Koopmans-de Wet House
    Koopmans-de Wet House in 2011
    Koopmans-de Wet House is located in Cape Town
    Koopmans-de Wet House
    Location within Cape Town
    Established10 March 1914 (10 March 1914)
    Location35 Strand Street,
    8001 Cape Town, South Africa
    Coordinates33°55′15″S 18°25′17″E / 33.920941°S 18.421291°E / -33.920941; 18.421291
    TypeHistoric site, Museum
    AccreditationIziko Museums
    Public transit accessBus: MyCiTi 105, 101
    Websiteiziko.org.za (archived)
    Built1701–1793
    ArchitectureNeoclassical

    Koopmans-de Wet House is a former residence and current museum in Strand Street, Cape Town, South Africa. The house became part of the South African Museum in 1913 and was opened to the public on 10 March 1914.[1][2] It was declared a National Monument under National Monuments Council legislation on 1 November 1940.[3] It is the oldest house museum in South Africa.[2]

    Strand Street

    Cape Town in 1785

    Strand Street is one of the oldest and widest streets in Cape Town. Between 1664 and 1702 Strand Street was spoken of as Zee Straat. A Dutch East India Company (VOC) record of 1704 refers to it as Breete Strand Straat, while another calls it Breete Opgaande Straat no. I. In 1790 the matter was settled and name-boards with Strand Straat affixed to the corner houses.[4]

    For two centuries Strand Street was home to the residences of citizens of the Cape Colony. The first house was occupied on 8 February 1664 by the baker Thomas Christoffel Mulder.[4] Another resident was the wealthy butcher Henning Huysing, who built one of the first two-storeyed houses in the Cape Colony in the street. The Dutch East India Company granted erven (plots) to these employees, who would later play important roles as citizens of the colony. Huysing became a Vryburgher (or Vrijburgher) on 2 January 1684, a status in which an employee of the VOC was released from their contractual obligations to the company and permitted to farm, become a tradesman, or work for others.[5] Ironically, Huysing would be instrumental in getting Willem Adriaan van der Stel, the governor of the Cape Colony, recalled on charges of corruption.[6]

    Strand Street depicted in 1832

    The company had imposed a grid of streets on the settlement, which divided it into blocks. Block J was bordered by Strand Street, Long Street, Castle Street and Burg Street and was divided into 10 erven (plots). Erven 7 and 8, on the Strand Street side, were granted by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel to Reijnier Smedinga in 1699 and 1701 respectively. Erf 8 is the site of the Koopmans-de Wet House.[4]

    Occupants

    The early dwelling, now substantially extended and altered, was built in 1701 by Reijnier Smedinga, silversmith, goldsmith, jeweller and joint assayer to the Dutch East India Company.[7] In 1722, Anthonij Hoesemans, lessee of a Company's wine license, took ownership of the house and erf 8. His enjoyment of the property was brief, for in 1723 the minutes of the Council of Policy at the Cape of Good Hope begin to refer to Claas van Donselaar,[8] a soldier who had been released from his contract on 4 May 1723, as the lessee of the wine license.[9][10] Both Hoesemans and his wife, Rijkje van Donselaar, had died earlier that year.[11][12] Claas van Donselaar was uncle to Rijkje van Donselaar and was made executor of the estate, along with Daniel Thibault and Jan Smit.[13] The property was transferred to Jacob Leever in 1724, to Hendrik van Aarde in 1730, and from him to Willem Pool (c.1744).[2]

    A German carpenter, Johan Fredrik Willem Böttiger, the owner from 1748 to 1771 increased the area of the property and enlarged the house. Böttiger was a Burgher Councillor and is thus distinguished for being a member of the very first town council in South Africa.[4][7]

    Pieter Malet, the owner from 1771 to 1793, and his wife, Catharina Kruins, added to the property by installing the slave-quarters over a coach-house at the back, building a second rear wing and adding uppers stories to both wings. It is also in his time that the current façade was added.[2] When Malet died, Hendrik Vos bought the house from his widow.

    Vos and his wife, Maria Anna Colyn, lived in the house from 1796 to 1806.[2] They had four children while living in there.[14]

    Margaretha Jacoba Smuts, the widow of the president of the Burgher Council, Hendrik Justinus de Wet, acquired the property in 1806. Some time after her husband died in 1802, she had sold their house on the corner of Heerengracht (Adderley Street) and Castle Street and moved with their five children and her stepson.

    De Wet left a large estate, including slaves.[15] Margaretha had retained seven slaves: Jonas van de Caab, a cooper; Citie, his "wife"; Hector and Jacob, their children; Theresia; Kito van Mosambique, a cook; and July, a houseboy. By 1816, ten slaves were registered to the widow Smuts. July is not listed, but the new slaves were: Lafleur, a woodcutter; Lendor, a woodcutter, who in a later document is reported to have died on 31 December 1822; Kado (alias Bejoen), a tailor; Nancy, a girl, aged about 4.[16]

    The brothers Johannes, Fredrick and Petrus de Wet inherited the house after her death in 1840, and Johannes decided to buy the others out. He married Adriana Dorothea Horak, a granddaughter of Martin Melck, and the daughter of Jan Andries Horak, whose ancestor had built the Smedinga house.[4] They had two daughters Maria (Marie) and Margaretha. Marie had been born in the house on 18 March 1834.

    Marie de Wet as a young woman

    Marie de Wet married Johan Koopmans in 1864 and it is this union that gave rise to the current name of the house. The death of Johan Koopmans in 1880, sent Maria into an extended period of mourning, during which she travelled abroad, meeting King William III of the Netherlands. On her return she and her sister lived in Koopmans-de Wet House and turned it into a salon, and a transit point for supplies donated to Boer prisoners of war during the South African War.[17]

    The Sale of 1913

    Marie died on 2 August 1906 and when Margaretha de Wet died on 18 October 1911, the event was anticipated by a group of people interested in the preservation of cultural objects, calling themselves the National Society. Ons Land, a Dutch-language newspaper, had begun the campaign for the preservation of the Koopmans-de Wet House as a historical monument.[1] On 28 October, the National Society weighed in, adding that its content was a treasury of antiques and should be preserved intact. The Municipal Council passed a similar motion on 7 November. Architect Herbert Baker wrote in support from Johannesburg, as did his partner, Frank Masey, from Salisbury.[1]

    The wills of the De Wet sisters were ruled legally impossible to execute and the house (27 Strand Street, now no. 35), with all its content, was to be put up for auction. At the beginning of 1913 influential cultural figures Dora Fairbridge, Edward Roworth, William Frederick Purcell, Major William Jardine, Franklin Kaye Kendall, and Fred Glennie were driving the campaign for government purchase of the Koopmans-de Wet Collection. Florence and her husband, the Randlord Lionel Phillips, threw their considerable influence behind the movement from Johannesburg.

    Under the patronage of Aletta Johanna, Lady de Villiers, wife of Chief Justice John Henry de Villiers, a meeting was held in the Cape Town City Hall Library on 27 January 1913. Chaired by Annie Botha, wife of Louis Botha, the meeting was attended by powerful personalities: Harry Hands (the mayor), J. R. Finch (the Town Clerk), Sir James Rose-Innes, Sir William Thorne, Sir Ernest Kilpin, Olive Schreiner, Dr. F.V. Engelenburg, L. Péringuey (director of the South African Museum), Louis Mansergh, Anna Purcell, Mrs. Marloth (wife of botanist Rudolph Marloth), Dora Fairbridge, Sir Meiring Beck and Mrs. Beaumont Rawbone.

    Lionel Philipps moved that the house and contents be preserved for the nation and that General and Executive Committees be formed to engage in fundraising and other necessary activities. He went so far as to propose the members, with Annie Botha and Dora Fairbridge to chair the committees. Florence Phillips was to serve on both. The Rev. A. I. Steytler seconded the motion in Dutch and the proposal was accepted unanimously.[1]

    To drum up publicity, Olga Racster began contributing a series of articles on the house and its contents to the Cape Times. Mayor Harry Hands sent letters appealing for donations to all municipalities throughout the Union. Most notably, Johannesburg refused.

    On the night of 27 February 1913, Florence Phillips accompanied by Mrs. Grace Douglas Pennant, Mrs. Marloth, and Dr. Purcell, went with Lionel in a deputation to appeal to the Cape Town City Council itself. Lionel and Senator Sir Meiring Beck[18] addressed the council with the result of £1000 being voted (later reduced to £500 by a meeting of ratepayers). Amid bitter political division, the House of Assembly united briefly behind a national issue and allocated £3000 for the purchase of furniture.[1]

    Dr. Purcell, Mr. J. R. Finch, Mr. A. E. F. Gore and Florence Phillips were selected to choose the furniture and objects which were to be retained for the Collection. The painter Edward Roworth, who was in 1941 to be made director of the South African National Gallery, assisted in the selection of the pictures. After inspecting 2089 lots, it was agreed to purchase 356. The General Committee designated Dr. Purcell to bid.[1]

    The sale, conducted by J. J. Hofmeyer & Son, started on 17 March 1913 and was to last ten days. The first eight days took place at the Good Hope Hall, Cape Town; the last two at the house in Strand Street. Viewing only started on 15 March, and viewers were not allowed to touch any of the pieces. A sparse catalogue and less than ideal viewing conditions put the committee, which had been able to inspect at their leisure, at a considerable advantage.[19]

    The sale was controversial. William R. Morrison, an Africana dealer and collector, wrote ten highly critical reports in the Cape Times, and on the evening of the first day the Government allocation of public funds came under heavy attack in the House and had to be defended by Lionel Philips and Abraham Fischer.[1]

    Overvaluations abounded: a brass flower-bowl sold for £8 5s, prompting Morrison to quip that brass is counted among the precious metals in Cape Town. Another brass bowl sold for £9 10s. Bargains included a Louis XVI ormolu box, with mother of pearl lid, and inlaid enamel, by Vervain, sold for 26 shillings. A Louis XV silver cruet, with cut glass bottles and castors sold for £30.[19]

    Dr. Purcell was able to make his allotted purchases. He secured 374 lots, which he estimated to be 21% of the total. There were 69 pieces of furniture, 39 works of copper and brass, 28 pieces of Sheffield plate, 41 silver items, 110 pieces of glass and 196 ceramic articles. The Sheffield plate included the Breda service consisting of 3 branched candelabra, 5 entrée dishes, 4 covered dishes and 2 sauce-tureens. It was bought in London in the 1834 for Michiel van Breda of Oranjezicht, with slave emancipation money. It set the committee back £500 10s.[19]

    The most important silver items were Dutch, of which an engraved konvoor and kettle were notable.[19] Among the glass was a tumbler, engraved with a portrait of Louis XVI, presented by him to a member of the de Lettre family.[19]

    A total of £4032 was realised.[1]

    The Koopmans-de Wet House would be auctioned on 8 April 1913. Lionel Phillips and his committee met in the night of 7 April, to formally resolve to buy the house and then hand it over to the South African Museum. The next day the public Committee bought the house for £2800 and formally donated it, along with Dr. Purcell's purchases, to the State.[1][19]

    The fate of the library

    Dr. Purcell was not the only successful bidder in 1913. William R. Morrison was asked by the Kimberley Library to purchase a number of rare South African books. The Kimberley Public Library Annual Report, submitted at the Annual General Meeting held on 4 March 1914 records that he was "successful in securing at very modest prices a considerable number of excessively rare books for our African collection". Morrison had spent £19 6/6 in total.[20]

    Amongst the rarities acquired were the 21 volumes of Historische Beschryving der Reizen of nieuwe en volkoome Verzameling van de aller waardigste en zeldsaamste zee- en landtogten printed in 1747 by Pieter de Hondt in The Hague. Sebastian Franck's Dat wereltboek, spiegel ende Beeltnisse des gheleelen Aertbodems, in vier boecken (te wetenim Asiam, Africam, Europam ende Americam) gealtelt ende afgedeylt, written in 1531 and published in 1562 and 1563, was sold bound with his Chronica, zytboeck en geschiet bibel van aenbegin tot MDXXXIII, written in 1534.[20]

    Another rarity from the Koopmans-de Wet House library was Abraham Josias Sluysken's handwritten report on the capitulation of the Cape to the British forces under Admiral Sir George Elphinstone on 10 June 1795. This manuscript was later purchased by the Kimberley Public Library (through Morrison) with the aid of a donation by De Beers.[20]

    The fate of the ceramics collection

    Woodward[19] believes Marie Koopmans-de Wet amassed the first important ceramics collection in South Africa. Lady Charlotte Guest, herself a knowledgeable collector of ceramics, visited Marie and Margaretha at home on 10 December 1883 and wrote in her journal of "a great deal of good china".[21]

    The sale of 1913 included 147 pieces of Chinese porcelain, 20 of Japanese porcelain and 29 of Delft and other earthenware. Purcell noted 142 pieces of blue-and-white Chinese porcelain of a type exported in quantity from China.

    Nankin porcelain came to the Cape in large quantities and Marie Koopmans-de Wet was a collector. She owned an intact Nankin service, still on display at Koopmans-de Wet House.[19] The sale of 1913 contained 43 lots of Nankin, fetching over £88.[19] Purcell acquired so many that Morrison was to decry the purchases as Kitchen Nankin on the 7th day of sale.[19] For whatever reason, Purcell chose to purchase ceramics typical of the prosperous town house of the early nineteenth century Cape, and not necessarily of the original collection.[19]

    One ceramic piece of major importance was bought in 1913 for £53. It is a bottle shaped vase, enamelled in famille rose with sprays of fruiting peach, bearing the Ch'ien Lung seal mark and of the period.[19]

    First restorations (1913–1914)

    Koopmans-de Wet House in 1920

    Restorations were led by Dr. Purcell, a zoologist and biologist, who brought a scientific rigour to the process, documenting every stage meticulously.

    Having stripped the plaster from the exterior walls, to expose the bricks, Purcell was able to conclude that the house was built in different stages between 1701 and 1793.[4] The Smedinga dwelling would have been one of no more than 150 houses in the Cape Colony. It would have had a low pitched roof thatched with Elegia tectorum (Cape Thatching Reed or Dekriet), the typical examples described by Carl Peter Thunberg being of brick and white-washed.[22]

    Fire being a constant danger, thatched roofs were ordered raised to at least 8 ft. above the ground in 1698. Due to this hazard, along with the wind, flat-roofed dwellings became fashionable at the Cape. The first flat-roofed house in the Cape was erected in 1732; whale oil was used to prevent it from leaking.[4]

    Purcell found lime-concrete on the roof, which would have been quarried on Robben Island.[22] The lime was replaced with boards and bitumen. A number of recent structural additions were also removed.[2]

    Dr. Purcell discovered extensive murals, but was unable to pursue their restoration due to lack of funds. Indeed, funds had been completely depleted by the opening on 10 March 1914, and the mayor, John Parker, was moved to appeal for more.[1] Further work would not be done until 1979.[2]

    When Purcell died on 3 October 1919, Florence Phillips contributed £10 toward a memorial tablet, designed by architect Joseph Michael Solomon, with a likeness in bas-relief modelled by Moses Kottler. It was unveiled in January 1922.[1]

    The House and furnishings

    Architectural Drawing by G. E. Pearse (1933)[23]

    The façade of the building speaks of strong Neoclassical influence, with four pilasters, the inner ones topped by a pediment. It dates from slightly before 1793 and has been attributed to the French architect Louis Michel Thibault, although this attribution is unfounded.[24][25] Linscheid[24] argues that Koopmans-de Wet House has the only façade known to carry the proportions of the golden ratio through to every detail.

    Early Cape floors and beams were of Podocarpus wood, but by the time Thunberg visited the Cape (1772–1775) supplies were dwindling and inland stores such as Olifantsbosch and Grootvadersbosch were near exhaustion.[22] Later additions to Cape houses typically have wood imported from Europe or the East Indies, Koopmans-de Wet House having many examples. The portal has a teak and plaster architrave, a shaped teak transom and projecting lantern.[26] Banisters are of teak with stinkwood returns.[26] The ceilings are of teak throughout.[2]

    Drawing room

    Bureau (1750–1760)

    The late 18th century drawing room is furnished with examples of Cape furniture. A bureau cabinet of stinkwood and chestnut (height 252 cm, width 133 cm, depth 70 cm) was made in the Cape of Good Hope (1750–1760) with Cape silver keyplates dating from circa 1800.[25][27]

    There are miniatures above the fireplace depicting unknown persons, but also known Cape personalities: Petrus Borchardus Borcherds, who lived at what was no. 7 Strand Street until 1845,[28] Susanna van der Poel (1743–1840) and Anna Geertruida Wykerd.[2]

    The room includes a convex mirror with gilded frame (1810–1820) in the French Empire style, a sofa from the Cape Orphan Chamber, and a pair of Sheffield plate candelabra in the neoclassical style. The gabled display cabinet of stinkwood contains a service made c.1800 for Rudolph Cloete of Constantia. The Koopmans-de Wet collection has about 50 pieces of this service, of which the rest is at the Alphen Hotel.[19]

    Dining room

    A Cape buffet from 1780 to 1800, with its zinc basin, fold-out leaves and folding shelves stands here. The display cabinet on stand dates from 1775 to 1800 and houses a selection of late 18th and early 19th century silver tableware, including the Van Breda service.[2]

    Lower Hall

    A sedan chair which belonged to Maria Margaretha Horak, Marie Koopmans-de Wet's maternal grandmother, is kept here.[2] The brass chandelier bears the name of Martinus Lourens Smith and dates from c.1780. It is one of a pair made for the Lutheran Church. The other chandelier hangs at Kersefontein.[7]

    Small sitting room

    A Cape 18th century day-bed and a box of amboyna and ebony, said to have been the shrough box, in which Maria Margaretha Horak kept her burial clothes, can be seen in this room.[2]

    Music room

    The music room with its square piano from around 1830 is notable for its painted friezes and a medallion painted above the fireplace. In one corner stands a stinkwood Cape gabled corner cupboard with silver escutcheon plates.[29] Japanese Imari porcelain garniture is set on top of the cornice.[19]

    Important ceramics in this room include a covered baluster jar which dates from the 17th century, which is one of the earliest pieces in the house.[2] Armorial porcelain, part of a service made between 1740 and 1755,[19] can be viewed in the flat pedimented display cabinet.[29] There are two plates bearing the arms of John White, an Englishman who came to the Cape in 1700. He married into a Dutch family and Batavianized his name to Jan de Wit. He became a prominent Cape citizen and held the position of Burgher Councillor on several occasions. De Wit died in 1755, at the age of 77. The plates might be the earliest examples of armorial porcelain in South Africa.[19]

    The Louis XV settee of Andaman Padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides), possibly of Eastern origin[29] was once used in the Wale Street office of the civil commissioner of the Cape, prior to that in the office of the Council of Policy at the Castle, and presented by Sir Frederic de Waal.[2]

    Morning room and kitchen

    A Batavian-styled ebony and cane armchair (height 88.5 cm, seat height 39 cm, width 57 cm, depth 46 cm) was probably made in the Cape between 1680 and 1700.[27] There is a 19th-century Frisian tail clock or Staartklok from the 19th century.[2]

    A transitional Tulbagh armchair[29] (height 103 cm, seat height 41 cm, width 62 cm, depth 50 cm), with its combination of old and new styles was of Cape origin (1690–1740) is an example of the style that would be typical of the Cape chair in the early 18th century.[27]

    Armoire of stinkwood (1780–1790)

    Main bedroom

    The house contains several armoires, of which Dorothea Fairbridge,[25] believes the finest is a rococo cabinet (height 270 cm, width 220 cm, depth 72 cm) of stinkwood with amboyna. It is gable-topped with flat spaces on which would have been placed blue Nankin or Delftware garnitures. It rests on claw feet and retains its original silver escutcheons and handles by Daniel Heinrich Schmidt, a Cape silversmith. The handles date the cabinet to between 1780 and 1790.[27] This cabinet might be one of three that belonged to Hendrik de Wet at the time of his death in 1802,[27] but it was certainly in its present upstairs bedroom location when Margaretha de Wet died.[25] The armoire, listed in the 1913 sale catalogue as lot 2308, was purchased for £100.[19]

    A pair of rare corner chairs,[25][29] along with the only known illustration of a square corner chair,[27] in the family portrait of merchant Joachim Wernich, his wife Anna Margaretha van Reenen and their daughter (67 x 90 cm; dated 1754), by Peter Willem Regnault,[30] further distinguishes this room. The chairs are of stinkwood and cane with panel-and frame construction, chamfered edges, twist-turned legs and stretchers.[27]

    Second bedroom

    The cheval mirror (1810–1820), in the French Empire style, was reputedly part of the cargo intended for Napoleon Bonaparte's friend, Henri Gatien Bertrand, who stayed with him when he was banished to St. Helena. The islanders prevented the cargo from being off-loaded and sent it on to the Cape, where it was auctioned on the quay and the mirror bought by Marie Koopmans-de Wet's maternal grandfather, Jan Andries Horak.[2]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gutsche, Thelma (1966). No Ordinary Woman: The Life and Times of Florence Philips. Cape Town: Howard Timmins.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "History of Koopmans-de Wet House". Iziko Museums of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
    3. ↑ "Koopmans De Wet House 35 Strand Street Cape Town". South African Heritage Resources Agency. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Picard, Hymen W. J. (1968). Gentleman's Walk: The Romantic Story of Cape Town's Oldest Streets, Lanes and Squares. Cape Town: Struik.
    5. ↑ Robertson, Delia A. "Henningh Hùijsing". Retrieved 11 November 2011.
    6. ↑ Viney, Graham (1987). Colonial houses of South Africa. Cape Town: Struik. ISBN 978-0-947430-05-4.
    7. 1 2 3 Fransen, Hans (2004). The Old Buildings of the Cape. Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-86842-191-6.
    8. ↑ "C. 66, pp. 33–37". Resolutions of the Council of Policy of Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    9. ↑ "C. 67, pp. 77–82". Resolutions of the Council of Policy of Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    10. ↑ "C. 68, pp. 41–50". Resolutions of the Council of Policy of Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    11. ↑ "C. 72, pp. 110–123". Resolutions of the Council of Policy of Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    12. ↑ "MOOC 7/1/3 nos. 61, 72, 73". Inventories of the Orphan Chamber Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa.
    13. ↑ "C. 78, pp. 9–14". Resolutions of the Council of Policy of Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    14. ↑ Unknown. "Maria Anna COLYN". Retrieved 18 November 2011.
    15. ↑ "MOOC 8/23.40 1/2". Inventories of the Orphan Chamber Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Cape Town Archives Repository, South Africa. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    16. ↑ SO 6/34: the Slave Registers, 1816–1834, vol. W
    17. ↑ Barnard, Madeleine (2007). Cape Town Stories: Local Flavours from the Peninsula. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-1-86872-940-1.
    18. ↑ Scully, William Charles (1921). Sir J. H. Meiring Beck: A Memoir. Cape Town: T Maskew Miller. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-116-17613-1.
    19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Woodward, C. S. (1974). Oriental Ceramics at the Cape of Good Hope 1652–1795. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema. ISBN 978-0-86961-056-5.
    20. 1 2 3 Holloway, Rosemary Jean (2009). The History and Development of the Kimberley Africana Library and Its Relationship with the Kimberley Public Library (PDF). Pretoria: University of South Africa.
    21. ↑ Schreiber, Charlotte (1911). Lady Charlotte Schreiber's Journals. London: Johan Lane, the Bodley Head.
    22. 1 2 3 Thunberg, Carl Peter (1986). Travels at the Cape of Good Hope 1772–1775. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society. ISBN 978-0-620-10981-9.
    23. ↑ Pearse, G. E. Eighteenth Century Architecture in South Africa. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema, 1933.
    24. 1 2 Linscheid, Klaus F. (October 1988). "The Use of Golden Proportions" (PDF). Restorica: 12–15. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
    25. 1 2 3 4 5 Fairbridge, Dorothea (1922). Historic Houses of South Africa. Cape Town: Maskew Miller. ISBN 978-1-152-49521-0.
    26. 1 2 Obholzer, Anton (1985). The Cape House and its Interior. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch Museum. ISBN 978-0-620-04258-1.
    27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eliëns, Titus M., ed. (2002). Domestic Interiors at the Cape and Batavia 1602–1795. Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers. ISBN 978-90-400-8715-8.
    28. ↑ Borcherds, Petrus Borchardus (1861). An auto-biographical memoir of Petrus Borchardus Borcherds, Esq. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8369-9135-2.
    29. 1 2 3 4 5 Obholzer, Anton (2004). Cape Antique Furniture: a Comprehensive Pictorial Guide to Cape Furniture. Cape Town: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-939-5.
    30. ↑ Gordon-Brown, Alfred (1975). Pictorial Africana. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-86961-070-1.
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