White British
Geographic distribution of the White British in 2021 (in England and Wales)
Total population
White British
49,997,686 (2011)
(Excluding Northern Ireland)[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 United Kingdom
 England41,540,791 (73.5%) (2021)[1]
 Scotland4,863,000 (91.8%) (2011)[2]
 Wales2,814,427 (90.9%) (2021)[1]
Northern Ireland (including all White people reporting at least one of British/Irish/Northern Irish/English/Scottish/Welsh national identities)1,765,971 (92.8%) (2021)[3]
Languages
Predominantly English
Also: Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Scots, Ulster Scots, Cornish, Manx, British Sign Language
Religion
Christian (49.0%)
Irreligious (43.9%)
Jewish (0.4%)
Muslim (0.2%)
Others (0.6%)
Unspecified (5.8%)
Figures for England and Wales (2021) only[4]

White British is an ethnicity classification used for the native white population identifying as English, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, or British in the United Kingdom Census. In the 2011 census, the White British population was 49,997,686, 81.5% of Great Britain's total population. For the United Kingdom entirely, due to different reporting measures within Northern Ireland which includes all those who identified as British with those who identified as Irish, an amalgamated total of 52,320,080 including those who identified as White Irish in Great Britain is given making up 82.8% of the population.[1][2][5]

Census classifications

For the 2011 census, in England and Wales, the White self-classification option included a subcategory of "English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British".[6][7] In Scotland, the White category included "Scottish" and "Other British" options.[8] In Northern Ireland, the White British classification did not appear, the only choice being 'White'.[9]

The 2011 census for England, Wales and Scotland also included additional White ethnic classifications of White Irish, White Gypsy/Irish Traveller and White Other. There were calls for the 2011 national census in England and Wales to include an extra subcategory so people could identify their ethnic group as Cornish.[10][11]

Geographic distribution of the White British by constituency in 2021 (in England and Wales)

Demographics

Population and distribution

Population pyramid of the White British in 2021

The White British census classification have their ages more evenly distributed in their population pyramid and have the highest per cent female population of all ethnic-based classifications. The following numbers were based on the 2011 census conducted in each country. In England and Wales, about 64 per cent of the White British classification are between the ages of 16 and 64 while about 18 per cent are under 16 and 19 per cent are over 64. All other census classifications have a higher percentage of their population under 16 and a lower percentage over 64. Of those aged 65 or over, White British are 8 per cent male and 10 per cent female, making them have the lowest per cent male population among all census classifications defined as "ethnic" in the census.[12]

In Scotland, about 65 per cent of the White British classification are between the ages of 16 and 64 while about 17 per cent are under 16 and 18 per cent are over 64. Of those aged 65 or over, White British are 8 per cent male and 10 per cent female, the same percentages as in England and Wales.[13]

In Northern Ireland, about 13 per cent of the White classification are between the ages of 16 and 24 while about 21 per cent are under 16 and 65 per cent are over 24. Of those aged 25 or over, white people are 32 per cent male and 34 per cent female.[14]

According to the 2011 UK Census results, White British people made up the largest percentage of the population in rural areas, such as Allerdale (99.4%) and Copeland (99.3%) in Cumbria, Ryedale (99.4%) in North Yorkshire, North Norfolk (99.2%) and North Devon (99%). Cities across the UK regions with high White British populations included Swansea (91.5%), Kingston Upon Hull (89.7%), Plymouth (92.2%), Darlington (93.7%), Belfast (96.4% - NI classification "white"),[15] Norwich (84.7%), Liverpool (84.8%) and Chelmsford (90.0%). The highest unitary authority with a White British proportion was Redcar and Cleveland (97.6%) followed by Northumberland (97.2%), Hartlepool and County Durham (both 96.6%). The highest county was Lincolnshire (93%) followed by Nottinghamshire, Norfolk and Worcestershire, all above 92%. Within the London region, Havering had the highest White British percentage with 83.3%, followed by Bromley with 77.4%, Bexley with 77.3% and Richmond upon Thames with 71.4%.[1]

Since the 2011 UK Census was returned, London contained by far the lowest percentage of English and other White British people of all the UK regions, where they made up less than half of the population in 24 of the 32 boroughs, including: Newham (16.7%), Brent (18.0%), Ealing (30.4%), Harrow (30.9%), Tower Hamlets (31.2%), Westminster (35.2%) and Hackney (36.2%). Despite this, the White British population in London was still higher in numbers than the entirety of Wales or Northern Ireland, owing to London's high overall population. The city with the lowest White British population as a percentage was Leicester (45.1%) - also the only city below 50% without counting Westminster - while the lowest for unitary authorities was Slough (34.5%), followed by Luton (44.6%).[1] The local ward with the lowest percentage was Southall Broadway in Ealing (3.5%), followed by Southall Green in Ealing; Green Street East, Green Street West, and East Ham North, all in Newham, which were the only wards below five per cent.

White British population in regions of the UK
United Kingdom NUTS 1 Region's Year
2001[16][17][18] 2011[1][2][5] 2021[19][20]
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Northern Ireland[t 1] 1,670,988 99.1% 1,738,604 97.7% 1,765,971 92.8%
 Scotland 4,832,756 95.4% 4,863,000 91.9%
 Wales 2,786,605 96% 2,855,450 93.2% 2,814,427 90.9%
 England 42,747,136 87% 42,279,236 79.8% 41,540,791 73.5%
North East England 2,425,592 96.4% 2,431,423 93.6% 2,397,557 90.6%
South West England 4,701,602 95.3% 4,855,676 91.8% 5,008,149 87.8%
North West England 6,203,043 92.1% 6,141,069 87.1% 6,019,385 81.2%
Yorkshire and the Humber 4,551,394 91.6% 4,531,137 85.8% 4,431,265 80.9%
East of England 4,927,343 91.4% 4,986,170 85.3% 4,972,149 78.5%
East Midlands 3,807,731 91.2% 3,871,146 85.4% 3,882,390 79.6%
South East England 7,304,678 91.3% 7,358,998 85.2% 7,315,058 78.8%
West Midlands 4,537,892 86.1% 4,434,333 79.2% 4,275,557 71.8%
Greater London 4,287,861 59.7% 3,669,284 44.9% 3,239,281 36.8%
Overall in the United Kingdom:[t 2] 52,728,717

(50,366,497[t 3])

 89.7%

(88.2%)

 52,320,080

(49,997,686[t 4])

 82.8%

(81.5%)
  1. ↑ Figure includes all those who identified with British/Irish/Welsh/English/Scottish and Northern Irish and is White.
  2. ↑ Figure not in bracket includes White Irish figures, to make Great Britain data and Northern Ireland data comparable over time due to different reporting measures.
  3. ↑ Excluding Northern Irish figures entirely, only including those for White British in Great Britain
  4. ↑ Excluding Northern Irish figures entirely, only including those for White British in Great Britain

Population by local authority

Local Authority District (England and Wales) 2021[21]
Total  %
Allerdale92,98196.7
Copeland64,85196.7
Staffordshire Moorlands92,56796.6
Redcar and Cleveland131,78996.5
Isle of Anglesey66,33996.3
Caerphilly169,35696.2
Northumberland308,01596.1
Torridge65,45296.1
Barrow-in-Furness64,48595.7
North East Derbyshire97,65795.7
Wyre107,17195.7
East Lindsey136,03695.6
North Norfolk98,40395.6
Hambleton86,67895.6
Blaenau Gwent63,99095.6
Derbyshire Dales68,32695.5
Torfaen87,87395.2
Rhondda Cynon Taf226,12395.1
Hartlepool87,76195.0
Amber Valley119,93495.0
Ryedale51,96395.0
Neath Port Talbot135,11195.0
Teignbridge127,93794.9
West Devon54,19694.9
Powys126,35794.9
Eden51,89194.8
High Peak86,18394.8
County Durham494,63894.7
Forest of Dean82,40194.7
Pembrokeshire116,81694.7
Bridgend137,75594.7
East Riding of Yorkshire323,83894.6
West Lindsey89,96494.5
Cannock Chase95,01994.5
Denbighshire90,47094.4
North Devon92,94494.3
North Kesteven111,30494.3
Craven53,69094.3
East Devon142,01194.2
South Hams83,48194.2
Monmouthshire87,56694.2
Ribble Valley57,91694.1
Conwy107,92694.1
Maldon62,26894.0
Mid Suffolk96,58194.0
Carmarthenshire176,67394.0
Dorset356,27093.9
Selby86,38093.9
Isle of Wight131,69793.8
South Lakeland97,96093.8
Mid Devon77,69993.8
Rochford80,33993.8
Isles of Scilly1,92693.7
Scarborough101,84893.7
Halton120,30193.6
Cornwall533,88293.6
Broadland123,26593.6
Babergh86,41893.6
St. Helens171,54693.6
Tendring138,60493.5
Shropshire301,91893.3
Bolsover74,85293.3
Malvern Hills74,19793.3
Gwynedd109,54893.3
Merthyr Tydfil54,91693.3
Havant115,73293.2
New Forest163,84793.2
North Warwickshire60,59893.2
Flintshire144,35693.2
Chesterfield96,39293.1
Fylde75,79393.1
East Suffolk229,06393.1
Chorley109,44993.0
South Tyneside137,42993.0
Melton48,06492.9
Sunderland254,65592.9
Fareham106,21292.8
South Ribble103,08992.8
West Lancashire108,99892.8
Carlisle102,00492.7
North East Lincolnshire145,36292.6
Castle Point82,99792.6
Barnsley226,48892.6
Erewash104,40092.5
Gosport75,76392.5
Richmondshire46,02792.5
Wyre Forest93,96192.5
North Tyneside193,30392.5
Stroud111,89692.4
Knowsley142,69892.4
Wirral295,96792.4
South Staffordshire101,83292.2
Torbay128,37592.1
North West Leicestershire96,43092.1
Cotswold83,54592.0
Bassetlaw108,33892.0
Lichfield97,95292.0
Vale of Glamorgan121,37192.0
Ceredigion65,67491.9
Wealden146,96891.8
South Norfolk130,29291.8
Ashfield115,97291.8
Mendip106,60891.8
Wigan302,48291.8
Sefton256,32791.8
Rother85,36291.7
South Somerset158,32591.7
Cheshire West and Chester325,62091.2
Sedgemoor114,34091.2
Herefordshire, County of170,41991.1
Rutland37,37291.0
Newark and Sherwood111,93991.0
Tamworth71,45690.9
Hinckley and Bosworth103,22590.8
Harrogate147,47990.7
Wrexham122,54790.7
Wychavon120,04890.6
East Hampshire113,81490.5
South Kesteven129,74190.5
Somerset West and Taunton142,56090.5
Blackpool127,44590.4
North Somerset195,91590.4
Braintree140,28390.4
Rossendale64,07390.4
Bromsgrove89,67690.4
Stockton-on-Tees177,52690.3
Darlington97,32090.3
Tewkesbury85,72090.3
Dover105,11190.3
Gateshead177,13190.3
Wiltshire459,59490.1
South Derbyshire96,63490.1
Stratford-on-Avon121,33090.1
Chichester111,82290.1
Newcastle-under-Lyme110,94790.0
Stafford123,20390.0
Cheshire East357,33789.6
Plymouth236,80289.5
West Oxfordshire101,64889.0
Lewes88,83088.9
Uttlesford81,24588.9
Great Yarmouth88,66388.9
Adur57,39088.9
King's Lynn and West Norfolk136,96688.8
North Lincolnshire150,55488.7
Breckland125,51688.7
Arun146,17888.7
Swale134,38588.6
Tonbridge and Malling116,78788.3
Rotherham234,61388.3
Wakefield311,63488.2
Warrington185,94088.1
Eastleigh120,24288.1
Winchester112,30488.1
Horsham129,34888.1
Test Valley114,87388.0
Folkestone and Hythe96,59088.0
Lancaster125,55287.8
Harborough85,47487.6
Swansea208,70387.5
York176,96387.3
Thanet122,79687.3
Mansfield96,47587.3
Hart86,41486.9
Waverley111,32186.8
Doncaster266,87986.6
East Cambridgeshire75,89786.5
Rushcliffe102,47986.1
Fenland88,02885.9
South Gloucestershire249,16085.8
South Oxfordshire127,89085.8
Mole Valley74,98385.8
Mid Sussex130,97185.8
Bath and North East Somerset165,47885.6
West Berkshire138,25385.6
Sevenoaks103,11685.6
Gedling100,36785.6
Huntingdonshire154,08985.2
Hastings77,41885.1
Worthing94,68085.0
East Hertfordshire127,24584.7
Broxtowe93,71884.5
South Holland80,24484.4
Tunbridge Wells97,04984.2
Kingston upon Hull, City of223,96283.9
Central Bedfordshire245,76983.5
Tandridge73,34383.5
Stockport245,83183.4
Cheltenham98,93283.3
Vale of White Horse115,51783.2
Chelmsford150,75883.1
Telford and Wrekin153,93683.0
Exeter108,09582.7
Brentwood63,69682.7
Lincoln85,89182.7
Worcester85,86882.7
Calderdale170,98382.7
Ashford109,67382.6
Canterbury129,88782.5
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole329,60982.4
Redditch71,74282.4
Tameside190,30582.4
Dudley266,56482.4
Blaby84,74682.3
West Suffolk147,93582.2
Eastbourne83,46582.1
Basildon154,04582.1
Maidstone144,11482.0
Basingstoke and Deane151,57281.9
Nuneaton and Bedworth109,80781.8
Southend-on-Sea147,44281.6
North Hertfordshire108,29881.3
Colchester155,48880.7
North Northamptonshire289,27480.5
Newport128,24580.4
South Cambridgeshire128,98579.6
Hyndburn65,47179.6
Middlesbrough114,42179.5
Dacorum122,10778.7
Stoke-on-Trent202,90678.5
Medway218,95378.3
East Staffordshire97,01978.2
Bury151,52878.2
Gloucester103,31778.0
Burnley73,75277.9
Charnwood143,34577.9
Cherwell125,42277.9
Surrey Heath70,47377.9
Solihull168,39877.9
Bracknell Forest96,95077.8
Portsmouth161,66477.7
Norwich111,62377.6
Guildford111,07677.3
Liverpool375,78577.3
Reigate and Banstead115,94976.9
Warwick112,65075.9
Epping Forest101,99475.6
Stevenage67,39475.3
West Northamptonshire319,50975.1
Rugby85,68474.9
Ipswich104,20874.6
Boston52,54074.5
Sheffield414,69874.5
Newcastle upon Tyne223,56774.5
Swindon173,23174.2
Elmbridge102,86774.1
Salford199,61474.0
Brighton and Hove204,83173.9
Cardiff266,53373.6
St Albans108,96273.5
Leeds595,73773.4
Harlow67,99372.9
Wokingham129,08772.7
Buckinghamshire401,48972.6
Runnymede63,96572.6
Trafford169,55072.1
Bristol, City of338,45271.6
Rushmoor70,91771.1
Kirklees305,57970.5
Rochdale156,66970.0
Epsom and Ewell56,13669.4
Spelthorne71,26169.2
Windsor and Maidenhead105,99169.1
Bolton203,48668.8
Broxbourne67,89168.6
Gravesham73,03068.3
Southampton169,48168.1
Three Rivers63,70667.9
Walsall191,52967.4
Dartford78,55767.3
Woking69,91167.3
Welwyn Hatfield80,55167.2
Bromley219,49366.5
Havering174,23266.5
Derby173,07766.2
Thurrock116,43066.2
Pendle63,32066.1
Preston97,71566.1
Oldham157,91465.2
Bexley158,84264.4
Bedford118,77964.1
Hertsmere68,03263.1
Richmond upon Thames123,09363.0
Milton Keynes178,56862.2
Crawley73,17861.8
Oadby and Wigston34,51259.8
Peterborough128,35359.5
Nottingham185,58057.3
Sutton120,01457.2
Blackburn with Darwen87,99756.9
Bradford309,91256.7
Coventry190,88955.3
Wolverhampton144,30354.7
Kingston upon Thames90,28853.7
Reading93,16753.5
Oxford86,67253.5
Cambridge77,19553.0
Sandwell177,92952.1
Manchester268,57248.7
Wandsworth157,04848.0
Watford46,82045.8
Birmingham491,21142.9
City of London3,64942.5
Greenwich119,66541.4
Merton88,67341.2
Islington86,09239.7
Hammersmith and Fulham70,10538.3
Lambeth119,39537.6
Croydon146,26837.4
Lewisham111,72637.2
Hillingdon113,37737.1
Barnet140,77736.2
Southwark109,25335.5
Camden74,34835.4
Waltham Forest94,76634.0
Hackney87,92733.9
Leicester122,39533.2
Kensington and Chelsea46,88332.7
Haringey84,29831.9
Luton71,53231.8
Enfield103,14031.3
Barking and Dagenham67,55030.9
Hounslow81,93328.4
Westminster57,16228.0
Ealing89,26524.3
Slough38,10124.0
Redbridge71,84423.2
Tower Hamlets71,17722.9
Harrow53,56720.5
Brent51,61115.2
Newham51,81914.8
Total
44,355,218 74.4%

Population in metropolitan counties

Population in city districts

Population in school children

White British percentage of the under 16 population
White British school children within England for the school year of 2021/2022
Proportion of White British school children in England
Ethnic group School year[22]
2021/2022
Number %
White: Total 6,011,045 71.4%
White: British 5,379,748 63.9%

Population in births

Proportion of White British births in England and Wales[23]
Ethnic Group Year
2005[24] 2011 2015 2019
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 451,514 69.5%

(80.3%)

 536,021 74.49% 507,829 72.29% 452,248 70.67%
White: British 418,052 64.4%

(75.2%[fn 1])

 476,328 66.19% 432,114 62.05% 374,056 58.45%
Not Stated 70,303 10.8% 22,848 3.17% 22,041 3.16% 25,578 4.00%

Economic status and education

According to official UK Government figures from 2016, the employment rate for White British people stood at 75%, with the overall employment rate in the UK standing at 74%.[25] UK Government figures also demonstrate that 31% of White British people work in professional and managerial occupations, higher than the Mixed (30%), Pakistani/Bangladeshi (27%) and Black (25%) groups, but lower than the Indian ethnic group (43%).[26]

At GCSE level, official UK Government statistics state that 63% of White British pupils attained A* to C grades in English and Mathematics in the 2015–16 academic year, higher than Black Caribbean (51%) and Pakistani (58%) pupils, but lower than Bangladeshi (67%), Indian (77%) and Chinese (83%) pupils.[27] According to a report by the Sutton Trust, "White working class pupils achieve the lowest grades at GCSE of any main ethnic group, with just a quarter of boys and a third of girls achieving 5 good GCSEs."[28] At A-Level, in the 2015–16 academic year, 11% of White British pupils achieved at least 3 'A' grades at A-Level; the only major ethnic groups to achieve the same benchmark at a higher rate were Indian (14%) and Chinese (24%) pupils.[29]

According to Department for Education statistics for the 2020-21 academic year, White British pupils attained slightly below the national average for academic performance at both A-Level and GCSE. 25.9% of White British pupils achieved at least 3 As at A Level[30] and an average score of 50.2 was achieved in Attainment 8 scoring at GCSE level.[31] White British pupils eligible for free school meals, a measurement of socioeconomic status, are found to be the largest disadvantaged group in education across the early years, GCSE performance and access to higher education.[32] Since 2007, out of all ethnicities aged 18 years old who have received a state education, white pupils have had the lowest rate of entry into higher education and have also seen the lowest rate of increase, from 21.8% in 2007 to 33.3% in 2021. For comparison, 72.1% of Chinese pupils and 48.6% of Black pupils gained a higher education place in the same year.[33]

Religion

Statistically, White British are more likely to be Christian than other ethnic-based classifications. According to the 2011 UK Census, White British are 64% Christian in England and Wales, mostly Anglican in England, while the percentage for all groups is about 59%. The percentage of White British who are Christians is lower in Scotland, at 55% (mainly Presbyterian there), whereas at least 54% of all Scots are Christian. The British country with the highest percentage is Northern Ireland, where white people are 94% Christian, while 93% of all usual residents are. About 27% of the White British population in England and Wales, and 36% in Scotland reported having "no religion". In Northern Ireland, the lowest percentage of white people who reported "no religion" in the census is about 5%. The 27% and 36% per cent figures for "no religion" are about the same for all groups. About 7% of the White British in England and Wales, and Scotland declined to state any religion.[35][36][37]

Religion England and Wales
2001[38] 2011[35] 2021[39]
Number % Number % Number %
Christianity 34,576,389 75.9% 28,738,688 63.7% 21,747,631 49.0%
No religion 7,033,407 15.4% 12,624,325 28% 19,480,022 43.9%
Judaism 218,324 0.5% 202,600 0.4% 181,738 0.4%
Islam 63,042 0.1% 77,272 0.2% 90,939 0.2%
Buddhism 50,408 0.1% 72,423 0.2% 74,908 0.2%
Hinduism 5,820 0.0% 6,909 0.0% 5,145 0.0%
Sikhism 6,192 0.0% 5,417 0.0% 2,616 0.0%
Not Stated 3,471,290 7.6% 3,238,911 7.2% 2,575,113 5.8%
Other religions 108,869 0.2% 168,141 0.4% 196,926 0.4%
Total 45,533,741 100% 45,134,686 100% 44,355,038 100%

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Report states that births in which no ethnicity was stated were usually White British. If assumptions about all non-stated births are actually White British, the percentage of the group rises to 75.2% of births in 2005 and 80.3% White overall.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 United Kingdom census (2021). "Table KS201EW - Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 United Kingdom census (2011). "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011 Scotlands Census published 30 September 2013" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  3. ↑ "Ethnic Group - 5 Categories by National Identity - 17 Categories | NISRA Flexible Table Builder". build.nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  4. ↑ Ethnic group by religion Office for National Statistics. 28 March 2023. Retrieved on 28 March 2023.
  5. 1 2 United Kingdom census (2011). "Table DC2206NI - National Identity (Classification 1) by Ethnic Group". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  6. ↑ 2011-2001 Census questionnaire comparability, Office for National Statistics, Accessed 28 December 2012
  7. ↑ Census 2011 Wales Household Questionnaire 2011, Accessed 28 December 2012
  8. ↑ Scotland's Census 2011 Household Questionnaire 2011 Archived 19 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 28 December 2012
  9. ↑ NISRA 2011 census Questionnaire Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 28 December 2012
  10. ↑ "People urged to say they are 'Cornish' on census". BBC News. 21 March 2011.
  11. ↑ "2006 local govt abstracts". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  12. ↑ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table CT0476 - Sex by age by country of birth by ethnic group - England and Wales". Office of National Statistics.
  13. ↑ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table DC2101SC - Ethnic group by sex by age". National Records of Scotland.
  14. ↑ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table CT0392NI - Country of birth by ethnic group by age by sex". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
  15. ↑ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table DC2201NI - Country of birth by ethnic group". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  16. ↑ "Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report". www.gov.scot. 2001. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  17. ↑ "Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service". 2001.
  18. ↑ "Key Statistics in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 2001. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  19. ↑ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  20. ↑ "Ethnic Group - 5 Categories by National Identity - 17 Categories". build.nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  21. ↑ "Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics".
  22. ↑ "Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  23. ↑ "Births and infant mortality by ethnicity, England and Wales". Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  24. ↑ "Birthweight and gestational age by ethnic group, England and Wales 2005: introducing new data on births" (PDF). 15 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  25. ↑ UK Government, "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Employment" Archived 21 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ↑ UK Government, "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, pay and benefits: Employment by Occupation" Archived 20 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ UK Government, "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: A* to C in English and Maths GCSE attainment for children aged 14 to 16 (Key Stage 4)" Archived 21 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 17 July 2018.
  28. ↑ The Sutton Trust, "White working class boys have lowest GCSE Grades as disadvantaged Bangladeshi, African and Chinese pupils show dramatically improved results", 10 November 2016. Accessed 17 July 2018.
  29. ↑ UK Government, "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Education, skills and training: Students aged 16 to 18 achieving 3 A grades or better at A Level" Archived 21 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 17 July 2018.
  30. 1 2 "Students getting 3 A grades or better at A level". gov.uk. Department for Education. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  31. 1 2 "GCSE results (Attainment 8)". gov.uk. Department for Education. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  32. ↑ "'Forgotten' White working-class pupils let down by decades of neglect, MPs say". committees.parliament.uk. Education Select Committee. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  33. ↑ "Ethnicity facts and figures: Entry rates into higher education". service.gov.uk. Universities and Colleges Admissions Service. 9 March 2022.
  34. ↑ "GCSE English and maths results". gov.uk. Department for Education. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  35. 1 2 United Kingdom census (2011). "Table DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 January 2016. Size: 21 Kb.
  36. ↑ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table DC2201SC - Ethnic group by religion". National Records of Scotland.
  37. ↑ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table DC2248NI - Ethnicity and religion or religion brought up in". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
  38. ↑ "ST104 - Ethnic group by religion - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  39. ↑ "Ethnic group by religion - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
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