Jali at Ajitnath Jain Temple, 11th century Gujarat
A jali is typically open but this example of a 17th Century Jali from the last Mughal period was owned by a wealthy merchant and probably placed with the external portal. So the impression is friendly and inviting as the inside of the palace, but secure to outside world. The Iris pattern at the top is a departure from the earlier geometry and indicates a Persian influence.

Jali panels in Rajput style, Hawa Mahal, Jaipur
Jali screens in the tomb of Akbar the Great near Agra, India

A jali or jaali (jālī, meaning "net") is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy, geometry or natural patterns. This form of architectural decoration is common in Indo-Islamic architecture and more generally in Indian architecture.[1] It is closely related to mashrabiya in Islamic architecture.[2]

According to Yatin Pandya, the jali allows light and air while minimizing the sun and the rain, as well as providing cooling through passive ventilation.[3]> The holes are often nearly of the same width or smaller than the thickness of the stone, thus providing structural strength. It has been observed that humid areas like Kerala and Konkan have larger holes with overall lower opacity than compared with the dry climate regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan.[3]

Jalis were architectural elements and designed to interlock with repeated patterns. This detail shows the relative thickness and sandstone carving. Late 17th century Mughal.

With the widespread use of glass in the late 19th century, and compactness of the residential areas in the modern India, jalis became less frequent for privacy and security matters.[4] In the 21st century, it has gained popularity again as a low-energy building solution for the environmental footprint of energy use by buildings.[2]

History

The earliest sanctuaries in India, dedicated to Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, were often dimly lit and confined, resembling natural caves. Worshippers gathered in front of the sanctuaries' doorways for prayers and offerings. To control the harsh daylight entering the temples, screens known as "jalis" were used to filter and soften the light, encouraging devotion and directing attention to the sacred images. The tradition of using jalis persisted in later Indian architecture, including Hindu and Jain temples. Over time, the designs of jalis evolved, incorporating geometric and naturalistic patterns. With the advent of Islamic architecture in Gujarat, the use of jalis expanded and became a prominent feature in mosques and tombs, following the same symbolic importance of light in Islam. The adoption of jalis in Islamic buildings shows a fusion of architectural styles and motifs from Hindu, Jain, and Islamic traditions, largely influenced by the guilds of masons working for patrons across different cultural backgrounds.[5][6]

Early jali work with multiple geometric shapes was built by carving into stone, in geometric patterns, first appearing in the Alai Darwaza of 1305 at Delhi besides the Qutub Minar, while later the Mughals used very finely carved plant-based designs, as at the Taj Mahal. They also often added pietra dura inlay to the surrounds, using marble and semi-precious stones.[1][7]

In the Gwalior fort, near the Urwahi gate, there is a 17 line inscription dated Samvat 1553, mentioning names of some craftsmen and their creations. One of them is Khedu, who was an expert in "Gwaliyai jhilmili" i.e. jali screen crafted in the Gwalior style.[8] The Mughal period tomb of Muhammad Ghaus built in 1565 AD at Gwalior is remarkable for its stone jalis.[9] Many of the Gwalior's 19th century houses used stone jalis. Jalis are used extensively in Gwalior's Usha Kiran Palace Hotel, formerly Scindia's guest house.

Museum collections

Some of the jalis are in major museums in USA and Europe. These include Indianapolis Museum of Art [10] and Metropolitan Museum of Art[11] and Victoria and Albert Museum.[12]

Illustrations

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Lerner 1984, pp. 156–157.
  2. 1 2 Azmi, Feza Tabassum (20 September 2022). "How India's lattice buildings cool without air con". www.bbc.com.
  3. 1 2 Pandya, Yatin (16 October 2011). "Yatin Pandya on 'jaali' as a traditional element". DNA India. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  4. ↑ Satyaprakash Varanashi (30 January 2011). "The multi-functional jaali". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  5. ↑ "Jali by Mapin Publishing - Issuu". issuu.com. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  6. ↑ Jali: Lattice of Divine Light, with Navina Najat Haidar, retrieved 6 August 2023
  7. ↑ Thapar, Bindia (2004). Introduction to Indian architecture. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 9781462906420.
  8. ↑ Hariharnivas Dvidedi, Gwalior ke Tomar, 1976, p. 378-380
  9. ↑ Nonperiodic Octagonal Patterns from a Jali Screen in the Mausoleum of Muhammad Ghaus in Gwalior and Their Periodic Relatives, Emil Makovicky & Nicolette M. Makovicky ,Nexus Network Journal volume 19, pages 101–120 (2017)
  10. ↑ JALI PANEL (INDIA), LATE 19TH CENTURY
  11. ↑ Pierced Window Screen (Jali) early 17th century
  12. ↑ Drawing ca.1882 (made)

Sources

  • Lerner, Martin (1984). "JALI SCREEN". The Flame and the Lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian Art from the Kronos. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 156–157. ISBN 0-87099-401-8. OCLC 10799173.
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