1964) / Italia Falcons (1965–66). The Toronto Blizzard played in the Canadian Soccer League from 1987 to 1992 and the American Professional Soccer League in 1993 before folding following the United States Soccer Federation's decision to reject the APSL's bid for sanctioning as a first division league in favour of a competing bid from the group that would found MLS. The Blizzard were replaced in the APSL by the Toronto Rockets in 1994, but they to folded prior to the following season. The A-League, as the APSL was then known, awarded Toronto another team to begin play in 1997.^[288][289] When the A-league and USISL Select League merged for the 1997 season, the Toronto expansion team, which was named the Toronto Lynx, debuted in the combined league, which carried on the A-League name. The Lynx would play in the A-League until 2004. When the league was renamed the USL First Division, they continued their membership. However, in 2007, with the arrival of TFC to the city, the Lynx dropped down to the fourth USL Premier Development League, where they competed until 2014.

Toronto hosted parts of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Toronto also hosted the 2010 Major League Soccer championship match between FC Dallas and Colorado Rapids (Colorado defeated Dallas 2–1). It was the first time the MLS Cup took place outside of the United States.

Toronto would go on to host 2 more MLS Cups. On December 10, 2016, the MLS Cup was held at BMO Field where Toronto FC and the Seattle Sounders played to a 0–0 draw, with the Sounders winning 5–4 on penalty kicks to claim the championship. On December 9, 2017, Toronto FC defeated the Sounders 2–0 in an MLS Cup rematch, and became the first MLS team to complete a domestic treble with their win by virtue of winning the Supporters' Shield with an MLS record 69 points and the Canadian Championship combined. They also became the first Canadian team to win the MLS Cup.^[290]

On June 16, 2022, FIFA officially announced Toronto as one of two host cities in Canada for the 2026 FIFA World Cup to be held in the USA, Mexico, & Canada.^[291] BMO Field was listed as a potential venue for the World Cup from as early as 2017 during the initial bidding stage.^[292]

Tennis

Sobeys Stadium is one of the two tennis stadiums that host the annual Canada Masters.

The National Bank Open, historically known as the Canadian Open, is an annual professional tennis tournament held at Sobeys Stadium at York University. The tournament began in 1881 and is the second oldest major tennis tournament in the world behind only Wimbledon. The men's competition is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tour. The women's competition is a WTA 1000 tournament event on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tour. The events alternate from year-to-year between the cities of Montreal and Toronto. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years. The competition is played on hard courts.

From 1971 until 1990, Toronto hosted the Toronto Molson Light Challenge a second annual professional men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Maple Leaf Gardens. The final tournament took place in February 1990 at the SkyDome and went by the tournament name Skydome World Tennis.

In 1974, the Toronto-Buffalo Royals of World Team Tennis played half their home matches at the CNE Coliseum & the other half at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Under the ownership of John F. Bassett & John C. Eaton III, the team lasted only one season before selling the team to Bert Hoffman & Phyllis Morse with the intent of relocating them to Hartford, Connecticut. However, in February 1975, the team was contracted by the WTT, with the players distributed to other teams via a dispersal draft.

Ultimate

A game of ultimate being played at BMO Field, May 2009

Ultimate is a team sport played with a flying disc. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team, on a rectangular field approximately the size of a soccer field, until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing team's end zone. In the 1970s, Ken Westerfield introduced disc sports including ultimate north of the 49th parallel at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships and by creating the Toronto Ultimate League (Club).^[293] Since 1998, Canada has been ranked number one in the World Ultimate Rankings, several times in all divisions (including Open and Women's) according to the World Flying Disc Federation.^[294] In 2013, as a founding partner, the Toronto Ultimate Club presented Canada's first semi-professional ultimate team the Toronto Rush, to the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL).^[295][296] They finished their first season undefeated 18–0 and won the AUDL Championships.^{[297][298][299]} Disc ultimate has become one of today's fastest growing sports.^[300] In 2015, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) granted full recognition to the World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) for flying disc sports including ultimate.^[301][302]

Rivalries

Due to their geographic locations, Toronto has an intense sports rivalry with several Canadian cities around the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, in addition to American cities around the Great Lakes.

The Canadian football team, the Toronto Argonauts have a rivalry with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats since 1873, and is heightened during the Labour Day Classic).^[305] The Argonauts also share a rivalry with the Ottawa Redblacks and the Montreal Alouettes.

In ice hockey, the Toronto Maple Leafs have several rivalries with the oldest existing clubs in the National Hockey League, including the Montreal Canadiens, the Detroit Red Wings, and the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs also have a rivalry with the only other Ontario-based team in the NHL, the Ottawa Senators.

In basketball, the Toronto Raptors has a noted rivalry with the Brooklyn Nets.

In soccer, the Toronto FC have a rivalry with the Montreal Impact, referred to as the 401 Derby. The Toronto FC also have a rivalry with the Columbus Crew, competing with them over the Trillium Cup, a trophy named after the trillum, the official flower of Ontario, and the official wildflower of Ohio. A third rivalry Toronto FC has is with the Seattle Sounders after facing off against them as the same opponent for all 3 of the club's MLS Cup finals appearances (2016 MLS Cup, 2017 MLS Cup, and 2019 MLS Cup).

In baseball, the Toronto Blue Jays have developed rivalries over the years with teams within their American League East division (New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, Tampa Bay Rays) as a result of scheduling that sees them play each other more frequently than teams outside of it. Since 2015, the Blue Jays have developed a rivalry with the Texas Rangers that stems from their 2015 American League Division Series matchup where Jose Bautista hit a go-ahead home run in game No. 5 to win the series that sparked controversy due to his subsequent bat flip that upset the Rangers based on what was perceived as a violation of the unwritten rules of baseball, and yielded a beanball and bench-clearing brawl as retaliation in the following season.

Toronto's association with the colour blue

The colour of blue has been associated with the city of Toronto, its sports teams and its academic institutions for over a hundred years.^[306] City symbols such as the flag of Toronto, its coat of arms and city wordmark all reflect this association. Some of the oldest colleges and universities located within the original city of Toronto incorporated blue into their athletic nicknames including the University of Toronto Varsity Blues (established 1827), the Upper Canada College Blues (1829) and the St Michael's Kerry Blues (1852) while newer post-secondary institutions at Ryerson University (1948), George Brown College (1967) and Humber College (1968) included blue in their school colours.

When the Argonaut Rowing Club was founded in 1872 the blue colours of Oxford and Cambridge universities (the "Double Blue") was adopted as the club colours.^[307] When the club went on to found the Toronto Argonauts football club with the same name a year later in 1873, the "Double Blue" colour was also adopted for the football field and has continued with the team nearly 150 years later.^[308]

Other major teams that adopted Toronto blue included the original Toronto Maple Leafs of baseball's International League from 1896 until 1967,^[309] the Marlboros of the OHA (1904), the Blueshirts of the NHA (1911) and the Arenas of the NHL (1917).

When Conn Smythe acquired the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927, in addition to the team being rebranded as the Maple Leafs, it was announced that the team had changed their colour scheme to blue and white,^[310] which they have worn ever since. While the Leafs say that blue represents the Canadian skies and white represents snow, another theory is that Smythe changed the colours as a nod to his school alma maters at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto.^[311]

As various leagues expanded into the city the tradition of using blue in team identity continued including the Huskies of the NBA (1947), WHA's Toros (1973), baseball's Blue Jays (1977), the NASL Blizzard (1978), the Rock of the NLL (1999), and rugby's Arrows (2019).

When the Toronto Raptors joined the NBA in 1995, the original owners were given a six-month window to reap 100 percent of merchandise profits sold in their region to help cover the cost of the franchise.^[312] To maximize those initial sales the choice was made to break with Toronto traditions and adopt a name and colour that would appeal to kids between the ages of six and ten with a focus on becoming an international brand.^[313][314] After a name the team contest narrowed the list down to ten names, the name Raptors with a base colour of purple was chosen after inspiration of the eight-year old son of owner John Bitove.^[313] In 2006, the Raptors re-branded with red as their new base colour to market themselves beyond Toronto as "Canada's Team" with their national colour as the only Canadian NBA team after the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis, Tennessee in 2001.

In 2007 Toronto FC joined Major League Soccer and also chose to distance itself from Toronto traditions by adopting red as its primary colour to reflect its status as the only Canadian team in the league.^{[315][316][317]} This status only lasted four seasons until their future rivals the Vancouver Whitecaps (2011)^[318] and the Montreal Impact (2012) joined the league, ironically both in blue uniforms.

Sports museums

• Canada's Sports Hall of Fame was founded in Toronto in 1955, and was based at Exhibition Place between 1955 and 2006. It has since relocated to Calgary, Alberta.
• The Hockey Hall of Fame is an ice hockey museum located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it is a museum and a hall of fame. It holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League records, memorabilia and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. Originally based in Kingston, Ontario, the Hockey Hall of Fame relocated to Toronto in 1958 where it was given space as a section of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame before becoming its own separate Hall of Fame facility within the same building in 1961. In 1993, the Hockey Hall of Fame relocated to its current location at the northwest corner of Yonge & Front Streets taking up an opulent section of Brookfield Place that once served as a branch of the Bank of Montreal.
• The Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame was founded in 1993 by Lee Abrahamson and Gary Magwood assisted by Len Coates to celebrate the accomplishments and contributions of the Canadian motorsport communities. It was originally based at Exhibition Place, sharing the same facility as Canada's Sports Hall of Fame until 1997 when it relocated to Bay Street. In 2001, the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame began relocating to various temporary locations before deciding to become a virtual online museum today. Their annual induction ceremonies take place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in downtown Toronto.
• The Ontario Sports Hall of Fame was founded in 1994 in Toronto. Currently they only host an online museum instead of a physical sports museum, but their administrative office is located in Toronto. Their annual induction ceremonies take place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in downtown Toronto.
• Canada Basketball, the governing body of basketball in Canada, hosts an online hall of fame museum with its mission statement being “to recognize, honour, immortalize and enshrine the contributions to the development and advancement of basketball in Canada or internationally.”^[319] While it does not have a physical sports museum, their administrative office is located in Toronto, & their annual induction ceremonies take place at various Toronto-based venues, most recently at the Gladstone House for their 2023 induction ceremony.^[320]

Toronto Argonauts (CFL)

18 Grey Cup Championships

Toronto Blue Jays (MLB)

2 World Series titles

• 1992
• 1993

Toronto Blueshirts (NHA)

1 Stanley Cup

• 1914

Toronto FC (MLS)

1 MLS Cup

• 2017

Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL)

The hockey club won its first championship in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club (informally the Toronto Arenas), whereas its second championships (in 1922) was won when the club was named the Toronto St. Patricks. All subsequent championships won by the club were awarded when the club was named the Toronto Maple Leafs.

13 Stanley Cups

Toronto Raptors (NBA)

1 NBA title

• 2019

Playing through travel restrictions

Due to travel restrictions imposed by the Canadian government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, many Toronto based teams in those leagues were unable to host games against American based teams until the travel restrictions were relaxed in July 2021. In response, various Toronto teams mitigated the issue by seeking venues in American host cities for home games against American based teams, or by hosting games in Toronto exclusively against Canadian-based teams:

• The Blue Jays' returned to play strategy for their 2020 "home" games featured playing in visitors ballparks as the home team for the first month until ultimately settling at Sahlen Field in Buffalo, New York as their home stadium for the duration of their abbreviated 60-game regular season. In 2021, the Blue Jays will play their first two months of their regular season home games at TD Ballpark in Dunedin, Florida which will last from April 8 until the end of May. From June 1 onwards, the Blue Jays will return to Sahlen Field in Buffalo, New York to play the remainder of their 2021 home games "until it is safe ... to return to play on home soil (at Rogers Centre)".^[321] On July 16, 2021, the Blue Jays received approval by the Canadian government for an exemption on border restrictions & played their first home game at Rogers Centre in Toronto on July 30, 2021, vs. the Kansas City Royals.^[322]
• Toronto FC's return to play strategy for their 2020 MLS season featured scheduling in 3 phases. The first phase featured teams participating in the MLS is Back Tournament hosted in a quarantined bubble with stringent COVID-19 testing at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in Bay Lake, Florida. The tournament also featured round-robin matches which would count toward the regular season standings. This was followed by a second phase of scheduling that saw Canadian-based teams play one another exclusively, allowing for BMO Field to host home games. The third phase of scheduling saw TFC play U.S. based teams for the remainder of the season with home games played at Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut. For their 2021 MLS season, Toronto FC started their season playing their home games at Exploria Stadium in Orlando, Florida, the home stadium for Orlando City SC. On July 14, 2021, Toronto FC was granted approval by the Canadian government to resume hosting games in Toronto vs. American teams on the condition that "clubs and match officials travelling to Canada will be subject to public health protocols required of all individuals entering the country," and that "only fully vaccinated players and staff will be excluded from Canadian quarantine requirements."^[323] They played their first game at BMO Field vs Orlando City SC on July 17, 2021.
• The Raptors also returned to play at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex where the remainder of the 2019-20 NBA season and 2020 NBA playoffs were played as part of the 2020 NBA Bubble with daily COVID-19 testing. Their 2020–21 home games were played at Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida in an abbreviated 72-game schedule with the Raptors missing the playoffs.
• Unlike the other leagues, the NHL received an exemption to the travel restrictions, including an exemption from the mandatory 14-day self isolation upon entry into Canada, as part of their return to play in the 2020 NHL Bubble with Toronto & Edmonton serving as their 2 hub cities. This allowed for all playoff eligible teams based in Canada & American based teams entering Canada to participate on the condition that all team players and staff members remained isolated within designated secure zones (hotels, restaurants, practice facilities, and arena) which were all surrounded by a secured perimeter, and restricted themselves from access to or by the general public. Additionally, all members had to comply to daily COVID-19 testing, temperature testing, & symptom checks. This allowed the Maple Leafs to return to play at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto in a 5-game Stanley Cup qualifier round against the American-based Columbus Blue Jackets. Their 2020-21 NHL season was an abbreviated 56-game season played exclusively against other Canadian-based teams in a realigned "North Division" during the regular season, thereby allowing them to play their home games at Scotiabank Arena this season. The realigned division also allows for an all-Canadian matchup for the first 2 rounds of the 2021 Stanley Cup playoffs.
• The Toronto Six played in the 2021 NWHL bubble season at Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid, New York. Herb Brooks Arena hosted all NWHL season games and was also scheduled to host games for the 2021 Isobel Cup Playoffs.^[324] Shortly before the start of the Isobel Cup Playoffs, the season was suspended indefinitely due to positive cases of COVID-19 within the bubble.^[325] The season resumed with the start of the Isobel Cup playoffs which was played between March 26–27 at Warrior Ice Arena in Brighton, Massachusetts, with the top seeded Toronto Six being eliminated on the first day of play by the Boston Pride.^[326]
• In 2021, Raptors 905 played their 2021 NBA G League season & playoffs in a bubble at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex, which was also used as the same venue for the 2020 NBA Bubble, with daily COVID-19 testing. The G League regular season lasted an abbreviated 15 games, followed by 3 single game playoff rounds. The top seeded Raptors 905 were eliminated in the second round by the Delaware Blue Coats.
• The Toronto Marlies played their abbreviated 35-game 2020-21 AHL season exclusively against other Canadian-based teams in a realigned "North Division" during the season, like their parent club, the Toronto Maple Leafs. This allowed them to play their home games at Coca-Cola Coliseum that season. Although the Stockton Heat are normally based in Stockton, California, they were based in Calgary, Alberta for the 2020–21 AHL season to facilitate player transfers with their NHL parent club, the Calgary Flames, thereby allowing the Marlies to host games against them at Coca-Cola Coliseum as a North Division team. Unlike the Maple Leafs, the North Division, along with 3 other AHL Divisions, opted out of conducting a traditional 2021 Calder Cup Playoffs that season & did not issue a Calder Cup champion for the second straight year.^[327]
• For the 2021 Major League Rugby season, the Arrows temporarily relocated to Marietta, Georgia, to share Rugby ATL's facilities at Lupo Family Field.^[328]
• Toronto FC II began their 2021 USL League One season playing their first 3 home games at the Grande Sports World training facility in Casa Grande, Arizona, followed by 3 home games at Osceola Heritage Park in Kissimmee, Florida. They ultimately resumed playing their home games in Toronto on July 30, 2021 when they hosted Greenville Triumph SC at the BMO Training Ground.^[329]

Curtailed or cancelled seasons

In some instances, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic forced some teams to curtail their season or cancel their season altogether:

• The Toronto Argonauts were unable to play in 2020 due to the CFL cancelling the 2020 CFL season. They resumed play in 2021 by playing their 1st game of the season on the road vs. the Calgary Stampeders on August 7, and playing their home opener vs. the Winnipeg Blue Bombers on August 21.
• The 2020 Toronto Rock season was curtailed after playing their 11th game of the season on March 8 in Toronto at Scotiabank Arena vs the Calgary Roughnecks, & the NLL would also go on to cancel the 2021 season. On May 11, 2021, the Rock announced that they would relocate to Hamilton, Ontario in part due to "significant reduction in operation costs significant reduction in game operations costs as well as the opportunities that exist to better connect with our fan base and most importantly grow that fan base and increase revenues."^[330] They also announced that the relocation would not yield a name change. The Rock resumed play in 2021 by playing their home opener in Hamilton at First Ontario Centre on December 4 vs the Albany FireWolves.
• The Toronto Marlies 2019–20 season was curtailed after playing their last game on the road vs. the Bridgeport Sound Tigers on March 11. The Marlies would resume play in 2021 by playing their 1st game of the season in Winnipeg vs. the Manitoba Moose on February 15, 2021, as a member of a revised all-Canadian North Division to avoid cross-border travel.
• Raptors 905's 2019–20 season was curtailed after playing their last game at home vs the College Park Skyhawks on March 11. They would resume play in 2021 by playing their 1st game of the season at the G-League bubble in Bay Lake, Florida vs. the Rio Grande Valley Vipers on February 10.
• Toronto FC II opted out of participating in the 2020 USL League One season due to COVID-19 restrictions, but resumed play for the 2021 season by playing their 1st game of the season in Casa Grande, Arizona vs. North Texas SC on May 22.