Brahmi Ttha

The Brahmi letter , Ttha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Teth , and is thus related to the modern Greek Theta.^[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ttha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ttha historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Ttha

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ttha with vowel marks

Ttha	Tthā	Tthi	Tthī	Tthu	Tthū	Tthr	Tthr̄	Tthe	Tthai	Ttho	Tthau	Tthä

Kharoṣṭhī Ttha

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Taw , and is thus related to T and Tau.^[2]

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, ठ is pronounced as [ʈʰə] or [ʈʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ठ

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṭha either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.^[4]

ঠ in Bengali-using languages

ঠ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ঠ

Bengali ঠ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Conjunct ligatures with ঠ are all based on the ঠ glyph, with little to no alteration aside from the addition of marks suggesting the conjoining letter.^[5]

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature nṭʰa:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઠ is pronounced as [ʈʰə] or [ʈʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṭha	Ṭhā	Ṭhi	Ṭhī	Ṭhu	Ṭhū	Ṭhr	Ṭhl	Ṭhr̄	Ṭhl̄	Ṭhĕ	Ṭhe	Ṭhai	Ṭhŏ	Ṭho	Ṭhau	Ṭh
Gujarati Ṭha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ઠ

Gujarati ઠ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṭha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṭha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature RṬha:

• ઠ્ (ʈʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬhRa:

• ઠ્ (ʈʰ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṬhṬha:

• ટ્ (ʈ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṬṬha:

• ષ્ (ʂ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṢṬha:

Conjuncts of ഠ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ണ് (ṇ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:

• ഷ് (ṣ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:

Conjuncts of 𑂘

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂘 (ṭʰa) gives the ligature rṭʰa: