Ja
Ja
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseJa
TibetanJa
Tamil
ஜ
Thai
ช
Malayalam
ജ
Sinhala
ජ
Ashoka BrahmiJa
DevanagariJa
Cognates
Hebrewז
GreekΖ
LatinZ, Ʒ, ẞ
CyrillicЗ
Properties
Phonemic representation/d͡ʒ/ /t͜ɕʰ/B /s/C /t͜ɕ/D /t͜s/E /z/F
IAST transliterationja Ja
ISCII code pointBA (186)

^B in Thai
^C in Lao
^D in Northern Thai, Tai Khün
^E in Tai Lü
^F in Burmese

Ja is the eighth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ja is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ज are:[1]

  • ज [d͡ʒə] = 8 (८)
  • जि [d͡ʒɪ] = 800 (८००)
  • जु [d͡ʒʊ] = 80,000 (८० ०००)
  • जृ [d͡ʒri] = 8,000,000 (८० ०० ०००)
  • जॢ [d͡ʒlə] = 8×108 (८०८)
  • जे [d͡ʒe] = 8×1010 (८०१०)
  • जै [d͡ʒɛː] = 8×1012 (८०१२)
  • जो [d͡ʒoː] = 8×1014 (८०१४)
  • जौ [d͡ʒɔː] = 8×1016 (८०१६)

Historic Ja

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ja as found in standard Brahmi, Ja was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ja. The Tocharian Ja Ja did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ja, in Kharoshthi (Ja) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ja

The Brahmi letter Ja, Ja, is probably derived from the Aramaic Zayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin Z and Greek Zeta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ja can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ja historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		Girnar
(~150 BCE)		Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		Gujarat
(~250 CE)		Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ja

The Tocharian letter Ja is derived from the Brahmi Ja, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ja with vowel marks
JaJāJiJīJuJūJrJr̄JeJaiJoJauJä

Kharoṣṭhī Ja

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ja is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Zayin , and is thus related to Z and Zeta, in addition to the Brahmi Ja.

Devanagari script

Ja (ज) is the eighth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter જ and Modi letter 𑘕.

Devanagari Jja

Jja (ॼ) is the character ज with an underbar to represent the voiced palatal implosive [ʄ] that occurs in Sindhi. This underbar is distinct from the Devanagari stress sign anudātta. The underbar is fused to the stem of the letter while the anudātta is a stress accent applied to the entire syllable. This underbar used for Sindhi implosives does not exist as a separate character in Unicode. When the ु or ू vowel sign is applied to jja (ॼ), the ु and ू vowel signs are drawn beneath jja. When the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is applied to ja with an anudātta (ज॒), the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is first placed under ja (ज) and then the anudātta is placed underneath the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign.[3]

Character Name उ ( ु) vowel sign ऊ ( ू) vowel sign
ॼ (Implosive ja) ॼु ॼू
ज॒ (Ja with anudātta) जु॒ जू॒

An example of a Sindhi word that uses jja (ॼ) is ॼाण (ڄاڻَ), which is of the feminine grammatical gender and means information or knowledge.[4]

Devanagari Za

Za (ज़) is the character ज with a single dot underneath. It is used in Devanagari transcriptions of Urdu, English, and other languages to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z]. Za (ज़) should not be confused with ža (झ़), which is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta, and is used to transcribe the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ] from Urdu (ژ) and English. Za (ज़) should also not be confused zha (ॹ), which is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ].

Devanagari Zha

Zha (ॹ) is the character ज with three dots underneath. It is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced palatal fricative [ʝ]. An example of its usage is in Kavasji Edulji Kanga's Avesta, yazna 41.3 to write ईॹीम्.[5] Zha (ॹ) should not be confused with za (ज़), which is used to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z] from Urdu, English, and other languages. Zha (ॹ) should also not be confused with ža (झ़), which is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta, and is used to transcribe the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ] from Urdu (ژ) and English.

Devanagari-using Languages

In many languages, ज is pronounced as [d͡ʒə] or [d͡ʒ] when appropriate. In Marathi, ज is sometimes pronounced as [d͡zə] or [d͡z] in addition to [d͡ʒə] or [d͡ʒ]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ज with vowel marks
JaJāJiJīJuJūJrJr̄JlJl̄JeJaiJoJauJ
ज जा जि जी जु जू जृ जॄ जॢ जॣ जे जै जो जौ ज्

Conjuncts with ज

Half form of Ja.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[6]

Ligature conjuncts of ज

Jja half form

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha. The conjunct jja also has a unique half form that differs from the regular conjunct.

  • Repha र् (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature र्ज (rja): note

  • Eyelash र् (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

  • ज् (j) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ज्र (jra):

  • ज् (j) + न (na) gives the ligature ज्न (jna):

  • ज् (j) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ज्ज (jja):

  • ज् (j) + ज् (j) + व (va) gives the ligature ज्ज्व (jjva):

  • ज् (j) + ज् (j) + य (ya) gives the ligature ज्ज्य (jjya):

Devanagari Jña

Jña half form

One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct jña ज्ञ. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.

  • ज् (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ज्ञ (jña):

  • Repha र् (r) + ज् (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature र्ज्ञ (rjña):

  • Eyelash र् (r) + ज् (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

  • भ् (bh) + ज् (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature भ्ज्ञ (bhjña):

  • ब् (b) + ज् (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ब्ज्ञ (bjña):

  • छ् (ch) + ज् (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature छ्ज्ञ (chjña):

  • च্ (c) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cjña:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍʱjña:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍjña:

  • द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ɡʱjña:

  • ग্ (g) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature gjña:

  • ह্ (h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hjña:

  • ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jjña:

  • झ্ (jh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jhjña:

  • ख্ (kh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature khjña:

  • क্ (k) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kjña:

  • ल্ (l) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ljña:

  • म্ (m) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mjña:

  • न্ (n) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature njña:

  • ञ্ (ñ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ñjña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:

  • फ্ (ph) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature phjña:

  • प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:

  • स্ (s) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature sjña:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣjña:

  • थ্ (th) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature thjña:

  • त্ (t) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature tjña:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭhjña:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭjña:

  • व্ (v) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature vjña:

  • य্ (y) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature yjña:

Stacked conjuncts of ज

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • भ্ (bh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bhja:

  • ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:

  • छ্ (ch) + ज (ja) gives the ligature chja:

  • च্ (c) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cja:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍʱja:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍja:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dʱja:

  • द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ɡʱja:

  • ग্ (g) + ज (ja) gives the ligature gja:

  • ह্ (h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature hja:

  • ज্ (j) + च (ca) gives the ligature jca:

  • ज্ (j) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jḍa:

  • झ্ (jh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature jhja:

  • ज্ (j) + ल (la) gives the ligature jla:

  • ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:

  • ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

  • ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:

  • ख্ (kh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature khja:

  • क্ (k) + ज (ja) gives the ligature kja:

  • ल্ (l) + ज (ja) gives the ligature lja:

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḷja:

  • म্ (m) + ज (ja) gives the ligature mja:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:

  • न্ (n) + ज (ja) gives the ligature nja:

  • ञ্ (ñ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

  • फ্ (ph) + ज (ja) gives the ligature phja:

  • प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:

  • स্ (s) + ज (ja) gives the ligature sja:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṣja:

  • त্ (t) + ज (ja) gives the ligature tja:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭhja:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭja:

  • व্ (v) + ज (ja) gives the ligature vja:

  • य্ (y) + ज (ja) gives the ligature yja:

Bengali script

The Bengali script জ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ज. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter জ will sometimes be transliterated as "jo" instead of "ja". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d͡ʒo/. Like all Indic consonants, জ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali জ with vowel marks
jajājijījujūjrjr̄jejaijojauj
জ জা জি জী জু জূ জৃ জৄ জে জৈ জো জৌ জ্

জ in Bengali-using languages

জ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with জ

Bengali জ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[7]

  • ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:

  • জ্ (j) + জ (ja) gives the ligature jja:

  • জ্ (j) + ঝ (jha) gives the ligature jjha:

  • জ্ (j) + জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jjva, with the va phala suffix:

  • জ্ (j) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

  • জ্ (j) + র (ra) gives the ligature jra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jva, with the va phala suffix:

  • জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature jya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঞ (ñ) + জ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

  • র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ja

Gujarati Ja.

Ja (જ) is the eighth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is possibly derived from a variant of 16th century Devanagari Ja Ja with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ja. When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ja may assume unique forms, such as જા, જી, and જો.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, જ is pronounced as [jə] or [j] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

JaJāJiJīJuJūJrJlJr̄Jl̄JĕJeJaiJŏJoJauJ
Gujarati Ja syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Za (જ઼) is the character Ja (જ) with a single dot underneath. It corresponds to the Devanagari character Za (ज़). It is also used in Gujarati transcriptions of Avestan (𐬰),[8][9][10] Urdu (ژ), English, and other languages to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z]. Zha (ૹ) is the character Ja (જ) with three dots underneath. It is used in Gujarati transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced palatal fricative [ʒ] and is analogous to the Devanagari character zha (ॹ).[8][9] Zha (ૹ) was added to the Unicode Standard as a single character ljust like the Devanagari character zha (ॹ) with Unicode 8.0 on 17 June 2015.[10][11] An example of a word in the Gujarati script the uses zha (ૹ) is ચીૹ્દી.[12]

Conjuncts with જ

Gujarati જ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ja does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, X will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa:

  • જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa:

  • જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature JÑa:

  • ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa:

  • જ (ja) + ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa:

Gurmukhi script

Jajjaa [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ] (ਜ) is the thirteenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ] and is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ja, and ultimately from the Brahmi ja. Gurmukhi jajaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /d͡ʒ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Jajje vicc bindi

A dot added below Jajja (ਜ਼) denotes that it has to be pronounced as the voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

Telugu Ja

Telugu Ja
Telugu subjoined Ja
Telugu independent and subjoined Ja.

Ja (జ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter J. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಜ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, జ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ja

Malayalam letter Ja

Ja (ജ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter J, via the Grantha letter Ja Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ja matras: Ja, Jā, Ji, Jī, Ju, Jū, Jr̥, Jr̥̄, Jl̥, Jl̥̄, Je, Jē, Jai, Jo, Jō, Jau, and J.

Conjuncts of ജ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ജ് (j) + ജ (ja) gives the ligature jja:

  • ഞ് (ñ) + ജ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

  • ജ് (j) + ഞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ce

ᒉ, ᒋ, ᒍ and ᒐ are the base characters "Ce", "Ci", "Co" and "Ca" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒡ (C) is a small version of the A-series letter ᒐ, although the Western Cree letter ᐨ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for C. The character ᒉ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ज, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[13][14] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
C + vowel ᒉᒋᒍᒐ
CeCiCoCa
Small -ᣗᒢᒡᐨ
-Ojibway CSayisi ThCCree C
C with long vowels -ᒌᒎᒏᒑᒊ
-CīCōCree CōCāCāi
C + W- vowels ᒒᒓᒔᒕᒘᒙᒜᒝ
CweCree CweCwiCree CwiCwoCree CwoCwaCree Cwa
C + W- long vowels -ᒖᒗᒚᒛᒞᒠᒟ-
-CwīCree CwīCwōCree CwōCwāNaskapi CwāCree Cwā-

Odia Ja

Odia independent letter Ja
Odia subjoined letter Ja
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ja.

Ja (ଜ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter J, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ja Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ja with vowel matras
JaJāJiJīJuJūJr̥Jr̥̄Jl̥Jl̥̄JeJaiJoJauJ
ଜଜାଜିଜୀଜୁଜୂଜୃଜୄଜୢଜୣଜେଜୈଜୋଜୌଜ୍

Conjuncts of ଜ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଜ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

  • ଜ୍ (j) + ଞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

Kaithi Ja

Kaithi consonant Ja
Kaithi half-form letter Ja
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ja.

Ja (𑂔) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter J, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ja Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ja with vowel matras
JaJāJiJīJuJūJeJaiJoJauJ
𑂔𑂔𑂰𑂔𑂱𑂔𑂲𑂔𑂳𑂔𑂴𑂔𑂵𑂔𑂶𑂔𑂷𑂔𑂸𑂔𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂔

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂔୍ (j) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature jra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂔 (ja) gives the ligature rja:

Khmer Co

ជ ្ជ
IndependentSubscript
Khmer independent and subjoined letter Co.

Co (ជ) is a consonant of the Khmer abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Pallava letter Va Va. Like in other Indic scripts, Khmer consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel. Actually, the sounds of the vowels are modified by the consonant; see the article on the Khmer writing system for details.

Khmer Co with vowel matras
JaJāJiJī JuJūJr̥Jr̥̄ Jl̥Jl̥̄JeJai JoJau JẏJȳJuaJoe JẏaJiaJae JàJ
ជជា ជិជី ជុជូ ជ្ឫជ្ឬ ជ្ឭជ្ឮ ជេជៃ ជោជៅ ជឹជឺ ជួជើ ជឿជៀ ជែជៈជ៑

Note: The vowels (other than vocalic liquids) are shown using the ALA-LC scheme.[15]

Pali and Sanskrit are written as abugidas with the lack of a vowel between consonants notated as consonants indicated by vertically stacking the consonants without their touching. For phonetically final consonants, the lack of a vowel is marked by virama.

The Khmer language works the same, except that a different method is used for the last consonant of a word. The final consonant in a consonant stack is indicated as having no implicit vowel by applying tôndôkhéad to it. By default, a consonant surmounted by robat is silent and lacks an inherent vowel. The yŭkôlpĭntŭ positively indicates the presence of a final implicit vowel, plus its automatic glottal stop. Otherwise, there is no final vowel, unless the word is of Pali or Sanskrit origin, in which case the spelling is ambiguous. Up until the start of the 20th century, the lack of a final vowel could be indicating by subscripting the consonant, as then done in Lao and in other non-Indic languages using the Tai Tham script.

Thai script

Cho chang (ช) and so so (ซ) are the tenth and eleventh letters of the Thai script. They fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

Cho chang

In IPA, cho chang is pronounced as [tɕh] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. The previous letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho, however, it falls under the high class of Thai consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chang (ช้าง) means 'elephant'. Cho chang corresponds to the Sanskrit character 'ज'.

So so

In IPA, so so is pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. In the acrophony of the Thai script, so (โซ่) means 'chain'. Old Thai had the voiced fricative sound /z/. When the Thai script was developed, cho chang was slightly modified to create distinct letter for /z/. In modern Thai, the voicing of /z/ became lost and thus is now pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable.

Lao Script

So tam (ຊ) and Pali jha (ຌ) are the eighth and ninth consonants of the Pali alphabet in the Lao script. Unlike many Indic scripts, Lao consonants mostly do not form conjunct ligatures, and may use the Pali virama —an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

So tam

In IPA, so tam was originally pronounced as [dʑ] at the beginning of a syllable. The next consonant in the Pali alphabet, jha, was oriɡinally nominally pronounced as [dʑɦ].

Pali jha

When the precursor of the Lao script was beinɡ developed, so tam was modified to create a consonant to represent the sound /z/ in the vernacular, and this was ordered after so tam in the alphabet. This also happened in the Tai Tham script, the script used for Pali texts. As a result of sound chanɡes, all three of so tam, its successor for the vernacular, and its successor in Pali came to be pronounced /s/, thouɡh so tam remained distinct in the reɡional centre, Chianɡ Mai. The two successors came to be confused, and so when the Pali-writinɡ capability of the Lao script was restored in the 1930s, the glyph chosen for Pali Jha was actually that proper to the vernacular successor. Meanwhile, the modified character had become redundant in the vernacular.


Javanese script

Tai Tham Script

Tai Tham independent letter Low ca (ᨩ)
Tai Tham subscript letter Low ca (◌᩠ᨩ)
Tai Tham independent letter Low Sa (ᨪ)
Northern Thai independent (ᨩ) and subjoined Low Ca (◌᩠ᨩ) and Low Sa (ᨪ).
Tai Tham independent letter Low ca (ᨩ)
Tai Tham subscript letter Low ca (◌᩠ᨩ)
Tai Tham independent letter Low Sa (ᨪ)
Tai Khün independent (ᨩ) and subjoined Low Ca (◌᩠ᨩ) and Low Sa (ᨪ).

Low Ca (ᨩ) is a consonant of the Tai Tham abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Pallava letter Ja Ja. The Tai Tham script was originally used to write Pali (the name 'Tham' is a local form of dharma), and faced the same limitations in writing Tai languages as Khmer had. The Thai solutions were adopted, with consonants being systematically modified by the addition of a tail to supply new consonants, mostly for fricatives. Low Ca was modified, yielding Low Sa. Both consonants are low consonants in the Tai alphabets. The two sounds, /dʑ/ and /z/, subsequently merɡed in Lao as /s/, and Low Sa is absent from the Lao variant of Tai Tham. The other Tai languages keep them separate, as /tɕ/ or /ts/ and /s/.

There is considerable variation in the basic shape of this character; the two pieces typical of Northern Thai shapes join in Tai Khün, Tai Lü and Lao designs.

Low Ca

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

Tai Tham Low Ca with vowel matras
Syllable typejajājijījưjư̄jujūjējǣjō
Closed or open ᨩᨩᩣ ᨩᩥᨩᩦ ᨩᩧᨩᩨ ᨩᩩᨩᩪ ᨩᩮᨩᩯ ᨩᩮᩣ
jaijaưjaujō̹i
Open ᨩᩱᨩᩲ ᨩᩮᩢᩣᨩᩮᩫᩢᩣ ᨩᩮᩫᩣᨩᩳ ᨩᩭ
jojajōjœ̄jō̹jo̹
Open ᨩᩰᩡᨩᩡ ᨩᩰ ᨩᩮᩬᩥᨩᩮᩦ ᨩᩬᩴᨩᩴ ᨩᩬᩳᨩᩳ ᨩᩰᩬᩡᨩᩰᩬ
Closed ᨩᩫᨩᩢ ᨩᩰᩫ ᨩᩮᩥᨩᩮᩦ ᨩᩬ ᨩᩬᩢ
jūajīajư̄a
Open ᨩ᩠ᩅᩫ ᨩ᩠ᨿᩮᨩᩮᩢ᩠ᨿ ᨩᩮᩬᩥᩋ ᨩᩮᩬᩨᩋᨩᩮᩬᩨ
Closed ᨩ᩠ᩅ ᨩ᩠ᨿ ᨩᩮᩬᩥᨩᩮᩬᩨ

Notes:

  1. The transliteration scheme is an amalgamation of the ALA-LC schemes of Khmer[15], Pali[16] and Lao[17].
  2. Many of the matras include subscript wa (), subscript ya (), subscript a () or even the letter a () itself. Anusvara () and visarga () are also used.
  3. In the relevant Tai languages, a short vowel in an open syllable includes an underlyinɡ ɡlottal stop.

Additional short vowels not shown above may be synthesised from the corresponding long vowel by appending visarga for open syllables (as shown for jo) or applying mai sat () for closed syllables (as shown for jo̹). Unlike the other languages, Lao instead replaces an ī or ư̄ glyph by the corresponding short vowel.

The lack of a vowel between consonants notated as consonants is indicated by vertically stacking the consonants, generally without their touching. The Brahmi style of writing final consonants small and low developed, as vestigially seen in Khmer and Lao, into using subscripting to indicate that a consonant had no vowel of its own. In theory this leaves it ambiguous as to whether a consonant precedes or follows the vowel, but ambiguous cases are rare. Finally, if there is no room for the consonant below, it may be left as an 'independent' consonant or. in some cases, written superscript. Occasionally the visible virama (ra haam) is used, but this may signify that the consonant so marked is silent. The vowel /a/ will be made explicit if the final consonant is notated by a letter and is included in the same stack as the initial consonant or is written in a stack just consisting of that consonant.

In writing systems that make use of tall aa, as the initial letter of an akshara the letter is followed by round aa, as shown in the table of matras above, rather than tall aa.

Low Ca can serve as the initial consonant of a stack, and several examples can be seen above. It can also occur as the final element of a consonant stack in words of Indic origin, both in the clusters jja and ñja of Pali words and as the final consonant after apocope of the final vowel. The ligature ñja is not a simple vertical stack - see Ña (Indic)#Tai Tham Ña (forthcoming) for details.

Low Sa

Like in other Indic scripts, Tai Tham consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel.

Tai Tham Low Sa with vowel matras
Syllable typezazāzizīzưzư̄zuzūzēzǣzō
Closed or open ᨪᨪᩣ ᨪᩥᨪᩦ ᨪᩧᨪᩨ ᨪᩩᨪᩪ ᨪᩮᨪᩯ ᨪᩮᩣ
zaizaưzauzō̹i
Open ᨪᩱᨪᩲ ᨪᩮᩢᩣ ᨪᩮᩫᩣᨪᩳ ᨪᩭ
zozazōzœ̄zō̹zo̹
Open ᨪᩰᩡᨪᩡ ᨪᩰ ᨪᩮᩬᩥ ᨪᩬᩴᨪᩴ ᨪᩬᩳᨪᩳ ᨪᩰᩬᩡᨪᩰᩬ
Closed ᨪᩫᨪᩢ ᨪᩰᩫ ᨪᩮᩥ ᨪᩬ ᨪᩬᩢ
zūazīazư̄a
Open ᨪ᩠ᩅᩫ ᨪ᩠ᨿᩮ ᨪᩮᩬᩥᩋ ᨪᩮᩬᩨᩋᨪᩮᩬᩨ
Closed ᨪ᩠ᩅ ᨪ᩠ᨿ ᨪᩮᩬᩥᨪᩮᩬᩨ

Notes:

  1. The transliteration scheme is an amalgamation of the ALA-LC schemes of Khmer[15], Pali[18] and Lao[19].
  2. Many of the matras include subscript wa (), subscript ya (), subscript a () or even the letter a () itself. Anusvara () and visarga () are also used.
  3. In the relevant Tai languages, a short vowel in an open syllable includes an underlyinɡ ɡlottal stop.

This form occurs only as the initial consonant of a syllable. This letter combined in aksharas with the dependent vowel Ā uses round aa, as shown in the table of matras above, rather than tall aa.

Comparison of Ja

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ja, are related as well.

Comparison of Ja in different scripts
Aramaic
Ja
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨗		Ashoka Brahmi
Ja		Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Ja		Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Ja
Gupta Brahmi
Ja		Pallava
Ja
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰕		Siddhaṃ
Ja		Grantha
𑌜		Cham
ꨎ
Sinhala
ජ		Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Ja		Newa
𑐖		Ahom
𑜊		Malayalam
ജ
Telugu
జ		Burmese
ဇ
Lepcha
ᰈ		Ranjana
Ja		Saurashtra
ꢙ		Dives Akuru
𑤓
Kannada
ಜ		Kayah Li
-
Limbu
ᤈ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩣		Khmer
ជ		Tamil
ஜ
Chakma
𑄎		Tai Tham
Ja / Ja
Meitei Mayek
ꯖ		Gaudi
-		Thai
ช / ซ		Lao
ຊ / ຌ
Tai Le
ᥗ
Marchen
𑱸		Tirhuta
𑒖		New Tai Lue
ᦋ / ᦌ		Tai Viet
-		Aksara Kawi
Ja
'Phags-pa
ꡆ		Odia
ଜ		Sharada
𑆘		Rejang
ꤺ		Batak
ᯐ		Buginese
ᨍ
Zanabazar Square
𑨒		Bengali-Assamese
Ja		Takri
𑚑		Javanese
ꦗ		Balinese
ᬚ		Makasar
𑻪
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠑		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮏ		Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘕		Gujarati
જ		Khojki
𑈐		Khudabadi
𑋂		Mahajani
𑅛		Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ja		Nandinagari
𑦵		Kaithi
Ja		Gurmukhi
ਜ		Multani
𑊌		Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
ᒉ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩣		Sylheti Nagari
ꠎ		Gunjala Gondi
𑶀		Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴓		Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ↑ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ↑ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ↑ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ↑ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ↑ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ↑ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ↑ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ↑ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Ja

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ja in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ja from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Previewஜజଜಜജજਜ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER JA BENGALI LETTER JA TAMIL LETTER JA TELUGU LETTER JA ORIYA LETTER JA KANNADA LETTER JA MALAYALAM LETTER JA GUJARATI LETTER JA GURMUKHI LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2332U+091C2460U+099C2972U+0B9C3100U+0C1C2844U+0B1C3228U+0C9C3356U+0D1C2716U+0A9C2588U+0A1C
UTF-8224 164 156E0 A4 9C224 166 156E0 A6 9C224 174 156E0 AE 9C224 176 156E0 B0 9C224 172 156E0 AC 9C224 178 156E0 B2 9C224 180 156E0 B4 9C224 170 156E0 AA 9C224 168 156E0 A8 9C
Numeric character referenceजजজজஜஜజజଜଜಜಜജജજજਜਜ
ISCII186BA186BA186BA186BA186BA186BA186BA186BA186BA


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨗𑌜
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER JA KHAROSHTHI LETTER JA SIDDHAM LETTER JA GRANTHA LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69658U+1101A68119U+10A1771061U+1159570428U+1131C
UTF-8240 145 128 154F0 91 80 9A240 144 168 151F0 90 A8 97240 145 150 149F0 91 96 95240 145 140 156F0 91 8C 9C
UTF-1655300 56346D804 DC1A55298 56855D802 DE1755301 56725D805 DD9555300 57116D804 DF1C
Numeric character reference𑀚𑀚𐨗𐨗𑖕𑖕𑌜𑌜


Character information
Previewྗꡆ𑨒𑐖𑰕𑆘
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER JA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER JA PHAGS-PA LETTER JA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER JA NEWA LETTER JA BHAIKSUKI LETTER JA SHARADA LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3911U+0F473991U+0F9743078U+A84672210U+11A1270678U+1141672725U+11C1570040U+11198
UTF-8224 189 135E0 BD 87224 190 151E0 BE 97234 161 134EA A1 86240 145 168 146F0 91 A8 92240 145 144 150F0 91 90 96240 145 176 149F0 91 B0 95240 145 134 152F0 91 86 98
UTF-1639110F4739910F9743078A84655302 56850D806 DE1255301 56342D805 DC1655303 56341D807 DC1555300 56728D804 DD98
Numeric character referenceཇཇྗྗꡆꡆ𑨒𑨒𑐖𑐖𑰕𑰕𑆘𑆘


Character information
Previewဇᨩᨪᦋᦌ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER JA TAI THAM LETTER LOW CA TAI THAM LETTER LOW SA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TSA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW SA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode4103U+10076697U+1A296698U+1A2A6539U+198B6540U+198C
UTF-8225 128 135E1 80 87225 168 169E1 A8 A9225 168 170E1 A8 AA225 166 139E1 A6 8B225 166 140E1 A6 8C
Numeric character referenceဇဇᨩᨩᨪᨪᦋᦋᦌᦌ


Character information
Previewជຊຌชซ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER CO LAO LETTER SO TAM LAO LETTER PALI JHA THAI CHARACTER CHO CHANG THAI CHARACTER SO SO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6023U+17873722U+0E8A3724U+0E8C3594U+0E0A3595U+0E0B
UTF-8225 158 135E1 9E 87224 186 138E0 BA 8A224 186 140E0 BA 8C224 184 138E0 B8 8A224 184 139E0 B8 8B
Numeric character referenceជជຊຊຌຌชชซซ


Character information
Previewජ𑄎ᥗ𑜊𑤓ꢙꨎ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA JAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER JAA TAI LE LETTER THA AHOM LETTER JA DIVES AKURU LETTER JA SAURASHTRA LETTER JA CHAM LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3490U+0DA269902U+1110E6487U+195771434U+1170A71955U+1191343161U+A89943534U+AA0E
UTF-8224 182 162E0 B6 A2240 145 132 142F0 91 84 8E225 165 151E1 A5 97240 145 156 138F0 91 9C 8A240 145 164 147F0 91 A4 93234 162 153EA A2 99234 168 142EA A8 8E
UTF-1634900DA255300 56590D804 DD0E6487195755301 57098D805 DF0A55302 56595D806 DD1343161A89943534AA0E
Numeric character referenceජජ𑄎𑄎ᥗᥗ𑜊𑜊𑤓𑤓ꢙꢙꨎꨎ


Character information
Preview𑘕𑦵𑩣ꠎ𑶀
Unicode name MODI LETTER JA NANDINAGARI LETTER JA SOYOMBO LETTER JA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER JO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER JA KAITHI LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71189U+1161572117U+119B572291U+11A6343022U+A80E73088U+11D8069780U+11094
UTF-8240 145 152 149F0 91 98 95240 145 166 181F0 91 A6 B5240 145 169 163F0 91 A9 A3234 160 142EA A0 8E240 145 182 128F0 91 B6 80240 145 130 148F0 91 82 94
UTF-1655301 56853D805 DE1555302 56757D806 DDB555302 56931D806 DE6343022A80E55303 56704D807 DD8055300 56468D804 DC94
Numeric character reference𑘕𑘕𑦵𑦵𑩣𑩣ꠎꠎ𑶀𑶀𑂔𑂔


Character information
Preview𑒖ᰈᤈꯖ𑱸
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER JA LEPCHA LETTER JA LIMBU LETTER JA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER JIL MARCHEN LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70806U+114967176U+1C086408U+190843990U+ABD672824U+11C78
UTF-8240 145 146 150F0 91 92 96225 176 136E1 B0 88225 164 136E1 A4 88234 175 150EA AF 96240 145 177 184F0 91 B1 B8
UTF-1655301 56470D805 DC9671761C086408190843990ABD655303 56440D807 DC78
Numeric character reference𑒖𑒖ᰈᰈᤈᤈꯖꯖ𑱸𑱸


Character information
Preview𑚑𑠑𑈐𑋂𑅛𑊌
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER JA DOGRA LETTER JA KHOJKI LETTER JA KHUDAWADI LETTER JA MAHAJANI LETTER JA MULTANI LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71313U+1169171697U+1181170160U+1121070338U+112C269979U+1115B70284U+1128C
UTF-8240 145 154 145F0 91 9A 91240 145 160 145F0 91 A0 91240 145 136 144F0 91 88 90240 145 139 130F0 91 8B 82240 145 133 155F0 91 85 9B240 145 138 140F0 91 8A 8C
UTF-1655301 56977D805 DE9155302 56337D806 DC1155300 56848D804 DE1055300 57026D804 DEC255300 56667D804 DD5B55300 56972D804 DE8C
Numeric character reference𑚑𑚑𑠑𑠑𑈐𑈐𑋂𑋂𑅛𑅛𑊌𑊌


Character information
Previewᬚᯐᨍꦗ𑻪ꤺᮏ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER JA BATAK LETTER JA BUGINESE LETTER JA JAVANESE LETTER JA MAKASAR LETTER JA REJANG LETTER JA SUNDANESE LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6938U+1B1A7120U+1BD06669U+1A0D43415U+A99773450U+11EEA43322U+A93A7055U+1B8F
UTF-8225 172 154E1 AC 9A225 175 144E1 AF 90225 168 141E1 A8 8D234 166 151EA A6 97240 145 187 170F0 91 BB AA234 164 186EA A4 BA225 174 143E1 AE 8F
UTF-1669381B1A71201BD066691A0D43415A99755303 57066D807 DEEA43322A93A70551B8F
Numeric character referenceᬚᬚᯐᯐᨍᨍꦗꦗ𑻪𑻪ꤺꤺᮏᮏ


Character information
Preview𑴓
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER JA
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode72979U+11D13
UTF-8240 145 180 147F0 91 B4 93
UTF-1655303 56595D807 DD13
Numeric character reference𑴓𑴓
Character information
Previewᒉᒋᒍᒐᒡ
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS CE CANADIAN SYLLABICS CI CANADIAN SYLLABICS CO CANADIAN SYLLABICS CA CANADIAN SYLLABICS C
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5257U+14895259U+148B5261U+148D5264U+14905281U+14A1
UTF-8225 146 137E1 92 89225 146 139E1 92 8B225 146 141E1 92 8D225 146 144E1 92 90225 146 161E1 92 A1
Numeric character referenceᒉᒉᒋᒋᒍᒍᒐᒐᒡᒡ
  • The full range of CE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1489-14A2, 150F, 158E-1594, 1670-1676, & 18D7.

References

  1. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  3. ↑ Everson, Michael (30 March 2005). "Proposal to add four characters for Sindhi to the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  4. ↑ Lekhwani, Kanhaiyalal. 1987 (1909). An intensive course in Sindhi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages; [New York]: Hippocrene Books. OCLC 18986594
  5. ↑ "Proposal to encode 55 characters for Vedic Sanskrit in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. 18 October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  6. ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  7. ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  8. 1 2 Rajan, Vinod (16 July 2013). "Proposal to encode Gujarati Letter ZHA" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  9. 1 2 Rajan, Vinodh (15 April 2013). "Proposal to encode Gujarati Sign Triple Nukta" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  10. 1 2 Rajan, Vinodh (26 April 2013). "Recommendations to UTC on Script Proposals" (PDF). Unicode.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  11. ↑ West, Andrew (1 April 2015). "What's new in Unicode 8.0 ?". BabelStone. BabelStone. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  12. ↑ Kanga, Ervad Kavasji Edalji (1936). Kanga, Navroji Pestonji Kavasji (ed.). Khordeh Avestâ (PDF). Bombay: Nirnaya Sagar Press. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2016 – via www.avesta.org.
  13. ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  14. ↑ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
  15. 1 2 3 ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Khmer, rev. 2012.
  16. ↑ Pali (in various scripts) romanization table (ALA-LC)
  17. ↑ [https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/lao.pdf Lao romanization table (ALA-LC)
  18. ↑ Pali (in various scripts) romanization table (ALA-LC)
  19. ↑ [https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/lao.pdf Lao romanization table (ALA-LC)
  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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